Slide 1 : Chapter 3
Temperature
The Atmosphere 9e
Lutgens & TarbuckPower Point by Michael C. LoPresto
Air Temperature : Air Temperature Daily maximum: The maximum temperature attained in a day.(normally in the afternoon)
Daily minimum: The minimum temperature reached in a day.(just before sun rise)
The controls of temperature : The controls of temperature Latitude
Differential heating of land and water
Ocean currents
Altitude
Geographic position
Cloud cover and albedo
1.Latitude : 1.Latitude Higher temperature in tropical locations and lower temperatures in polar regions.
Latitudinal Heat Balance : Latitudinal Heat Balance
Slide 6 : Sun Angles at Different Latitudes
Slide 7 : Sun Angles at Different Latitudes
Latitude : Latitude Controls of Temperature
Slide 9 : Temperature Data at Different Latitudes
2. Land and water. : 2. Land and water. Water is mobile Temperature is taken to lower lower layers.
Water surface is transparent, land surface opaque.
Specific heat of water is three times more than land.
Evaporation takes place in water surface. Some energy is used for evaporation.
Slide 11 : Land & Water
3. Ocean currents : 3. Ocean currents Ocean currents: Winter is not much cooler or summer is not much warmer near coastal regions.
Effect of North Atlantic Drift.
Effect of Cold California Current.
Slide 13 :
Ocean Currents : Ocean Currents
4. Altitude : 4. Altitude Altitude: Places at higher altitude will have lower temperatures.
E.g., Cities Quito and Guayaquil in west coast of S America.
Altitude : Altitude
5. Geographic position. : 5. Geographic position. Geographic position: Places in windward coast and leeward coast.
E.g., Eureka, California and New York.
Geographic Position : Geographic Position Mountains
Slide 19 : Coasts
Isotherms : Isotherms Lines that connect points of equal temperature. Drawn with a suitable degree of intervals.
Isotherms drawn on a map helps to understand the pattern of temperature variation over a region.
Sometimes, instead of labeling each lines, the area between isotherms is labeled or shaded with different colors.
Slide 21 : Chapter 3
Temperature
The Atmosphere 9e
Lutgens & TarbuckPower Point by Michael C. LoPresto
Temperature gradient : Temperature gradient Amount of temperature change per unit distance.
Closely spaced isotherms indicate a rapid rate of temperature change.
More widely spaced lines indicate a gradual rate of change.
Cloud Cover : Cloud Cover
Slide 24 :
Slide 25 :
World Distribution of Temperatures : World Distribution of Temperatures
Slide 27 :
Slide 28 :
Daily Variations in Air Temperature : Daily Variations in Air Temperature
Daily cycle of incoming and out going radiation : Daily cycle of incoming and out going radiation As long as solar energy gained exceeds outgoing energy emitted by Earth, the temperature rises. When outgoing energy exceeds the incoming, temperature falls.
Daily temperature cycle lags behind the solar radiation cycle by a couple of hrs.
Temperature Measurement : Temperature Measurement Thermometer
Slide 32 : Maximum & Minimum Thermometers
Thermograph : Thermograph
Slide 34 :
Temperature Scales : Temperature Scales
Comfort indices : Comfort indices
Wind-Chill Factor : Wind-Chill Factor
Slide 38 : The highest recorded temperature in U.S ( also for entire W. Hemisphere) is recorded at Death Valley, CA, during summer 1913. Temp.recorded is 57º C (134º F).
Slide 39 : The lowest temperature recorded in U.S. is – 62º C (-80º F). Recorded in the Endicott mountains of Alaska (winter-1954).
Heat waves : Heat waves A heat wave is a prolonged period of abnormally hot and usually humid weather that typically lasts from a few days to several weeks.
In 1995 in the central parts of U.S. (830 deaths).