Test 2 Evolution

EVOLUTION : EVOLUTION PART 2

1. What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related with chimpanzee than with other hominoid apes ? : 1. What kind of evidence suggested that man is more closely related with chimpanzee than with other hominoid apes ? (a) Evidence from DNA from sex chromosomes only (b) Comparison of chromosomes morphology only (c) Evidence from fossil remains, and the fossil mitochondrial DNA alone (d) Evidence from DNA extracted from sex chromosomes, autosomes and mitochondria.

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Slide 4 : Human and chimpanzee chromosomes

2. Age of fossils in the past was generally determined by radio-carbon method and other methods involving radioactive elements found in the rocks. More precise methods, which were used recently and led to the revision of the evolutionary periods for different groups of organisms, includes : 2. Age of fossils in the past was generally determined by radio-carbon method and other methods involving radioactive elements found in the rocks. More precise methods, which were used recently and led to the revision of the evolutionary periods for different groups of organisms, includes (a) study of carbohydrates/ proteins in fossils (b) study of the conditions of fossilization (c) electron spin resonance (ESR) and fossil DNA (d) study of carbohydrates

3. According to modern theory of evolution true species : 3. According to modern theory of evolution true species (a) share same niche (b) feed on same food (c) are reproductively isolated (d) are interbreeding

4. Development of unrelated groups of animals along parallel line in environment is called adaptive : 4. Development of unrelated groups of animals along parallel line in environment is called adaptive (a) convergence (b) radiation (c) divergence (d) induction

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5. The set of vestigial organs is : 5. The set of vestigial organs is (a) wings of bird and butterfly (b) wings of cockroach and butterfly (c) pectoral girdle of python and wings of kiwi (d) pectoral girdle of porpoise and seal.

Slide 10 : Pectoral girdle of python

6. Lucy is a member of which species? : 6. Lucy is a member of which species? (a) Homo erectus (b) Australopithecus afarensis (c) H. habilis (d) All of the above

Lucy 3.5 million old : Lucy 3.5 million old

7. The biological definition of a species depends on : 7. The biological definition of a species depends on (a) anatomical and developmental differences between two groups of organisms. (b) the geographic distribution of two groups of organisms (c) differences in the adaptations of two groups of organisms. (d) reproductive isolation of two groups of organisms.

8. When a population is small, there is a greater chance of : 8. When a population is small, there is a greater chance of (a) gene flow (b) genetic drift (c) natural selection (d) mutations occurring

9. Which of these is/are necessary to natural selection ? : 9. Which of these is/are necessary to natural selection ? (a) Variations (b) Differential reproduction (c) Inheritance of differences (d) All of these are correct

10. The continued occurrence of sickle- cell diseases on parts of Africa with malaria is due to : 10. The continued occurrence of sickle- cell diseases on parts of Africa with malaria is due to (a) continual mutation (b) gene flow between populations (c) heterozygote (d) disruptive selection

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11. The offspring of better -adapted individuals are expected to make up a larger proportion of the next generation. The most likely explanation is : 11. The offspring of better -adapted individuals are expected to make up a larger proportion of the next generation. The most likely explanation is (a) mutation (b) gene flow (c) natural selection (d) genetic drift.

12. A human population has a higher- than-usual percentage of individuals with a genetic disease. The most likely explanation is : 12. A human population has a higher- than-usual percentage of individuals with a genetic disease. The most likely explanation is (a) gene flow (b) natural selection (c) genetic drift (d) all of these are correct

13. Assuming a Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium, 21% to a population is homozygous dominant, 50% is heterozygous and 29% is homozygous recessive. What percentage of the next generation is predicted to be homozygous recessive ? : 13. Assuming a Hardy -Weinberg equilibrium, 21% to a population is homozygous dominant, 50% is heterozygous and 29% is homozygous recessive. What percentage of the next generation is predicted to be homozygous recessive ? (a) 21% (b) 50% (c) 29% (d) 25%

Slide 21 : p + q = 1 always in a population If p = 29 % it would continue to be so for generations

14. Evolution can be studied now in action in regard to one of the following. : 14. Evolution can be studied now in action in regard to one of the following. (a) Sphenodon (b) Archaeopteryx (c) Biston betularia (d) Paramecium

15. In an industrial area a peppered moth is able to survive better in contrast to light coloured moth because : 15. In an industrial area a peppered moth is able to survive better in contrast to light coloured moth because (a) it is able to mimic light coloured (b) it has better biotic potential (c) it is naturally selected in smoky environment (d) it undergoes lethal mutation

15. “Snapdragon flowers may be red (CrCr), pink (CrCW) or white (CWCW). A sample from these populations contained 80 white, 100 pink and 20 red flowers.The frequency of red allele is : 15. “Snapdragon flowers may be red (CrCr), pink (CrCW) or white (CWCW). A sample from these populations contained 80 white, 100 pink and 20 red flowers.The frequency of red allele is (a) 0.10 (b) 0.20 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.45 (e) none above

Slide 25 : Let p2 be for dominant homozygous individuals That is 20 out of 200 or 10/100 Therefore p2= 10% p= 10 = .33 p is the frequency of red allele

16. “Snapdragon flowers may be red (CrCr), pink (CrCW) or white (CWCW). A sample from these populations contained 80 white, 100 pink and 20 red flowers. The percentage of pink-flowered plants expected on the basis of Hardy-Weinberg expectations is approximately : 16. “Snapdragon flowers may be red (CrCr), pink (CrCW) or white (CWCW). A sample from these populations contained 80 white, 100 pink and 20 red flowers. The percentage of pink-flowered plants expected on the basis of Hardy-Weinberg expectations is approximately (a) 35 (b) 45 (c) 50 (d) 55 (e) none above

Slide 27 : P = .33% Therefore q=. 67% Since p+q= 1 The pink flower frequency=2pq =2x.33x.67 =p2 + q2 +2pq =.44

Read this statement to answer following three questions. Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. : Read this statement to answer following three questions. Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. 17. A sample from Hardy-Weinberg contained 1021 wild type males, 997 wild type females and 3 yellow males. The % of the gene pool represented by the yellow allele is estimated to be (a) 0.04 (b) 0.16 (c) 0 0.21 (d) 0.42 (e) none of these =0.29%

Slide 29 : Total Males = 1021 + 3 = 1024 But yellow males are 3 % of yellow males = 3/1024 x 100 =o.29

Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. 18. If the frequency of yellow allele is 0.01, the percentage of wild type females expected to carry yellow allele is : Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. 18. If the frequency of yellow allele is 0.01, the percentage of wild type females expected to carry yellow allele is (a) 1.98 (b) 1.67 (c) 2.04 (d) 2.76 (e) none of these

Slide 31 : frequency of yellow (q )= .01 (given) But p +q = 1 Therefore p=1-.01 =.99 But females have twice the number of genes Hence frequency of female alleles would be .99 x 2 = 1.98

Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. 19. If the frequency of yellow allele is 0.01 in females and 0 in males, the frequency of that allele in males of next generation is expected to be : Yellow body colour in Drosophila is governed by a sex-linked reccessive gene, wild type colour is produced by dominant allele. 19. If the frequency of yellow allele is 0.01 in females and 0 in males, the frequency of that allele in males of next generation is expected to be (a) 1.0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.67 (e) none above

Slide 33 : Males get all the genes from their mother That is 100% from previous generation If female frequency given is 0.01 Then male in next generation would have hundred % of that Hence 100 x .01= 1

20. A treatment often used to induce polyploidy experimentally in plants is : 20. A treatment often used to induce polyploidy experimentally in plants is (a) X-rays (b) gibberellic acid (c) colchicine (d) acridine dyes (e) azothioprene

21. A mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another is : 21. A mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another is (a) translocation (b) inversion (c) crossing over (d) duplication (e) dosage compensation

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22. If during synapsis a certain kind of abnormal chromosome is always forced to bulge away from its normal homologue, the abnormality is classified as : 22. If during synapsis a certain kind of abnormal chromosome is always forced to bulge away from its normal homologue, the abnormality is classified as (a) an inversion (b) a duplication (c) an isochromosome (d) a deficiency (e) none of the above

Slide 38 : Isochromosome have equal arm length

23. If four chromosomes synapse into a cross-shaped configuration during meiotic prophase, the organism is heterozygous for a : 23. If four chromosomes synapse into a cross-shaped configuration during meiotic prophase, the organism is heterozygous for a (a) pericentric inversion (b) deletion (c) translocation (d) paracentric inversion (e) none of the above

A translocation is when two chromosomes swap pieces of their arms : A translocation is when two chromosomes swap pieces of their arms

24. A segment of chromosome may be protected from recombination by : 24. A segment of chromosome may be protected from recombination by (a) an inversion (b) a translocation (c) balanced lethals (d) more than one of the above (e) all of the above

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25. A person with Klinefelter syndrome is considered a : 25. A person with Klinefelter syndrome is considered a (a) monosomic (b) triploid (c) trisomic (d) deletion heterozygote (e) none of the above

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26. Given a normal chromosome with segments labeled C 123456 (C = centromere), a homologue containing an inversion including regions 3-5, and a single two-strand crossover between regions 4 and 5; then the acentric fragment present during first meiotic anaphase is : 26. Given a normal chromosome with segments labeled C 123456 (C = centromere), a homologue containing an inversion including regions 3-5, and a single two-strand crossover between regions 4 and 5; then the acentric fragment present during first meiotic anaphase is (a) 63456 (b)12344321 (c) 65521 (d) 654321 (e) none of the above

27. If the garden pea has 14 chromosomes in its diploid complement, how many double trisomics could theoretically exist ? : 27. If the garden pea has 14 chromosomes in its diploid complement, how many double trisomics could theoretically exist ? (a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 16 (d) 21 (e) none of the above.

28. Cro-Magnon man appeared in : 28. Cro-Magnon man appeared in (a) Upper Pleistocene (b) Palaeocene (c) Middle Pleistocene (d) Lower Pleistocene

Cromagnon man.. A cave artist : Cromagnon man.. A cave artist

29. The following are some of the well known fossils in the evolution of modern man : 29. The following are some of the well known fossils in the evolution of modern man 1. Neanderthal 2. Homo erectus Cro-Magnon 4. Autstralopithecus What is the correct chronological sequence in which the above appeared ? 4-2-1-3 1-2-3-4 (c) 3-1-2-4 (d) 2-4-1-3

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30. Homo sapiens have been evolved in : 30. Homo sapiens have been evolved in (a) Miocene (b) Oligocene (c) Pliocene (d) Pleistocene

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31. Which one of the following features is closely related specially with the evolution of humans ? : 31. Which one of the following features is closely related specially with the evolution of humans ? (a) Flat nails (b) Loss of tail (c) Binocular vision (d) Shortening of Jaws

32. Prosimians are one of ancestral branch and first ancestral form simians and apes. A prosimian Lemur Edri edri is found in : 32. Prosimians are one of ancestral branch and first ancestral form simians and apes. A prosimian Lemur Edri edri is found in (a) India (b) Sri Lanka (c) Madagascar (d) Mauritius

Slide 55 : A prosimian.. Lemur Edri edri

33. Which of the following shows smallest cranial capacity? : 33. Which of the following shows smallest cranial capacity? (a) Gorilla (b) Orangutan (c) Rhesus monkey (d) Chimpanzee

34. Cranial capacity of man nearly equals to : 34. Cranial capacity of man nearly equals to (a) Australopithecus (b) Java ape man (c) Cro-Magnon man (d) Neanderthal man

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35. Which of the following sets represents the correct sequence of the evolution of man ? : 35. Which of the following sets represents the correct sequence of the evolution of man ? (a) Kenyapithecus — Australopithecus —- Homo habilis — Pithecanthropus — Homo sapiens (b) Kenyapithecus — Australopithecus — Pithecanthropus— Homo habilis — Homo sapiens (c) Ramapithecus—Australopithecus—Homo erectus—Homo sapiens (d) Pliopithecus—Ramapithecus—Homo erectus— Homo sapiens

36. Which of the following prosimians is now found only on Island of Madagascar ? : 36. Which of the following prosimians is now found only on Island of Madagascar ? (a) Loris (b) Lemur (c) Galago (d) Bush baby

37. Fossil hominids of the genus Australopithecus have been recovered mainly from : 37. Fossil hominids of the genus Australopithecus have been recovered mainly from (a) Southern Australia (b) Southern and Eastern Africa (c) Shivalik hills of Northern India (d) Regions close of Beijing in China

38. Homo erectus could have been the first to : 38. Homo erectus could have been the first to (a) Use and control fire (b) Migrate out of Africa (c) Make tools (d) All are correct choices

39. Man whose fossils were found in Shivalik hills : 39. Man whose fossils were found in Shivalik hills (a) Sinanthropus (b) Australopithecus (c) Pithecanthropus (d) Ramapithecus

40. Cro-Magnon man differs from Neanderthal man in having : 40. Cro-Magnon man differs from Neanderthal man in having (a) small jaws (b) large jaws (c) brachiasm (d) cannibalism

41. Which of the following statements is correct ? : 41. Which of the following statements is correct ? (a) Australopithecus is the real ancestor of man (b) Homo erectus is the ancestor of man (c) Neanderthal man is the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens (d) None of these

42. Phyletic evolution means : 42. Phyletic evolution means (a) evolution in a line (b) evolution involving reproductive isolation (c) evolution breaking to several species (d) transformation of one species to another

Phyletic evolution : Phyletic evolution

43. Morphologically and ontogenetically similar organs are : 43. Morphologically and ontogenetically similar organs are (a) analogous (b) homologous (c) vestigial (d) atavistic

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44. Which of the following process evolved first ? : 44. Which of the following process evolved first ? (a) Aerobic respiration (b) Photosynthesis (c) Mutation (d) All simultaneously

45. Match the following two columns : 45. Match the following two columns Geological age Origin of plants A. Proterozoic I. Angiosperms B. Paleozoic II. Ferns C. Mesozoic III. Pteridophjytes D. Cenozoic IV. Thallophytes A B C D (a) I II III IV (b) II IV III I (c) III I IV II (d) IV III II I

46. Match the following two columns : 46. Match the following two columns Evolutionists Contributions A. Weisman I. Evolutionay ecology B. Oparin II. Evolution of man C. Leaky III. Theory of germplasm D. Pianka IV. Origin of life on earth A B C D (a) III IV II I (b) II IV III I (c) III I IV II (d) IV III II I

47. Match the following two columns : 47. Match the following two columns Type of speciation Features A. Quantum p. Geographically separated B. Parapatric q. Related species present side by side in same geographical area C. Sympatric r. Budding off a new and very different daughter species from a semi isolated peripheral ancestral species D. Allopatric s. populationshave separate ranges that meet along a common border. t. Species similar in appearance in same geographical area but reproductively isolated (a) A-t; B-p, C-s; D- r (b) A- r; B- s; C- q ; D- p (c) A-r; B-q; C-s; D-p (d) A- s; B- r; C-p; D- q

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48. Match the following two columns : 48. Match the following two columns Organisms Examples of A. Biston betularia I. Adaptive radiation B. Finches of Galapagos Islands II. Inbreeding depression C. African Cheetah III. Founder’s effect D. Amish and Dunkers IV. Natural human population selection A B C D (a) II III I IV (b) I II IV III (c) IV I II III (d) IV II I III

49. Match the following two columns : 49. Match the following two columns Fossil types Features A. Peripatus p. Missing link B. Petrified cambrian era q. In fine grained sediments as jelly fish of C. Impressions r. Fossil organism deposited with minerals like silica or iron pyrites D. Tracks and Trails s. Living fossil t. Foot prints left by walking animals (a) A- p; B-s; C-t; D-q (b) A- p; B- t; C-s; D-q (c) A- s; B- r; C-q; D-t (d) A-s; B-q; C-r; D-t

50. Pickup the examples of homologous organs. : 50. Pickup the examples of homologous organs. Tuberous roots of Ipomoea and rhizome of Zingiber Forelimbs of dog and man Phyllode of Acacia and phylloclade of Opuntia Wings of butterfly and bat