Slide 1 : THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Slide 2 : THE PROGRESSIVE ERA AND WORLD WAR I (1900-1920) Two handouts
Slide 3 : Populists' successes in both local and national elections encouraged others to seek change through political action
Slide 4 : Progressives came to dominate Poor farmers’ daily struggle to make a living made political activity difficult, so …
Slide 5 : Progressives achieved greater success in part because theirs was an urban, middle-class movement
Slide 6 : Started with more economic and political clout than the Populists
Slide 7 : Progressives could devote more time to the causes
Slide 8 : Progressives were Northern and middle class, so the Progressive movement did not intensify regional and class differences
Slide 9 : Roots of Progressivism lay in the growing number of associations and organizations
Slide 10 : National Woman Suffrage Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Municipal League are some of the many groups e.g.
Slide 11 : Members were educated and middle class further boost from a group of journalists dubbed "muckrakers"
Slide 12 : Revealed widespread corruption in urban management Progressives achieved great successes
Slide 13 : Du Bois headed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) After a lifelong struggle, Du Bois abandoned the United States and moved to Africa
Slide 14 : Robert LaFollette led the way for many Progressives Most prominent Progressive: Theodore Roosevelt
Slide 15 : Presidents Taft and Wilson continued to promote Progressive ideals
Slide 16 : Progressivism lasted until the end of World War I
Slide 17 : War had torn apart the Progressive coalition; pacifist Progressives opposed the war while others supported it
Slide 18 : Red Scare, heightened by the Russian Revolution further split the Progressive coalition by dividing the leftists from the moderates
Slide 19 : achieved many of its goals Progressive movement was brought to an end, at least in part, by its own success.
Slide 20 : FOREIGN POLICY AND U.S. ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I
Slide 21 : Roosevelt was an even more devout imperialist than McKinley had been
Slide 22 : strong-armed Cuba into accepting the Platt Amendment
Slide 23 : Roosevelt's actions were equally interventionist throughout Central America
Slide 24 : Country set its sights on building a canal through the Central American isthmus
Slide 25 : American foreign policy continued to adhere to the Monroe Doctrine
Slide 26 : Wilson won the election of 1912, a three way race in which the third party candidate, Theodore Roosevelt, outpolled Taft, the Republican incumbent
Slide 27 : When war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Wilson immediately declared the U.S. policy of neutrality WW I
Slide 28 : Owing to America's close relationship with England and relatively distant relationship with Germany and Austria-Hungary a number of Wilson's advisors openly favored the Allies
Slide 29 : England's superior navy allowed it to impose a blockade on shipments headed for Germany (namely, American shipments).
Slide 30 : The British government confiscated American ships. They then paid for the cargo, reducing the pressure that American merchants would otherwise have put on the U.S. government to take action
Slide 31 : Germany attempted to counter the blockade with submarines
Slide 32 : When the Germans attacked civilian ships, it was usually because those ships were carrying military supplies
Slide 33 : German submarines sank the passenger ship Lusitania in 1915
Slide 34 : In 1916, while Wilson was campaigning for reelection on the slogan "He kept us out of war," Germany sank another passenger liner
Slide 35 : Popular support for entry into war was beginning to grow. Home Front
Slide 36 : 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmerman
Slide 37 : Telegram convinced many Americans that Germany was trying to take over the world
Slide 38 : WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH
Slide 39 : Government's power expanded greatly
Slide 40 : Government took control of the telephone, telegraph, and rail industries
Slide 41 : Curtailed individual civil liberties
Slide 42 : Still sizable opposition to U.S. involvement
Slide 43 : Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918
Slide 44 : Americans began to fear a Communist takeover
Slide 45 : Radical labor unions, such as the International Workers of the World, were branded enemies of the state
Slide 46 : Unions lost power
Slide 47 : Eugene Debs, the Socialist leader, was also imprisoned for criticizing the war.
Slide 48 : Federal Bureau of Investigation, was created to prevent radicals from taking over
Slide 49 : Palmer Raids in early 1920: the government abandoned all pretext of respecting civil liberties as its agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences to arrest 4,000 suspected radicals
Slide 50 : Committee on Public Information created the image of the Germans as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns
Slide 51 : Americans rejected all things German; for example, they changed the name of sauerkraut to "liberty cabbage."
Slide 52 : New opportunities for women Southern blacks, realizing that wartime manufacturing was creating jobs in the North, migrated to the big cities
Slide 53 : Winning the peace handout
Slide 54 : Two years after America's entry, the Germans were ready to negotiate a peace treaty Wilson wanted the war treaty to be guided by his Fourteen Points
Slide 55 : The European Allies wanted a peace settlement that punished Germany
Slide 56 : The Senate rejected the treaty and American participation in the League of Nations
Slide 57 : America was receding into a period of isolationism
Slide 58 : The Roaring Twenties
Slide 59 : coincided with the "return to normalcy" promised in the 1920 election by Warren G. Harding
Slide 60 : Normalcy in business meant a laissez-faire attitude pro-business attitude
Slide 61 : (1)passing the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, (2) in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to the postwar Allied governments who returned the favor by buying U.S.-produced goods and foodstuffs, and (3) by cracking down on strikes
Slide 62 : Once the war was over, farmers were left with surplus goods … lobbied for the federal government to buy the excess
Slide 63 : Coolidge vetoed the bill twice 1929, Congress established the Farm Board to buy surpluses and maintain prices, but farmers continued to grow as much as they wanted
Slide 64 : Harding administration is remembered for its scandals Teapot Dome Scandal reserve land with rich oil deposits had been set aside under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department
Slide 65 : … involved a member of Harding's cabinet, two oil speculators, and large bribes to open the reserve for drilling.
Slide 66 : Twenties was also known as the Jazz Age The Great Migration had transformed parts of some Northern cities into all-black neighborhoods
Slide 67 : flowering of African-American culture called the Harlem Renaissance Harlem attracted African-American writers, artists, and musicians from around the nation to what was known as the New Negro Movement.
Slide 68 : Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and mass production, which lowered the cost of automobiles allowed those who worked in the cities to move farther away from city centers, thus giving birth to the suburbs
Slide 69 : radio followed automobiles in changing the nation's culture As more houses gained access to electric power, household appliance sales boomed
Slide 70 : advertising industry grew up during the decade
Slide 71 : Temperance Movement By 1917, two thirds of the states had passed laws prohibiting the consumption of alcohol
Slide 72 : With the entrance of the United States into World War I prohibitionist forces cloaked themselves in the mantle of patriotism
Slide 73 : (1) prohibition would shift thousands of tons of grain from liquor manufacture to war uses; (2) alcoholism led to drunkenness, and a drunken man was of no use to the war effort;
Slide 74 : and (3) most breweries and whiskey distilleries were owned by Germans. In 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment, and the states ratified it by 1919.
Slide 75 : The large-scale manufacture and smuggling of alcohol became the business of organized crime Prohibition was repealed in 1933.
Slide 76 : red scare at the end of war also resulted in legislation restricting immigration 1921, the Immigration Restriction Act was passed and in 1924, the National Origins Act
Slide 77 : aimed at restricting immigrants from southern and central Europe and Asia
Slide 78 : resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan Anti-Catholic sentiment was a factor in the 1928 election Al Smith lost.
Slide 79 : Smith had other liabilities. He was a product of the New York City machine Hoover ran on his record of public service and on Republican prosperity
Slide 80 : THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Slide 81 : Check your notes for handout re. The Great Depression and new deal
Slide 82 : Herbert Hoover took office in 1928 Lots of speculation in the stock market. But that was just one of a number of problems.
Slide 83 : Among the weaknesses in the U.S. economy (1) the amount of stock being bought on margin; (2) depressed agricultural prices
Slide 84 : (3) the unequal distribution of wealth 5 percent of the population provided the nation's investment capital and the majority of its purchasing power
Slide 85 : (4) the tax policies that contributed to the unequal distribution of wealth; (5) the expansion of businesses
Slide 86 : (6) easy-to-get installment credit (7) the size and influence on segments of the economy of holding companies
Slide 87 : (8) the weakness of the banking system because of many small and mismanaged banks (9) high tariffs that closed off foreign markets
Slide 88 : (10) the Allies' insistence on collecting war debts that depressed foreign trade, especially for U.S. foodstuffs
Slide 89 : Overproduction and underconsumption joined to create financial problems for businesses that now found themselves with surplus inventory and their own loans to meet.
Slide 90 : By the fall of 1929, more than $7 billion had been borrowed to buy stocks on margin many stocks were hugely overvalued
Slide 91 : Professional speculators began to cash out of the market in September
Slide 92 : After the Crash many stocks were worthless People lost their life savings Banks foreclosed on loans and mortgages
Slide 93 : When their borrowers could not repay their loans, the banks went under
Slide 94 : Businesses went bankrupt as inventories piled up
Slide 95 : Hoover believed the Depression would be short-lived
Slide 96 : He authorized the funding of the Home Loan Bank Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Hoover believed …
Slide 97 : (1)helping the unemployed was the responsibility of churches, private agencies, and local and state governments (2) that giving a handout to the unemployed would destroy their self-respect and individual initiative
Slide 98 : (3) that a federal relief program would bankrupt the nation (4) that a federal relief program would dangerously enlarge the power of the federal government and create a bloated bureaucracy
Slide 99 : Farmers organized farm committees to prevent creditors from foreclosing on their neighbors 1932, some twenty thousand unemployed veterans descended on Washington, D.C., demanding payment of bonus not due until 1945
Slide 100 : Hoover dispatched the capital police to remove the veterans Shots were fired General Douglas MacArthur, who had been told to stand ready in case of trouble, ordered troops and tanks into the fray
Slide 101 : KEY PEOPLE and terms Romare Bearden, Sargent Johnson, Augusta Savage
Slide 102 : expatriates, "lost generation," alienation, Ernest Heminway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein
Slide 103 : Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Bessie Smith, William Grant Still
Slide 104 : Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson
Slide 105 : Andrew Mellon, cut excess profits tax, tax the poor rather than the rich to stimulate investment
Slide 106 : KEY TERMS/IDEAS anti-Semitism,consumer culture: the automobile, radio, movies, sports
Slide 107 : Sacco-Vanzetti case, Scopes trial, evolution, William Jennings Bryan, religious fundamentalism
Slide 108 : Handout for the Great Depression and New Deal
Slide 109 : THE NEW DEAL "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear."
Slide 110 : Roosevelt summoned an emergency session of Congress The period that followed is often called the First Hundred Days
Slide 111 : It was during this time that the government implemented most of the major programs associated with the First New Deal Consult your text and notes for program details
Slide 112 : The First New Deal was an immediate success In the midterm elections of 1934, the Democrats increased their majorities in both houses.
Slide 113 : Emergency Banking Relief Bill fireside chats American banks, once on the verge of ruin, were again healthy
Slide 114 : Banking Act of 1933, which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Slide 115 : Agricultural Adjustment Act Paid farmers to cut production Farm Credit Act Provided loans
Slide 116 : New Deal programs established government control over industry
Slide 117 : National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities
Slide 118 : Public Works Administration (PWA) created jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, etc.
Slide 119 : Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects
Slide 120 : Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region
Slide 121 : Conservatives opposed the higher tax rates that the New Deal disliked the increase in government power over business
Slide 122 : deficit spending was also anathema to conservatives
Slide 123 : Leftists complained that the AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was immoral felt that government policy toward businesses was too favorable
Slide 124 : the left blamed corporate greed for the Depression
Slide 125 : Socialists and the Communist Party of America were gaining popularity Called for the nationalization of business
Slide 126 : 1935, the Supreme Court started to dismantle some of the programs
Slide 127 : declared the NIRA illegal invalidated the AAA Roosevelt responded with a package of legislation called the Second New Deal
Slide 128 : THE SECOND NEW DEAL You should have a handout
Slide 129 : created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) broadened the powers of the NLRB created the Social Security Administration
Slide 130 : ROOSEVELT'S TROUBLED SECOND TERM
Slide 131 : Consult your “alphabet soup” worksheet
Slide 132 : FOREIGN POLICY LEADING UP TO WORLD WAR II
Slide 133 : After World War I, American foreign policy objectives aimed primarily at promoting and maintaining peace
Slide 134 : Washington Conference (1921-22) gathered eight of the world's great powers; the resulting treaty set limits on stockpiling armaments
Slide 135 : 1928, 62 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Slide 136 : In Latin America, the U.S. tried in the 1920s to back away from its previous interventionist policy and replace it with the Good Neighbor policy However
Slide 137 : the United States continued to actively promote its interests in Latin America, often to the detriment of those who lived there
Slide 138 : U.S. mainly achieved its foreign policy objectives through economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders (some of whom were corrupt and brutal).
Slide 139 : Consult your handout re. the drift toward WWII