Slide 1 : BUCHANAN, DRED SCOTT, AND THE ELECTION OF 1860 Buchanan tried to maintain the status quo He opposed abolitionist activism in the South and West
Slide 2 : The crisis over slavery escalated when the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott case A former slave whose master had taken him to territories where slavery was illegal, declared himself a free man and sued for his freedom
Slide 3 : The case finally wound up in the Supreme Court, where Scott lost Chief Justice Roger Taney who wrote the majority decision
Slide 4 : Taney's proslavery decision declared that slaves were property, not citizens and further, that no black person could ever be a citizen of the United States Taney argued they could not sue in federal courts, as Scott had done
Slide 5 : Moreover, he ruled that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories, as it had in the Missouri Compromise
Slide 6 : Taney essentially told Republicans that their goal -freedom for slaves in the territories- was illegal.
Slide 7 : In the North, the Supreme Court decision was viciously denounced. Meanwhile, the Democratic party was dividing along regional lines, raising the possibility that the Republicans might soon control the national government
Slide 8 : When it came time for the Democrats to choose their 1860 presidential candidate, their convention split. Northern Democrats backed Stephen Douglas, Southerners backed John Breckinridge
Slide 9 : A new party centered in the Upper South, the Constitutional Union party, nominated John Bell The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln
Slide 10 : Lincoln attracted 40 percent of the vote and won the election in the House of Representatives Political and military developments
Slide 11 : Southern leaders who wanted to maintain the Union tried to negotiate a compromise Lincoln refused to soften the Republican demand that all territories be declared free
Slide 12 : In December 1860, three months before Lincoln's inauguration, South Carolina seceded
Slide 13 : Within months, seven states had joined South Carolina They chose Jefferson Davis to lead the Confederacy
Slide 14 : Lincoln decided to maintain control of federal forts in the South while waiting for the Confederacy to make a move Confederacy put blockade around Ft. Sumter to force Union out.
Slide 15 : Lincoln sent ship with “medicines and supplies” to run blockade and force the issue. Confederate assault was good propaganda for Union.
Slide 16 : No one died in this first battle of America's bloodiest war, the Civil War.
Slide 17 : THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION (1860-1877) Civil War was not solely (or even primarily) about slavery
Slide 18 : Northerners believed they were fighting to preserve the Union Southerners felt they were fighting for their states' rights to govern themselves or...
Slide 19 : … As columnist Charley Reese puts it, The North was fighting to preserve the Union The South was fighting to preserve the Constitution.
Slide 20 : As late as 1862, Lincoln stated: "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves I would do it …”
Slide 21 : Ironically, as the Southern states fought to maintain the right to govern themselves locally, the Confederate government brought them under greater central control than they had ever experienced
Slide 22 : Jefferson Davis understood the North's considerable advantages He took control of the Southern economy, imposing taxes and using the revenues to spur industrial and urban growth; he took control of the railroads and commercial shipping
Slide 23 : He created a large government bureaucracy to oversee economic developments Davis, in short, forced the South to compensate quickly for what it had lost when it cut itself off from Northern commerce
Slide 24 : The Confederacy lagged too far behind in industrialization to catch up to the Union Rapid economic growth, furthermore, brought with it rapid inflation
Slide 25 : In 1862 the Confederacy imposed conscription. As a result, class tensions increased, leading ultimately to widespread desertions from the Confederate Army “Surrogates” could be hired by the wealthy.
Slide 26 : The Northern economy received a boost from the war as the demand for war-related goods, such as uniforms and weapons, spurred manufacturing
Slide 27 : A number of entrepreneurs became extremely wealthy. Some sold the Union government worthless food and clothing while government bureaucrats looked the other way (for the price of a bribe).
Slide 28 : Corruption was fairly widespread North experienced a period of accelerated inflation, although Northern inflation was nowhere as extreme as its Southern counterpart
Slide 29 : Workers, worried about job security (in the face of mechanization) and the decreasing value of their wages, formed unions Businesses, in return, blacklisted union members
Slide 30 : The Republican Party, believing that government should help businesses but regulate them as little as possible, supported business in its opposition to unions.
Slide 31 : Lincoln, like Davis, oversaw a tremendous increase in the power of the central government during the war. He implemented economic development programs without waiting for Congressional approval, championed numerous government loans and grants to businesses, and raised tariffs.
Slide 32 : He also suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the border states, mainly to prevent Maryland from seceding. During the war, Lincoln strengthened the national bank and initiated the printing of national currency.
Slide 33 : EMANCIPATION OF THE SLAVES The Radical Republican wing of Congress wanted immediate emancipation
Slide 34 : Radicals introduced confiscation acts in Congress. The first (1861) gave the government the right to seize any slaves used for "insurrectionary purposes."
Slide 35 : The second confiscation act, in effect, gave the Union the right to liberate all slaves Lincoln refused to enforce it.
Slide 36 : Note that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free all the slaves. Instead, it stated that on January 1, 1863, the government would liberate all slaves residing in those states still in rebellion
Slide 37 : The proclamation did not liberate the slaves in the border states such as Maryland, nor did it liberate slaves in Southern counties under the control of the Union Army.
Slide 38 : The proclamation also allowed southern states to rejoin the Union without giving up slavery The Emancipation Proclamation did have an immediate effect on the war
Slide 39 : Escaped slaves and free blacks enlisted in the Union Army in substantial numbers (a total of nearly 200,000), greatly tipping the balance in the Union's favor.
Slide 40 : Further, it discouraged European nations from recognizing and trading with the Confederate government
Slide 41 : Not until two years later, while campaigning for reelection, did Lincoln give his support to complete emancipation After his reelection, Lincoln considered allowing defeated Southern states to reenter the Union and to vote on the Thirteenth Amendment
Slide 42 : Lincoln also offered a five-year delay on implementing the amendment if it passed, as well as $400 million in compensation to slave owners Jefferson Davis's commitment to complete Southern independence scuttled any chance of compromise.
Slide 43 : THE ELECTION OF 1864 AND END OF THE CIVIL WAR
Slide 44 : Lincoln's opponent, General George McClellan, campaigned on a peace platform In the South, citizens openly defied the civil authority And yet, both sides fought on
Slide 45 : Victories throughout the summer of 1864 played a large part in helping Lincoln gain reelection In April 1865 the Confederate leaders surrendered
Slide 46 : John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln just weeks before the final surrender took place
Slide 47 : More than 3 million men fought in the war, and of them, more than 500,000 died. Both governments ran up huge debts
Slide 48 : The South was decimated by Union soldiers
Slide 49 : During Sherman's March from Atlanta to the sea in the fall of 1864, the Union Army burned everything in its wake.
Slide 50 : After the war, the federal government remained large Reconstruction
Slide 51 : RECONSTRUCTION AND JOHNSON'S IMPEACHMENT With Lincoln's assassination, vice-president Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency
Slide 52 : Johnson, a Southern Democrat, had opposed secession and strongly supported Lincoln during his first term Lincoln rewarded Johnson with the vice-presidency
Slide 53 : When the war ended, Congress was in recess That left the early stages of Reconstruction entirely in Johnson's hands.
Slide 54 : Johnson's Reconstruction plan, which was based on a plan approved by Lincoln, called for the creation of provisional military governments to run the states until they were readmitted to the Union
Slide 55 : Required all Southern citizens to swear a loyalty oath before receiving amnesty. However, It barred many of the former Southern elite (including plantation owners, Confederate officers, and government officials) from taking that vow
Slide 56 : … thus prohibiting their participation in the new governments. States would have to write new constitutions eliminating slavery and renouncing secession
Slide 57 : Johnson pardoned many of the Southern elite who were supposed to have been excluded from the reunification process The plan did not work Many of their new constitutions were only slight revisions of previous constitutions.
Slide 58 : Southern legislators also passed a series of laws defining the status of freedmen Black codes, limited freedmen's rights to assemble and travel, and restricted their access to public institutions. The codes instituted curfew laws and laws requiring blacks to carry special passes.
Slide 59 : When Congress reconvened in December 1865, the new Southern senators included the vice-president of the Confederacy and other Confederate officials
Slide 60 : Northern Congressmen were not pleased
Slide 61 : Congress voted not to seat the new Southern delegations. Then, it set about examining Johnson's Reconstruction plan
Slide 62 : The radicals wanted a Reconstruction that punished the South for seceding, confiscated land from the rich and redistributed it among the poor. Johnson refused to compromise
Slide 63 : Instead, he declared Reconstruction over and done with. The radicals drew up the plan that came to be known as Congressional Reconstruction
Slide 64 : Its first component was the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It (1) prohibited states from depriving any citizen of "life, liberty, or property, without due process"; (2) gave states the choice either to give freedmen the right to vote or to stop counting them among their voting population; (3) barred prominent Confederates from holding political office; and (4) excused the Confederacy's war debt
Slide 65 : The new Congress quickly passed the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 It imposed martial law on the South
Slide 66 : The act also required each state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
Slide 67 : Congress then passed a number of laws designed to limit the president's power Johnson did everything in his power to counteract the Congressional plan
Slide 68 : House Judiciary Committee initiated impeachment proceedings against Johnson
Slide 69 : Although impeachment failed (by one vote), the trial rendered Johnson politically impotent
Slide 70 : New president, Ulysses S. Grant
Slide 71 : The Fifteenth Amendment, proposed in 1869, finally required states to enfranchise black men.
Slide 72 : The Fifteenth Amendment passed only because Southern states were required to ratify it as a condition of re-entry into the Union A number of Northern states opposed the amendment.
Slide 73 : THE FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION
Slide 74 : Southern governments directed mostly by transplanted Northern Republicans, blacks, and Southern moderates created public schools orphanages However…
Slide 75 : Although government industrialization plans helped rebuild the Southern economy, these plans also cost a lot of money. High tax rates turned public opinion, already antagonistic to Reconstruction, even more hostile
Slide 76 : Opponents waged a propaganda war… calling Southerners who cooperated scalawags and Northerners who ran the programs carpetbaggers
Slide 77 : Many who participated in Reconstruction were indeed corrupt
Slide 78 : Accompanying the propaganda war was a war of intimidation, spearheaded by the Ku Klux Klan
Slide 79 : Klan targeted those who supported Reconstruction; it attacked and often murdered scalawags, black and white Republican leaders, community activists, and teachers
Slide 80 : President Grant enforced the law loosely Supreme Court consistently restricted the scope of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
Slide 81 : Slaughter-House case, the court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to the federal government an opinion the court strengthened in United States v. Cruikshank
Slide 82 : United States v. Reese, the court cleared the way for "grandfather clauses," poll taxes, property requirements, and other restrictions on voting privileges
Slide 83 : Several Congressional acts, among them the Amnesty Act of 1872, pardoned many of the rebels, thus allowing them to reenter public life
Slide 84 : By 1876 Southern Democrats had regained control of most of the region's state legislatures
Slide 85 : SOUTHERN BLACKS DURING AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
Slide 86 : Freedman's Bureau helped them find new jobs and housing also helped establish schools at all levels for blacks, among them Fisk University and Howard University
Slide 87 : Freedman's Bureau attempted to establish a system in which blacks contracted their labor to whites, but the system failed … blacks preferred sharecropping
Slide 88 : system worked at first, but unscrupulous landowners eventually used the system as a means of keeping poor farmers in a state of near slavery and debt
Slide 89 : led many freedmen to found communities as far removed from the sphere of whites as possible Black churches sprang up as another means by which the black community could bond and gain further autonomy
Slide 90 : Exodusters picked up and moved to the Midwest (especially Kansas) where they attempted to start fresh in new black communities
Slide 91 : THE MACHINE AGE (1877-1900)
Slide 92 : 1876 Thomas A. Edison built his workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey …advances allowed for the extension of the work day (which previously ended at sundown) and the wider availability of electricity
Slide 93 : Last quarter of the nineteenth century is often called the age of invention
Slide 94 : INDUSTRIALIZATION, CORPORATE CONSOLIDATION, AND THEGOSPEL OF WEALTH
Slide 95 : As more and faster machines became available to manufacturers, businessmen discovered that their cost per unit decreased as the number of units they produced increased. The more raw product they bought, the cheaper the suppliers' asking price.
Slide 96 : The closer to capacity they kept their new, faster machines running, the less the cost of labor and electricity per product. The lower their costs, the cheaper they could sell their products. The cheaper the product, the more they sold.
Slide 97 : That, simply put, is the concept of economies of scale
Slide 98 : Factories were dangerous machine malfunctions and human error typically resulted in more than 500,000 injuries to workers per year.
Slide 99 : Courts of the era (especially the Supreme Court) were extremely pro-business businesses followed the path that led to greater economies of scale, which meant larger and larger businesses
Slide 100 : vertical integration central organization called a holding company owned the controlling interest in the production of raw material, the means of transporting that material to a factory, the factory itself, and the distribution network for selling the product
Slide 101 : conclusion is a monopoly, or complete control of an entire industry
Slide 102 : Horizontal integration One holding company, for example, gained control of 98 percent of the sugar refining plants in the United States Owning all of one aspect of production
Slide 103 : Businessmen borrowed huge sums, and when their businesses occasionally failed, bank failures could result During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the United States endured one major financial panic per decade
Slide 104 : monopolies created a class of extremely powerful men public resentment increased government responded with laws to restrict monopolies
Slide 105 : Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 forbade any "combination ... or conspiracy in the restraint of trade."
Slide 106 : The Supreme Court then ruled (1) that a company that controlled 98 percent of the nation's sugar refining business did not violate the law, but that (2) trade unions did. !!!
Slide 107 : Social Darwinism Carnegie argued that in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the "fittest" to survive, to the benefit of everyone
Slide 108 : Carnegie also asserted that great wealth brought with it social responsibility, and consequently, he gave generously to charities
Slide 109 : FACTORIES AND CITY LIFE
Slide 110 : Manufacturers cut costs and maximized profits … hiring women and children hired the many newly arrived immigrants who were anxious for work
Slide 111 : Because manufacturers paid as little as possible, the cities in which their employees lived suffered many of the problems associated with poverty
Slide 112 : … crime, disease, and the lack of livable housing
Slide 113 : Insurance and workmen's compensation did not exist then … poverty level in cities also rose because those who could afford it moved away
Slide 114 : Cities became dirtier and generally less healthy mass transportation allowed the middle class to live in nicer neighborhoods and commute
Slide 115 : immigrants and migrants made up the majority of city populations
Slide 116 : Around 1880, the majority of immigrants arrived from southern and eastern Europe Prior to 1880, most immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe
Slide 117 : New immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods Most Americans expected churches, private charities, and ethnic communities to provide services for the poor
Slide 118 : However, many of those services were provided instead by a group of corrupt men called political bosses
Slide 119 : In return, they expected community members to vote as they were instructed Occasionally they also required "donations" to help fund community projects
Slide 120 : Political machines rendered services that communities would not otherwise have received … But the cost of their services was high
Slide 121 : Labor unions formed … were considered radical organizations
Slide 122 : Haymarket Square Riot 1886 labor demonstration … a bomb went off, killing police Many blamed the incident on the influence of radicals within the union movement
Slide 123 : Many early unions did subscribe to utopian and/or socialist philosophies
Slide 124 : American Federation of Labor led by Samuel Gompers
Slide 125 : concentrated instead on such issues as higher wages and shorter work days excluded unskilled workers
Slide 126 : Most unions refused to accept immigrants and blacks among their memberships.
Slide 127 : Charitable middle-class organizations also made efforts at urban reform …also founded settlement houses
Slide 128 : In Chicago Jane Addams founded Hull House She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her life's work in 1931
Slide 129 : Life improved for both the wealthy and the middle class greater access to luxuries and more leisure time entertainment industry grew
Slide 130 : Large segments of the public began to read popular novels and newspapers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst became powerful newspaper publishers
Slide 131 : They understood the commercial value of bold, screaming headlines and lurid tales of scandal sensational reporting became known as yellow journalism
Slide 132 : DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOUTH
Slide 133 : Postwar economics forced many farmers to sell their land to wealthy landowners who consolidated into larger farms farmers were forced into sharecropping
Slide 134 : Landlords kept the poor, both black and white, in a state of virtual slavery.
Slide 135 : Southern states, towns and cities passed numerous discriminatory laws JIM CROW LAWS Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect blacks from discrimination by privately owned businesses
Slide 136 : 1883 the Court also reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that "separate but equal" facilities for the different races was legal
Slide 137 : Booker T. Washington … “accommodationist” more militant rival W.E.B. DuBois See handout
Slide 138 : THE RAILROADS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WEST
Slide 139 : The railroads, although owned privately, were built largely at the public's expense railroads would typically overcharge wherever they owned a monopoly and undercharge in competitive and heavily trafficked markets
Slide 140 : Rails transformed depot towns into vital cities by connecting them to civilization Faster travel meant more contact with ideas and technological advances from the East
Slide 141 : … accelerated the industrial revolution … first standardized method of timetelling New farm machinery and access to mail (and mail-order retail) made life on the plains easier
Slide 142 : Morrill Land Grant Act provided money for agricultural colleges
Slide 143 : big losers in this expansionist era were Native Americans Dawes Severalty Act gave tracts of land to those who left the reservations … goal was to accelerate assimilation
Slide 144 : NATIONAL POLITICS Mark Twain dubbed the era between Reconstruction and 1900 the Gilded Age
Slide 145 : politics looked good, but just beneath the surface lay crass corruption and patronage Political machines ran the cities Big business bought votes in Congress Workers had little protection from the greed of their employers
Slide 146 : In response to the outcry over widespread corruption, the government made its first stabs at regulating itself and business The Interstate Commerce Act created a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices
Slide 147 : Pendleton Act created the Civil Service Commission to oversee examinations for potential government employees Susan B. Anthony convinced Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the Constitution
Slide 148 : The bill was introduced every year and rarely got out of committee By 1890 they had achieved some partial successes, gaining the vote on school issues American Suffrage Association fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions
Slide 149 : THE SILVER ISSUE AND THE POPULIST MOVEMENT
Slide 150 : after the Civil War, production on all fronts, industrial and agricultural, increased Greater supply accordingly led to a drop in prices
Slide 151 : Farmers were locked into long-term debts with fixed payments An increase in available money, they correctly figured, would make payments easier.
Slide 152 : It would also cause inflation, which would make the farmers' debts (held by Northern banks) worth less banks opposed the plan - said use only gold to back its money supply.
Slide 153 : The "silver vs. gold" debate provided an issue around which farmers could organize Grange Movement
Slide 154 : started out as cooperatives Soon, the Granges endorsed political candidates and lobbied for legislation
Slide 155 : …replaced by Farmers' Alliances grew into a political party called the People's Party
Slide 156 : Aside from supporting the generous coinage of silver, the Populists called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and shorter work days
Slide 157 : Hard economic times made Populist goals more popular, particularly the call for easy money Even more radical movements gained popularity
Slide 158 : 1894 the Socialists, led by Eugene V. Debs, gained support Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan ran against Republican nominee William McKinley (1896). Bryan ran on a strictly Populist platform.
Slide 159 : He lost the campaign; this, coupled with an improved economy, ended the Populist movement.
Slide 160 : AMERICAN IMPERIALISM: FOREIGN POLICY America began looking overseas to find new markets
Slide 161 : Centennial celebration in 1876 heightened national pride William H. Seward, secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson, set the precedent for increased American participation in any and all doings in the western hemisphere
Slide 162 : He engineered the purchase of Alaska and invoked the Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico
Slide 163 : American businesses began developing markets and production facilities in Latin America
Slide 164 : Captain Alfred T. Mahan, in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890), argued that successful foreign trade relied on access to foreign ports
Slide 165 : …which required overseas colonies, and colonies in turn required a strong navy
Slide 166 : United States had been involved in Hawaii since the 1870s Due in large part to American interference, the Hawaiian economy collapsed in the 1890s
Slide 167 : The white minority overthrew the native government, and, eventually, the U.S. annexed Hawaii
Slide 168 : Gratuitous Aside: Do you have difficulty remembering when to use “good” and when to use “well”?
Slide 169 : Just remember the missionaries who went to Hawaii to do good and did well.
Slide 170 : The revolution in Cuba, like the Hawaiian revolution, was instigated by U.S. tampering with the Cuban economy Cuban civil war followed
Slide 171 : When an American warship, the Maine, exploded in the Havana harbor U.S. blamed Spain. U.S. not only drove Spain out of Cuba, but also sent a fleet to the Spanish-controlled Philippines and drove the Spanish out of there too
Slide 172 : Treaty of Paris, Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States
Slide 173 : America hoped to gain entry into Asian markets McKinley sought an open door policy for all western nations hoping to trade with Asia
Slide 174 : American imperialism would continue through Theodore Roosevelt's administration
Slide 175 : The age of Theodore Roosevelt