Slide 1 : ECONOMIC REASONS FOR REGIONAL DIFFERENCES Old South
Slide 2 : North, South, and West developed in very different directions -- did not see eye to eye on many issues
Slide 3 : The North was becoming industrialized Advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking were helping it become the nation's commercial center
Slide 4 : Slavery had been outlawed in many states (immigrants and unskilled labor)
Slide 5 : The South, meanwhile, remained almost entirely agrarian
Slide 6 : Tobacco and cotton, required vast acreage Southerners were constantly looking west for more land
Slide 7 : They also looked for new slave territories to include in the Union in order to strengthen their position in Congress
Slide 8 : Western economic interests were largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation
Slide 9 : Distrusted the North, which they regarded as the home of powerful banks that could take their land
Slide 10 : They had little more use for the South, whose rigidly hierarchical society was at odds with the egalitarianism
Slide 11 : Westerners wanted to avoid involvement in the slavery issue-regarded as irrelevant
Slide 12 : SOCIAL HISTORY, 1800-1860 Southern Hierarchy
Slide 13 : Cotton gin altered Southern agriculture – needed more slaves … Commerce led to a larger middle class (esp. North) and industrialization resulted in bigger cities (and large groups of “impoverished” immigrants) … Westward migration created a new frontier culture …
Slide 14 : Each of these sets of circumstances influenced people's attitudes and ambitions
Slide 15 : Remember these generalizations about the different regions of the U.S., because by using them and some common sense, you can often answer specific AP questions
Slide 16 : If a question asks about support for a particular tariff, which area would almost certainly support and which oppose? It wouldn’t matter what tariff is asked about – the North would support it while the South opposed it!
Slide 17 : THE NORTH AND AMERICAN CITIES nation's industrial and commercial center
Slide 18 : Modern waste disposal, plumbing, sewers, and incineration were still a long way off … unhealthy environments
Slide 19 : Epidemics not only likely but inevitable, but cities meant jobs
Slide 20 : Northern farmers, unable to compete with cheaper produce carted in from the West and South (by steamship and rail), moved to cities to work in the new factories
Slide 21 : Cities offered more opportunities for social advancement Provided important services
Slide 22 : Labor unions began to form Americans in cities formed clubs and associations through which they could exert more influence on government
Slide 23 : wide variety of leisure-time options A very few (the aristocracy) controlled most of the personal wealth
Slide 24 : Middle class made up of tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals Women in their families could devote themselves to homemaking
Slide 25 : Cult of domesticity This was known as the
Slide 26 : Since labor was usually performed away from the home … the notion developed that men should work while women kept house and raised children
Slide 27 : Middle classes constituted much of the market for luxury goods such as housewares and fine furniture
Slide 28 : In working-class families, men often worked in factories or at low-paying crafts; women often worked at home Families lived just above the poverty level
Slide 29 : Were most often recent immigrants 1840s and 1850s: when the great immigration waves from Ireland and then Germany arrived
Slide 30 : Met with hostility, especially from the working classes, who feared competition for low-paying jobs The Irish, in particular, were subject to widespread bias, directed in part at their Catholicism.
Slide 31 : 1830s and 1840s, religious, ethnic, and/or class strife could escalate to violence
Slide 32 : THE SOUTH AND RURAL LIFE
Slide 33 : Few major urban centers in the South (agricultural economy)
Slide 34 : (Massachusetts, the most populous state, had 153 people per square mile) 1860 the population density of Georgia was 18 people per square mile …
Slide 35 : Not enough people around to support organized cultural and leisure events
Slide 36 : While the North developed canals, railroads, and highways, the South did not … financing such
Slide 37 : South did not develop a strong market economy Wealthiest Southern citizens consisted mainly of plantation owners
Slide 38 : More than three-quarters of white Southerners owned no slaves. Of the rest, half owned five or fewer slaves
Slide 39 : Southern Paternalism relied on the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves
Slide 40 : Slave owners almost always converted their slaves to Christianity, again convinced that they were serving the slaves' best interests. The Africans, in turn, adapted Christianity to their cultures and incorporated their own religions and traditions into their new faith
Slide 41 : most worked extremely long hours at difficult and tedious labor
Slide 42 : (importing African slaves was banned in 1808, making it essential to keep one's slaves alive and reproducing) But remember …. Slaves were an investment
Slide 43 : Majority of Southern planters farmed smaller tracts of land Yeomen owned no slaves and worked their small tracts of land with only their families. Most were of Scottish and Irish descent and farmed in the hills, which were unsuitable for plantation farming
Slide 44 : South was also home to more than 250,000 free blacks Black codes, prevented them from owning guns, drinking liquor, and assembling in groups of more than three
Slide 45 : Prejudice was a constant fact of life Some were mulattos, (mostly descendants of wealthy whites) and led lives of relative luxury and refinement in the Deep South, particularly in and around New Orleans
Slide 46 : THE WEST AND FRONTIER LIVING
Slide 47 : In 1800 the frontier lay east of the Mississippi River By 1820 nearly all of this eastern territory had attained statehood
Slide 48 : Now the frontier region consisted of much of the Louisiana Purchase By the early 1840s, the frontier had expanded to include the Pacific Northwest
Slide 49 : In 1848 the Gold Rush drew numerous settlers to California Ohio Valley and points west were hospitable to grain production and dairy farming
Slide 50 : Midwest came to be known as "the nation's breadbasket." Fur traders were often the first pioneers in a region… constantly moved west
Slide 51 : Trappers formed the first American government in the Oregon Territory Western frontier was also home to cattle ranchers and miners
Slide 52 : Frontier life was rugged. Because of the possibilities for advancement and for "getting a new start in life,' the West came to symbolize freedom and equality
Slide 53 : RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Slide 54 : Impulse to improve the lives of others Early social reform movements grew out of the Second Great Awakening
Slide 55 : Second Great Awakening began in the Northeast in the 1790s Gave birth to numerous societies dedicated to saving humanity from its own worst impulses
Slide 56 : Movement spread to South and West … churches began to replace revivals Hallelujah!
Slide 57 : Most active members of reform groups were women Temperance societies achieved nationwide prohibition in 1919
Slide 58 : Popularized the notion that society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate Penitentiaries sought to rehabilitate criminals
Slide 59 : Other important movements of the period
Slide 60 : The Shakers, a utopian group that splintered from the Quakers … isolated themselves in communes where they shared work and its rewards
Slide 61 : Shakers practiced celibacy … their numbers, not surprisingly, diminished.
Slide 62 : Other Utopian groups included the Oneida community in New York, the New Harmony community in Indiana, and Brook Farm in Massachusetts
Slide 63 : Joseph Smith formed the Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830 Strong opposition in the East and Midwest
Slide 64 : Mormons made the long, difficult trek to the Salt Lake Valley … came to dominate the Utah territory
Slide 65 : Women's rights movement was born in the mid-nineteenth century Seneca Falls Convention, held in 1848
Slide 66 : Its leaders: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton teamed up with Susan B. Anthony and founded the National Women's Suffrage Association in 1869
Slide 67 : Horace Mann was instrumental in pushing for public education lengthened the school year used the first standardized books
Slide 68 : THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT Before the 1830s, few whites fought for the liberation of the slaves
Slide 69 : Most anti-slavery whites sought gradual abolition, coupled with a movement to return blacks to Africa
Slide 70 : Moderates wanted emancipation to take place slowly Immediatists, as their name implies, wanted emancipation at once
Slide 71 : Immediatist William Lloyd Garrison began publishing a popular abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator in 1831
Slide 72 : In the 1840s, Frederick Douglass began publishing his influential newspaper The North Star
Slide 73 : Other prominent black abolitionists included Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth
Slide 74 : HEADING TOWARD THE CIVIL WAR (1845-1860) 1844 pitted James Polk, a Democrat expansionist, against Whig leader Henry Clay
Slide 75 : -"54°-40' or Fight"- America's Northwestern border should be extended to the 54°40' latitude, deep in Canadian territory Polk Slogan
Slide 76 : Polk wanted the immediate annexation of Texas as well as expansion into the Mexican-claimed territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and California
Slide 77 : U.S. annexed Texas, and Mexico broke off diplomatic relations Polk won. President Tyler proposed the annexation of Texas saying Polk’s win was a “mandate.”
Slide 78 : THE POLK PRESIDENCY
Slide 79 : Polk realized the United States could hardly afford to fight two territorial wars at the same time, so … He softened his position on Canada
Slide 80 : The Oregon Treaty, signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowed the United States to acquire peacefully what is now Oregon, Washington, and parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana
Slide 81 : Polk concentrated on efforts to claim the Southwest from Mexico - tried to buy the territory when that failed, he provoked Mexico until it attacked American troops
Slide 82 : The Mexican-American War Began in 1846 did not have universal support from the American public
Slide 83 : Opponents argued that Polk had provoked Mexico into war at the request of powerful slave holders
Slide 84 : Defeat of the Wilmot Proviso, a Congressional bill mandating the prohibition of slavery in any territory gained from Mexico during the war, reinforced those suspicions
Slide 85 : led to the formation of the Free Soil Party A single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso
Slide 86 : Southerners felt that it was the choice of the settlers in new territories, and not of the federal government The two sides were growing farther apart
Slide 87 : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexico handed over almost all of the modern Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah
Slide 88 : New territories posed major problems regarding the status of slavery Political parties split over issue – anti-slavery Whigs went to Free Soil party which refused to allow popular sovereignty
Slide 89 : THE COMPROMISE Of 1850 California, the populous territory, wanted statehood. Californians had already drawn up a state constitution. That constitution prohibited slavery.
Slide 90 : Proslavery forces argued southern California should be forced to accept slavery, in accordance with the boundary drawn by the Missouri Compromise
Slide 91 : Democrat Stephen Douglas and Whig Henry Clay hammered out what they thought to be a workable solution, known as the Compromise of 1850
Slide 92 : Original compromise was defeated, but Douglas broke it down into smaller bills and managed to get each passed. Admitted California as a free state; created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, but left the status of slavery up to each territory to decide
Slide 93 : This reinforced the concept of popular sovereignty; and enacted a stronger fugitive slave law However...
Slide 94 : Definition of popular sovereignty was so vague that Northerners and Southerners could interpret the law entirely differently so as to suit their own positions
Slide 95 : The fugitive slave law, meanwhile, made it much easier to retrieve escaped slaves and required free states to cooperate in their retrieval
Slide 96 : We’re on our way to BIG problems!
Slide 97 : Toward War Between the States Antislavery sentiments in the North grew stronger in 1852 with the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin
Slide 98 : It was turned into a popular play that toured America and Europe extremely powerful piece of propaganda
Slide 99 : Franklin Pierce, perceived in both the North and South as a moderate, was elected president.
Slide 100 : THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT AND "BLEEDING KANSAS"
Slide 101 : Settlers entering the Kansas and Nebraska territories found no established civil authority Congress wanted to build railways through the territory, but they needed some form of government to impose order.
Slide 102 : Stephen Douglas formulated and ushered through Congress a law that left the fate of slavery up to residents without specifying when or how they were to decide.
Slide 103 : To make matters worse, by opening the two territories to slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise
Slide 104 : Many Northern states passed laws weakening the fugitive slave act Southerners, who thought the fugitive slave law would be the final word on the issue, were furious.
Slide 105 : Antislavery Whigs joined Northern Democrats and former Free Soilers to form a new party, the Republicans.
Slide 106 : They championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs
Slide 107 : Remember Clay’s “American System”?
Slide 108 : Western settlers, and Eastern importers all found something to like in the Republican platform Another new party formed during this period
Slide 109 : The American party, often called the KnowNothings because they met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda, rallied around a single issue: Hatred of foreigners
Slide 110 : For a while it appeared that the Know-Nothings, and not the Republican party, would become the Democrats' chief competition But the party self-destructed, primarily because its Northern and Southern wings disagreed over slavery
Slide 111 : Time for “self determination.” Just prior to the election for Kansas's legislature, thousands of proslavery Missourians temporarily relocated in Kansas
Slide 112 : The new legislature, which President Pierce recognized, promptly declared Kansas a slave territory. Abolitionists refused to accept this outcome and set up their own government
Slide 113 : Proslavery forces demolished the abolitionist city of Lawrence. Radical abolitionist John Brown led a raid on a proslavery camp, murdering five.
Slide 114 : Brown hoped to spark a slave revolt but failed. He was executed after his raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859.
Slide 115 : After his execution, news spread that Brown had received financial backing from Northern abolitionist organizations . Brown became a martyr for the cause, celebrated throughout the North.
Slide 116 : More than 200 people died in the conflict, which is how Kansas came to be known as Bleeding Kansas, or Bloody Kansas, during this period.
Slide 117 : The crisis destroyed Pierce's political career Democrats chose James Buchanan as their 1856 candidate
Slide 118 : In a sectional vote, Buchanan won the election, carrying the South Republican John Fremont carried the North Know-Nothings ran Millard Fillmore, who won only 20 percent of the vote
Slide 119 : The Know Nothings were finished as a party.