Slide 1 : THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES To Jackson
Slide 2 : EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
(1750-1776)
Slide 3 : In 1754 the colonists considered themselves English
Slide 4 : ALBANY PLAN OF UNION In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met in Albany
Slide 5 : Developed by Benjamin Franklin
Slide 6 : Provided for an inter-colonial government and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense
Slide 7 : Efforts to unite the colonies met with less success than he hoped
Slide 8 : Produced “Join or Die” cartoon and flag
Slide 9 : THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR (1754-1763)
Slide 10 : Lasted ten years
Slide 11 : also called the French and Indian War They fought on SAME side
Slide 12 : Colonists were expanding westward – French wanted to protect fur trade French tried to stop them by building fortified outposts
Slide 13 : George Washington attacked a French outpost and lost badly Allowed to return to Virginia, he was welcomed as a hero!!
Slide 14 : When the war was over, England was the undisputed colonial power of the continent
Slide 15 : Many Americans served in the English army English did not make a good impression!
Slide 16 : Sowed the first seeds of anti-British sentiment in the colonies Indians particularly disliked the English
Slide 17 : English raised the price of goods sold to the Indians Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts
Slide 18 : British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 forbidding settlement west of the rivers running through the Appalachians
Slide 19 : Settlers had already moved west of the line.
The proclamation agitated them
Slide 20 : THE SUGAR ACT, THE CURRENCY ACT, AND THE STAMP ACT WAR DEBTS
Slide 21 : Colonies' tradition of self-taxation was being usurped
Slide 22 : Stamp Act affected a group that was literate, persuasive, and argumentative-namely, lawyers
Slide 23 : James Otis wrote The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
Slide 24 : Otis put forward the "No taxation without representation" argument
Slide 25 : Otis did not advocate secession
Slide 26 : Patrick Henry drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves, protesting the tax
Slide 27 : THE TOWNSHEND ACTS
Slide 28 : Taxed goods imported directly from Britain Some of the tax collected was set aside for the the British army
Slide 29 : Patriots were mostly white Protestant property holders
Slide 30 : THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Slide 31 : The rebels were still looking for the masterpiece of propaganda that would rally colonists
Slide 32 : Guess who comes on the scene ….
Slide 33 : RIGHT!
Slide 34 : They got it in Common Sense
Slide 35 : In a nation of 2 million, most of whom couldn't read, it sold more than 100,000 copies in its first three months
Slide 36 : (about the same as selling 13 million compact discs today).
Slide 37 : Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence
Slide 38 : With the document's signing on July 4, 1776, the Revolutionary War officially began.
Slide 39 : Continental Army (as opposed to local militias) had trouble recruiting good soldiers Recruited blacks, and up to 5,000 fought on the side of the rebels (in return, most of those who had been slaves were granted their freedom)
Slide 40 : Franco-American Alliance
Slide 41 : Helped the colonists considerably. Ultimately, the colonists won a war of attrition
Slide 42 : The Treaty of Paris, signed at the end of 1782, granted the United States independence and generous territorial rights.
Slide 43 : CREATING A FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT (1776-1800)
Slide 44 : THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Slide 45 : As soon as the Declaration of Independence was signed, states began writing their own constitutions
Slide 46 : In 1777 the Continental Congress sent the Articles of Confederation, the first national constitution, to the colonies for ratification
Slide 47 : FLAWS
Slide 48 : It did not give the national government the power to tax or to regulate trade
Slide 49 : Amendments to the articles required the unanimous consent of all the states
Slide 50 : Other Problems
Slide 51 : Women and blacks had made sacrifices in the fight for liberation, and some expected at least a degree of compensation
Slide 52 : In 1787 an army of 1,500 farmers marched on Boston to protest a number of unfair policies, both economic and political.
Slide 53 : They were armed and very angry, and they gave the elite class the wake-up call that the revolution might not be over yet. Shays' Rebellion helped convince some that a stronger central government was necessary
Slide 54 : Northwest Ordinance of 1787 contained a bill of rights, abolished slavery in the Northwest territories
Slide 55 : A NEW CONSTITUTION
Slide 56 : The Virginia Plan, largely the brainchild of James Madison, called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances.
Slide 57 : Only three of the 42 delegates refused to sign the finished document (two because it did not include a bill of rights)
Slide 58 : Opposition forces portrayed the federal government under the Constitution as an all-powerful beast
Slide 59 : Anti-Federalists, were particularly appalled by the absence of a bill of rights
Slide 60 : Federalist position was forcefully and persuasively argued in the Federalist Papers, anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
Slide 61 : The Constitution went into effect in 1789; the Bill of Rights was added in 1791.
Slide 62 : THE WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY
Slide 63 : Created a government made up of the best minds of his time
Slide 64 : Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury
Slide 65 : These two men strongly disagreed about the proper relationship between the federal government and state governments
Slide 66 : Hamilton proposed a National Bank -- Jefferson and James Madison argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only those powers specifically granted to it
Slide 67 : Hamilton's plan called for the federal government to assume the states' debts
Slide 68 : Plan clearly favored Northern banks Northern states also had more remaining debt than Southern states
Slide 69 : French Revolution took place during the Washington administration
Slide 70 : Thomas Paine supported it. Jefferson wanted to support the revolution and its republican ideals Hamilton had aristocratic leanings and so disliked the revolutionaries
Slide 71 : France and England resumed hostilities Even Jefferson agreed that neutrality was the correct course to follow
Slide 72 : American supporters of the revolution held enthusiastic rallies Rallies were organized by Democratic-Republican societies, which evolved into the Democratic-Republican political party
Slide 73 : Development of political parties troubled the framers of the Constitution Washington even accused the Democratic-Republican societies of instigating the Whiskey Rebellion
Slide 74 : Armed rebels across Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia defied government efforts to collect the new tax Washington sent a large troop detachment to disperse the rebels
Slide 75 : Washington sent John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty concerning free trade Congress attempted to withhold funding to enforce the treaty
Slide 76 : The House of Representatives asked Washington to submit all documents pertinent to the treaty
Slide 77 : Washington refused, establishing the precedent of executive privilege
Slide 78 : THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY
Slide 79 : Electoral college selected John Adams, a Federalist, as Washington's successor Second-place candidate became vice-president
Slide 80 : So Adams' vice-president was the Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson
Slide 81 : Adams' greatest achievement was avoiding war with France
Slide 82 : XYZ Affair After the U.S. signed the Jay Treaty with Britain, France began seizing American ships …
Slide 83 : Adams sent three diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations Adams published their written report in the newspapers
Slide 84 : He deleted the French officials' names and replaced them with the letters X, Y, and Z Public became vehemently anti-French
Slide 85 : Alien and Sedition Acts, allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing."
Slide 86 : Acts were purely political, aimed at destroying the DemocraticRepublicans,
Slide 87 : Jefferson led the opposition Together with Madison, he drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Slide 88 : Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
Slide 89 : Later referred to as nullification Jefferson used the laws and the resolutions as key issues in his 1800 campaign for the presidency
Slide 90 : THE ELECTION OF 1800
Slide 91 : Federalist party was split clearing the way to the presidency for the Democratic-Republicans
Slide 92 : Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College, which meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president from between the two
Slide 93 : Alexander Hamilton swallowed hard and campaigned for Jefferson, with whom he disagreed on most issues and whom he personally disliked, because he believed Burr to be "a most unfit and dangerous man."
Slide 94 : Burr later proved Hamilton right by killing him
Slide 95 : For the second time in as many elections, a president was saddled with a vice-president he did not want Remedied in 1804 with the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution
Slide 96 : THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLIC (1800-1823)
Slide 97 : JEFFERSON'S FIRST TERM Adams was so upset about the election that he left the capital before Jefferson took office
Slide 98 : Before he left town, however, he made a number of "midnight appointments," filling as many government positions with Federalists as he could
Slide 99 : Jefferson's response was to refuse to recognize those appointments Upon taking office, Jefferson also immediately pardoned all those convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts, then persuaded Congress, now controlled by his party, to repeal the laws
Slide 100 : Jefferson's refusal to accept Adams' midnight appointments resulted in a number of lawsuits Marbury v. Madison, reached the Supreme Court in 1803
Slide 101 : William Marbury, one of Adams' last-minute appointees, had sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench
Slide 102 : Chief Justice John Marshall was a Federalist Marshall was not certain that the court could force Jefferson to accept Marbury's appointment
Slide 103 : Court ruled that Marbury did indeed have a right to his judgeship, but that the court could not enforce his right Although the power to do so had been granted to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Marshall now declared it unconstitutional
Slide 104 : Major accomplishment of Jefferson's first term was the Louisiana Purchase
Slide 105 : Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to buy New Orleans for $2 million The French offered to sell Monroe the whole Louisiana territory for $15 million
Slide 106 : Ironically, Jefferson the anti-federalist had undertaken the largest federal action in the nation's brief history
Slide 107 : Jefferson sent explorers All returned with favorable reports, causing many pioneers to turn their attentions westward
Slide 108 : JEFFERSON'S SECOND TERM
Slide 109 : War of 1812 In 1805 the British and French were at war
Slide 110 : British began stopping American ships and impressing those sailors who might have deserted the British navy Jefferson responded with a boycott, biding his time while increasing military and naval appropriations
Slide 111 : Jefferson lobbied for and won the Embargo Act of 1807 Shut down America's import and export business, with disastrous economic results
Slide 112 : Jefferson repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act in the final days of his presidency
Slide 113 : MADISON'S PRESIDENCY AND THE WAR OF 1812
Slide 114 : Madison, seeking a solution to America's trade problems, reopened trade with both France and England. He promised that if either of the countries would renounce its interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one
Slide 115 : Napoleon made that promise British, angry at the new embargo, stepped up their attacks on American ships
Slide 116 : Native Americans aligned themselves with the British The British captured Washington, D.C., in 1814 and set the White House on fire
Slide 117 : Federalists, opposed to the war and not aware that its end was coming, met in the Hartford Convention to consider a massive overhaul of the Constitution or, failing that, secession
Slide 118 : When English-French hostilities ended (with Napoleon's defeat), many of the issues that had caused the war evaporated
Slide 119 : War had one clear positive result It spurred American manufacturing
Slide 120 : "Henry Clay's American System." Combination of programs that included protective tariffs on imports, improvements to interstate roads and the re-chartering of the National Bank
Slide 121 : Clay’s American System was viewed by many as an attempt at centralization of power and as a threat to State Sovereignty Abraham Lincoln was a “Clay disciple”
Slide 122 : MONROE'S PRESIDENCY
Slide 123 : Demise of the Federalists briefly left the U.S with only one political party. This period of unity is referred to as "the Era of Good Feelings."
Slide 124 : Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings continued to strengthen the federal government and its primacy
Slide 125 : McCulloch v. Maryland the states could not tax the National Bank
Slide 126 : a financial scare called the Panic of 1819 threw the American economy into turmoil
Slide 127 : panic followed a period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation, all of which had destabilized the economy
Slide 128 : National bank called in its loans, many borrowers couldn't repay them
Slide 129 : no nationally organized political opposition resulted from the panic, and Monroe easily won reelection in 1820
Slide 130 : Secretary of State under Monroe, John Quincy Adams negotiated a number of treaties that fixed U.S. borders, opened new territories, and acquired Florida
Slide 131 : revolutions in Central America and South America (against European imperialism) US recognized the new nations
Slide 132 : they decided that America should assert its authority over the Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine
Slide 133 : Claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere, if it felt its security was threatened
Slide 134 : new period of expansion also resulted in a national debate over slavery
Slide 135 : Eleven states allowed slavery, eleven prohibited it Missouri's application for statehood, however, threatened the balance
Slide 136 : 3/5 rule --- REAL Lincoln --- etc.
Slide 137 : Missouri Compromise (1) admitted Missouri as a slave state
Slide 138 : (2) carved off a piece of Massachusetts, called it Maine admitted Maine as a free state
Slide 139 : (3) established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point in which slavery would be allowed in the western territories
Slide 140 : BEGINNINGS OF MODERN AMERICAN DEMOCRACY (1824-1844)
Slide 141 : THE ELECTION OF 1824 AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS' PRESIDENCY
Slide 142 : turning point in presidential elections … majority of states now allowed voters to choose their presidential electors directly
Slide 143 : Congressional caucuses had chosen their parties' nominee in earlier elections With more people voting directly for electors, however, the caucus nominee was no longer guaranteed to represent his party
Slide 144 : Democratic-Republican caucus chose William H. Crawford Others--among them John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson--decided to challenge the nomination
Slide 145 : Of the four, Andrew Jackson received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes
Slide 146 : But none of the four had won a majority, so ……. the election was decided in the House of Representatives
Slide 147 : Clay threw his support to Adams, thereby handing Adams the victory … and Clay was named Secretary of State (importance of this ..)
Slide 148 : Opponents referred to Clay's appointment as the "corrupt bargain."
Slide 149 : Remember Clay’s American System?
Slide 150 : Contrary Congress More congressmen had initially supported Jackson than Adams
Slide 151 : Adams was also handicapped with an obnoxious personality (It ran in the Family)
Slide 152 : He had been a Federalist congressman and was the son of a Federalist president
Slide 153 : His effort to strengthen the central government was thus viewed with deep suspicion Jackson's supporters strongly favored states' rights