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Terrestrial versus Jovian planets : Terrestrial versus Jovian planets Terrestrial planets:
Inner planets
Closely spaced orbits
Small masses and radii
Few moons, no rings
High densities: 4000 to 5500 kg/m3
Rocky mantles and crusts
Metallic cores
Weakly magnetic
Slow rotation
Terrestrial versus Jovian planets : Terrestrial versus Jovian planets Jovian planets:
Outer planets
Widely spaced orbits
Large masses and radii
Many moons, all have rings
Low densities:
700 – 1700 kg/m3
Gaseous surfaces
Liquid hydrogen mantles
Rocky/metallic cores
Strongly magnetic
Rapid rotation
Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud : Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
A Scale Model of the Solar System : A Scale Model of the Solar System The Sun: a pumpkin ~ one foot in diameter
Mercury: a tomato seed ~ 50 feet away
Venus: a pea ~ 75 feet away
Earth: a pea ~ 100 feet away
Mars: a little raisin ~ 175 feet away
Jupiter: an apple ~ 550 feet away
Saturn: a peach ~ 1025 feet away
Uranus & Neptune: plums @ ~ 2050’ and 3225’
Pluto: smaller than a strawberry seed placed nearly a mile away!
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Gravity assist : Gravity assist
Solar System Exploration : Solar System Exploration Fly-bys, Orbiters, Probes, Landers, and Rovers
Terrestrial Planet Exploration-
Mercury
Mariner 10 (U.S.A., 1974-1975)
Messenger (U.S.A., 2009?), ESA and JSA planned missions
Venus
Venera program (U.S.S.R., ’70s & ’80s)
Venera 4 – 16 - included probes
Venera 7 – (1970) first to soft land on a planet
U.S.A.
Mariner 2, 5, & 10 – fly-bys
Pioneer Venus (1978) - orbiter and probe
Magellan (1991-1994) - high resolution mapping
Solar System Exploration : Solar System Exploration Mars
First fly-bys - Mariner 4, 6, 7
Mariner 9 - orbiter
Viking 1 & 2 - orbiters and landers (1976-early ’80s)
Mars Observer (1993) - destroyed by aliens!!!
Mars Global Surveyor (1997-present) - orbiter: high resolution mapping
Mars Pathfinder (1997) – lander with Rover, Sojourner
Mars Climate Orbiter (1999) – incorrect trajectory
Mars Polar Lander (1999) – destroyed by aliens!!!
Mars Odyssey (2002) - orbiter
Mars Express (launched 2003) – orbiter and lander
Manned Mars missions?
Solar System Exploration : Solar System Exploration Asteroid Belt
Outer Planet Exploration
Pioneer 10 – Jupiter (1972)
Pioneer 11 - Jupiter and Saturn (1973)
Voyager 1 - Jupiter and Saturn (1979)
Voyager 2 - All the Jovian planets (1979)
Galileo (1995-2003) - Jupiter and its moons: orbiter and probe
Cassini (to arrive in 2004) Saturn orbiter and Titan with Huygens probe
Europa Orbiter (postponed, 2008?)
Pluto and beyond
Pluton-Kuiper Express (no later than 2015)