Introduction To Networking : Introduction To Networking Nirmal Kumar Bhonsle Netsys Solutions
What is Networking : What is Networking Networking is the interconnection of computers for resources sharing Resources include Hard Disk space, Printers and Optical Drives.
Components of a Network : Components of a Network Computers Hubs Switches Routers Cables Information Outlets Network Software
Active Components : Active Components Computers Hubs Switches Routers
Passive Components : Passive Components Cables Patch Panels Racks Information Outlets
Active Components : Active Components Computers Computers form an integral part of any network. It is mainly for connecting computers that networks are made or designed. Computers are connected to each other by networks
Active Components Cont…. : Active Components Cont…. Connection between computers can be through a direct cable (Cross Over Cable) Connection between computers can be through active components as hubs, switches and routers.
Active Components Cont… : Active Components Cont… Hubs Hubs are the basic instrument used to connect computers. A Cable from the Lan Card of a computer is connected to the hub. Other computers are also connected to the same hub and sharing of data takes place. The Connection from the computer to the Hub is done by a 8 pair cable terminated at 2 ends by a connector known as RJ45
Active Components Cont… : Active Components Cont… Switch A switch is an advanced form of a hub with its own memory to store some information about the network and in some cases its own management system to streamline a network. Switches are available in connection slots (Ports) of 4/8/16/24/48 The connecting speed of a switch ranges from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps( Also known as Gigabit Switch)
Diff between a Hub and a Switch : Diff between a Hub and a Switch The basic difference between a switch and a hub is When network data intended for a particular device is transmitted for the first time a hub transmits the data to all the ports. The intended device accepts the data and the others discard it. This is repeated every time data is transmitted over the network. When network data intended for a particular device is transmitted for the first time a switch transmits the data to all the ports. The device for whom the data was, accepts it and the others discards it. The switch remembers for whom the data was and the subsequent times transmits data directly to that device instead of transmitting it to all the ports. Hence a switch eliminates unwanted data in the network allowing a smooth flow without congestion of the network.
Routers : Routers What is Routing ? Routing is the technique of selecting paths for transmission of data generally between two or more dissimilar types of Networks. An example of routing would be Internet connection sharing.
Routers Cont.. : Routers Cont.. A Router is a network device which is capable of routing. Ideally the Computer that shares the internet connection acts as a router forwarding data between the computer LAN (Local Area Network) and the Internet( WAN- Wide Area Network, normally a network with some substantial geographical distance.), with a technique called NAT (Network Address Translation)
NAT : NAT NAT or Network Address Translation It is a technique used by routers to connect computers of a LAN to a WAN without exposing the internal LAN to the WAN( Internet)
Passive Components (Cables) : Passive Components (Cables) Cables are the basic form of interconnection in a network. Cables are broadly divided into 3 categories Co-axial cables Twisted Pair Cables Optical Fiber cables
Co-axial Cables : Co-axial Cables Co-axial cables are the most primitive type of cables used for networking for a ring type of network . In a ring network connection from one computer would run to another and from there to another one and hence son and terminated to the last computer. Co-axial cables are still now used for video connection as our cable connection at home.
Ring Type Network (Ring Topology) : Ring Type Network (Ring Topology) Each Device is connected to the other in a serial connection. One in the ring fails, the network fails.
Twisted Pair Cables : Twisted Pair Cables Twisted pair cables are 2 cables usually of copper with a thin shield twisted together to cancel any electrical noise generated when an electrical signal passes through it.
Twisted Pair Cable Cont.. : Twisted Pair Cable Cont.. Types of Twisted Pair Cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) cable : Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) cable UTP cable is a medium that is composed of pairs of wires .UTP cable is used in a variety of networks. Each of the eight individual copper wires in UTP cable is covered by an insulating material. In addition, the wires in each pair are twisted around each other. When used as a networking medium, UTP cable has four pairs of either 22- or 24-gauge copper wire. UTP used as a networking medium has an impedance of 100 ohms; this differentiates it from other types of twisted-pair wiring such as that used for telephone wiring, which has impedance of 600 ohms.
Types Of UTP Cables : Types Of UTP Cables Commonly used types of UTP cabling are as follows: Category 1—Used for telephone communications. Not suitable for transmitting data. Category 2—Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). Category 3—Used in 10BASE-T networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 10 Mbps. Category 4—Used in Token Ring networks. Can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps. Category 5—Can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Category 5e —Used in networks running at speeds up to 1000 Mbps (1 gigabit per second [Gbps]). Category 6—Typically, Category 6 cable consists of four pairs of 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) copper wires. Category 6 cable is currently the fastest standard for UTP.
Optical Fiber : Optical Fiber An optical fibre cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibres. The optical fibre elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.
Straight Cable and Cross Cable : Straight Cable and Cross Cable Straight cable is generally used for connecting a computer to a switch. Cross cable is generally used for connecting two computers without a switch
Patch Panels : Patch Panels Instead of terminating cables directly to a switch with an RJ 45 connector, in a structured network, the cables are terminated to a non electrical device, the patch panel. Patch cords terminated at both ends with an RJ45 Connector connects the ports of the patch panel to the switch.
Straight an Cross Cable : Straight an Cross Cable
Racks : Racks Racks are secure enclosures for network equipments.
Information Outlets I/O : Information Outlets I/O Just as we use a patch panel to terminate cables on the switch side, we use a Information Outlet (I/O) to terminate cables on the computer side. Telephone wires can also be terminated to an I/O.
Some Fundamental Concepts : Some Fundamental Concepts IP ( Internet Protocol) Address DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DNS (Domain Name Service)
IP(Internet Protocol) Address : IP(Internet Protocol) Address Any network component has to be identified by a unique number known as IP Address. IP Address are expressed in the form of a dotted decimal number as 192.168.1.1, 210.225.218.100 The maximum value for each set is 254
How to check your IP address : How to check your IP address Go to Command prompt and type ipconfig. The listing will display your IP configuration for all your network connection
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) : DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A computer can have an IP address permanently assigned or be Dynamic (Changing every time). The range of IP address to be assigned is known as the pool. There can be a lease time or a time till which the IP address leased is valid.
Advantages of DHCP : Advantages of DHCP Less time to be devoted in managing IP address for large networks. Easy connectivity for guest laptops and devices.
DNS (Domain Name Service) : DNS (Domain Name Service) The computer understands only IP address, but for us it is not possible to remember the huge database of IP address. For Ex. Which one would we remember? www.google.com or 74.125.236.82 The translation from a name on the network to the corresponding IP and vice versa is done by DNS
Gateway : Gateway The device which connects the internal LAN and the WAN is the gateway. Generally it is the router or computer that does this work. For any device to connect to an external network other than its own a gateway is required. The IP of the device is taken as the gateway IP address.
PowerPoint Presentation : A Typical Network IP Configuration IP Address- IP Address of the computer Subnet Mask Default Gateway/ Router IP DNS Server for Name Translation/Router IP
Sharing An Internet Connection : Sharing An Internet Connection Internet Connection can be shared from a computer, an ADSL Modem or a Router In case of a Modem or Router ,Switching on NAT will work for Internet Connection Sharing.