ﺔﻴﻣﻭﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻴﺗ Simplifying Al-Ajaroomiyyah @@COMPILED BY: ABUL-LAYTH QASIM IBN AGGREY MUTIVA 2 אאאمْאعאTypes of Speech مْא W א!ْ"#$א% { '(ْ)*+*" א K Speech: Is the composed saying or utterance which is beneficial in its placement or composition. -.//01)ْ2و W 45*א { 467*8و { 9:;7*<)=4>و K And it is divided into three groups: Ism (noun), and F'il (verb), and Harf (a preposition which conveys meaning). >7?5@)8 W Aْ"Bْ)*{ ?;Cאو { م)#$אو*D*EאلGدو So the Ism (Noun) is known by Al-Khafdh (the acceptance of Jarr), and At-Tanween (a mark which indicates indefiniteness), and the acceptance of Alif Laam (the definite article). Aْ"Bْא*>وو { I*%و W *1 { 9Jو { Kو { 9$Kو { I*8و { LMو { <)Nْאو { >)ْאو { م)#$אو and 'An F 9J E and Eelaa F *1 E And the letters of Khafdh are min and F QLM E and Rubba F I*8 E and Fee F 9$K E and 'Ala F K E . F ل E and Al-Laam F R E and Al-Kaaf F ِب E Al-Baa Sْא>وو { I*%و W وאْא { <)Nْאو { <)Cאو K and F و E And the letters of Avowal (Pledge) are: Al-Waaw . F T E and At-Taa F *L E Al-Baa 67*"ْאو +S*>7?{ אو U{ *.;*)א*V*ْWCא*<)Xو>5و K F س E and As-Seen F +2 E Qad And The F'il (Verb) is known by . F T E and At-Taa At-Ta'neeth As-Saakinah F >5 E and Sawfa 3 7*"ْא6*د@و5*@א6*د071Z$[?@)1>\ْאو 6 K And the Harf (Preposition) is that which does not accept any of the Ism (Noun) or F'il (Verb) indicators or signs. *LאK]אL)The chapter of Grammatical Analysis %LאK]א W *Gא+א6*1א7ْא*>*CG@*$ْא*Gאو*^X ًא?*+ْSXوً)`ْ")a$K*.$ K The Grammatical analysis is the changing of vowel markings at the end of words according to the addition of specific helping words . F 4M+S1 E or prepositions whether they are written or supposed 01)ْ2و -.7MW 4'ْ8M { 4[و { 4Aْ"Gو { 4مb=و The categories of grammatical analysis are four: F 4مb= E Jazm and F 4Aْ"G E and Khafdh F 4[E Nasb and F 4'ْ8M E Raf' 'ْ8אc*ذ*1*<)5e*$8 { [;אو { Aْ"Bْאو { a*8مb=@و ) F Aْ"Bْא E Khafdh and F [;א E , Nasb F 'ْ8א E Raf' So for the nouns is not included. F مbfْא E Jazm with 'ْ8אc*ذ*1ل)7ْ8e*و { [;אو { مbfْאو { )a*8Aْ"G@و Fمbfْא E Jazm and F [;א E , Nasb F 'ْ8א E And for the verbs is Raf' not included. F Aْ"Bْא E with Khafdh *LאK]א*T)1K*.871L)The Chapter of knowing the signs of grammatical analysis gT)1K'M'ْ8$*W .hא { وאْאو { و D*Eא{ نj;אو K There are four signs which indicate the condition of Raf': The K F ن E , and the Noon F א E the Alif , F و E , the Waaw F kk E Dhommah 4 .hא)1W8 W *دْ"ْא5@אI*8'*(א1*.7MI*8'ْ8$*ً.1KنC8 { '=و *ْCא { *)א*Vlْא'=و{ 4qو K , F kk E And for the condition of Nasb there are five signs: the Fathah , and the removal of the F p E the Yaa , F *kk E the Kasrah , F א E Alif the letter Noon. 5 .\C"ْא)1W8 W *.//I*8*[;$*ً.1KنC8 '*(א1W *دْ"ْא5@אx { '=و *ْCא { $K6GدאذJعM)hْא67*"ْאو 4qW نj;א*T)Nt*)a7ْ8MI*C#א*.Bْאل)7ْ8EאI*8*[;$*ً.1Kن8 K As for the removal of the letter Noon, then it is an indicator of the state of Nasb in the Five Verbs when the indicator of the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon. wْא { <)ْאو { \C"ْאو . K . F kk E and the Fathah , F p E the Yaa , F *kk E The Kasrah gT)1Kz/Aْ"B$*و W And for the condition of Khafdh, there are three signs. 6 1W8 ) wْא W Aْ"B$*ً.1KنC8 I*8 '*(א1*.// W *>[;ْא*دْ"ْא5@אx { و *ْCא'= *>[;ْא { و I*8 *)א*Vlْא'=K , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh F *kk E As for the Kasrah in three instances. 1. The Singular Noun which has vowel markings that can be changed. 2. In Broken Plural forms where the vowel markings can also be changed. 3. In the Sound Feminine Plurals. <)ْא)1و W ً.1KنC8 Aْ"B$*I*8 '*(א1*.// W x *.Bْא*<)5Eא { و *.*;tCאI*8 { 'fْאو K , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh in F p E the Yaa As for three instances. 1.The Five Nouns. 2.The Dual Forms. 3. The Plural forms. )1و .\C"ْא W 8 Aْ"B$*ً.1KنC >[;?@p*q#א5*@אI*8 K , then it is an indicator of the state of Khafdh F kk E the Fathah As for for the Nouns which are fixed and do not change their vowel markings. ن)C1Kمbf$*و W نjא { ْאو >q\ K F kk E And for the state of Jazm, there are two signs. 1. The Sukoon 2. Removal )1W8 نjא W I*8مbf$*ً.1Kن8 عM)hْא67*"ْא *G{אZ*\[א K , then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm F kk E As for the Sukoon in the Present Tense Verbs which end in a sound letter. Any letter . F p { و { א E other than )1و >q\ْא W I*8مbf$*ً.1Kن8 عM)hْא67*"ْא U6C7ْא*G{א{ I*8و ل)7ْ8Eא Nt*)a7ْ8MI*C#א*.Bْא نj;א*T) K As for Removal, then it is an indicator of the state of Jazm when and it is also F p { و { א E the last letter in a present tense verb is weak 7 an indicator of the state of Jazm in the Five Verbs when the sign of the state of Raf' is the fixedness of the letter Noon. 46[8 W T)7ْא Section: Words which contain vowel markings that can be changed ن)*2T)7ْא W *T)\ْ)*L7?4*2 { و *>و\ْ)*L7?4*2 K The words which contain vowel markings that can be changed are divided into two groups. One group is identified by diacritical vowel markings while the other group is identified by way of letters. p*q#)8 ٍعא.7M*T)\ْ)*L7? W دْ"ْא5@א { و *ْCא'= { =و *Vlْא' *)א { 4[;? *.\C")*A"B? { و عM)hْא67*"ْא *G{אj6C7ْא*n*G~*>q\*مbf? K The only exceptions from those are three: 1. The Sound Feminine . F *kk E Plural in which the condition of Nasb is indicated by a Kasrah 2. The condition of Khafdh in Nouns which vowel marks do not 3. The Present Tense Verb which ends with K F kk E change is a Fathah enters the state of Jazm with the removal of F p { و { א E a weak letter its last letter. 8 p*q#אو *>و\ْ)*L7? ٍعא.7MW .*;tCא { و *)א#q א'={ .Bْא<)5Eאو { .Bْאل)7ْ8Eאو { I*%و W ن7ْ"? { ن7ْ"Xو { ن$7ْ"?و { ن$7ْ"Xو { *$7ْ"XوK And the group of words which are grammatically identified by letters are of four types: 1.The Dual Form 2. The Sound Masculine and F ن7ْ"? E Plural 3. The Five Nouns 4.The Five Verbs which are KF *$7ْ"X E and F ن$7ْ"X E and F ن$7ْ"? E and F ن7ْ"X E .*;tCא)1W8 W 8 *D*e*'8C { *<)ْ)*A"BXو[;Xو K As for the Dual form then the condition of Raf' is indicated by an and the condition of Nasb and Khafdh is indicated by the F א E Alif . F p E the letter Yaa )1و *)א#q א'= W وאْ)*'8C8 { A"B?و[;?و *<)ْ)*K As for the Sound Masculine Plural, then the condition of Raf' is and both the condition of Nasb F و E Waaw indicated with the letter . F p E and Khafdh are indicated by the letter Yaa و )1.Bْא<)5Eא W وאْ)*'8C8 { [;Xو *D*e*{ *<)ْ)*A"BXو K As for the Five Nouns then the condition of Raf' with them is and the condition of Nasb is F و E indicated with the letter Waaw , and the condition of Khafdh is F א E Alif indicated with the letter . F p E indicated with the letter Yaa .Bْאل)7ْ8Eא)1و W نj;)*'8C8 { )a*8q\*A"BXو[;Xو K As for the Five Verbs then condition of Raf' with them is . F ن E indicated by the establishment and firmness of the letter Noon Both the conditions of Nasb and Jazm are indicated by the . F ن E removal of the letter Noon 9 ل)7ْ8EאL)The Chapter of Verbs .//ل)7ْ8Eא W ٍض)1 { 4عM)h1و { 41و { \{ L( { Lh?و { L(אو K The verbs are of three types: Past Tense, Present Tense, and He hits, F Lh? E He hit, F L( E Command Form. For Example: Hit (him or it)! F L(א E and عM)hْאو W 1 c2)a7f?I*C#א'MEא*+*אوbא+J*0*وI*8ن)) F yE %و ًא+4ع81 { 4مز)=و4*s)*0$K6G+?9CK The Present tense is preceded by one of four extra letters which and the present tense is F yE are gathered together in the word always in a state of Raf' until an article of Nasb or Jazm enters upon it and alters its vowel marking. -wK*sًא;)8 { I*%و W ن{ و { نذJو{ Iو{ Iوم@و { אم@و *د\fْ{ 9Cو { و وאْאو*<)"ْ)*Lאfْא { وو K F IE and F نذJ E and F E and F نE The Articles of Nasb are ten: F وאْאو*<)"ْ)*Lאfْא E and F 9CE and F *د\fْאم@ E and F Iوم@ E and . F وE and و K.*)/مزאfْא{ I*%و W { )و { و { )و { *<)Kj+אو1Eאم@و { و F @ E I*8 *<)Kj+אوIa;א { )a1و1و)1ونJو { )1ذJو { jpو { 9C1و { ن)?و?و { 9و { و )t{ )"و { :ذJو I*8א ً.s)G7UאK F )E and F E and F )E and F E The Articles of Jazm are twelve: F )a1و1و)1ونJ E and F F @ E *<)Kj+אوIa;אI*8 E and F *<)Kj+אو1Eאم@ E and F )tE and F 9E and F ن)?و?E and F 9C1 E and F jpE and F )1ذJ E and when it is used specifically in poetry. F א:ذJ E and F )"E and L)*<)5Eא*T)K81The Chapter of the Nouns which are in the state of Raf' 10 ْא -.7N5T)K8 { I*%و W 6*K)"ْא { 0$*K)8?p*q#אل7ْ"ْאو { +CNْאو { nNGو { و 5א F ن)E *0*XאGو { NGو F نJ E *0*XאGو { ع8$*'*)Cאو { <)m.7M%و W y7;א { Dْ7ْא { +*Cאو { ل+Nْאو K The Nouns which are in the state of Raf' are seven: They are F 0$*K)8?p*q#אل7ْ"ْא Everbal subject (doer), and the F ْא 6*K)" E the Nominal Subject, F +CNْא E subject in the passive voice, and the the Noun of Kaana F ن)5א *0*XאGوE Predicate, and F NG E and its the Predicate of Inna and her F نJNG *0*XאGوE and her sisters, and the follower of something in the state of F ع8$*'*)Cא E sisters, and conjunction, F Dْ7ْא E the adjective, F y7;א E Raf' which are four: substitution. F ل+Nْא E emphasis, and F +*Cא E 6*K)"ْאL)The Chapter of the Verbal Subject (Doer) %6*K)"ْא W 2Mqْאع8ْא5*@א *0*$7*80$N K The Verbal Subject (Doer) is the Noun in the state of Raf' which is preceded by its own verb. و % *29$K W 4*%){ 4*h1و K Implicit. F 4*h1 E Apparent, and F 4*%)E And consists of two types: )8 2\*%)#` c*W 4+?زم)2 { 4+?زمS?و { نא+?bאم)2و { مS?و نא+?bא { و م)2 نو+?bא { مS?و نو+?bא { و م)2 ل)=Uא{ و مS? ل)=Uא { و 1)2 4+;*%y { 4+;*%مSXو { و 1)2 y نא+;aْא { و אمSX نא+;aْ{ و 1)2 Tא+;aْאy { Tא+;aْאمSXو { و 1)2 د;aْאy { مSXو د;aْא { و RGم)2 { RGمS?و { و م)2 I*1{ و مS? I*1{ c*ذ0Nm)1و K So the Apparent Verbal Subject (Doer) is like the following: and F نא+?bאمS? E and F نא+?bאم)2 E and F 4+?زمS? E and F 4+?زم)2 E and F مS? ل)=UאE and F م)2 ل)=UאE and F نو+?bאمS? E and F م)2 نو+?bא E and F نא+;aْאمSX E and F 1)2 ْאy نא+;a E and F 4+;*%مSX E and F 1)2 4+;*%y E 11 and F د;aْאمSX E and F 1)2 د;aْאy E and F Tא+;aْאمSX E and F 1)2 Tא+;aْאy E and F و مS? I*1E and F م)2 I*1E and F RGمS? E and F RGم)2 E whatever is similar to this. و *hْאW K);/א { c*2\FW y( { );(و { y(و { *y(و { )C(و { C( { C(و { L(و { y(و { و )({ א(و { (و KE And the Implicit Verbal Subjects (Doers) are twelve like the F )C( E and F *y( E and F y( E and F );( E and F y( E following: and F )( E and F y( E and F L( E and F C( E and F C( E and . F ( E and F א( E و+CNْאL)NBْאThe Chapter of the Nominal Subject and Predicate +CNْא W *.*`ْ"#$א6*1א7ْאKpM)7ْאع8ْא5*@א% K The Nominal Subject is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is unaffected by grammatical factors that may alter Arabic word vowel markings. NBْא W *0J+;ْאع8ْא5*@א% { c*2\F 4*)24+?ز E و F ن)*)2نא+?bא E و F ن*)2نو+?bא KE The Predicate is a Noun in the state of Raf' which is attributed to F bא ن)*)2نא+? E and F 4*)24+?ز E the subject like the following examples: . F ن*)2نو+?bא E and *2+CNْא ) ن W 4*%){ 4h1و K Apparent, and F 4*%)E The Nominal Subject consists of two types Implicit. F 4*h1 E )8 nْ*ذم+SX)1*%)#` K Apparent is what was previously been mentioned. F 4*%)E So the 12 و *hْא K);/א { I*%وW ){ \و { yو { *yو { )Cو { Cو { C{ %و { I*%و { )%و { و %{ و %{ c*2\F ))2 4*E { و F ن*)2\E { c*ذ0Nm)1و K And the Implicit Nominal Subjects are twelve like the F CE and F )CE and F *yE and F yE and F \E and F )E following: F % E and F % E and F )% E and F I*% E and F % E and F CE and and F ن*)2\E and F )4*)2E as in the following examples: whatever is similar to this. و ن)*2NBْא W 4دْ"1 { gدْ"1و K And the Predicate is of two types: Singular and Non-Singular. \دْ"ْ)8 F 4*)24+?ز KE . F 4*)24+?ز E The example of a Singular Predicate is the sentence <)m.7Mgدْ"ْאو W jM)fْא Mوfْאو{ >#`אو { *0*$*K)8'167*"ْאو { +CNْאو '1*nNG { c*2\FW Mא+אI*84+?ز { R+;*K4+?زو { و nم)24+?ز { -.N*%אذ0C?M)=4+?زو KE The Non-Singular Predicate consists of four things: Circumstantial F >#`א E The article of Jaar. 2. F אوjM)fْא MوfْE 1. The Verb and its Verbal Subject. F *0*$*K)8'167*"ْא E Preposition. 3. The Nominal Subject and its Predicate. Examples F *nNG'1+CNْא E 4. and F Mא+אI*84+?ز E of this can be found in the following sentences: . F ?ز -.N*%אذ0C?M)=4+ E and F nم)24+?ز E and F R+;*K4+?ز E NBْאو+CNْא9$K*.$*Gא+א6*1א7ْאL)The Chapter of Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and Predicate <)m.//I*%و W )aXאGون){ نJو )aXאGو { y;;و )aXאGو K The Grammatical factors that can affect the Nominal Subject and Kaana F )aXאGون)E Predicate are divided into three categories: 1. 13 F )aXאGوy;;E Inna and her sisters. 3. F )aXאGونJ E and her sisters. 2. Dthununtu and her sisters. )1W8 )aXאGون){ 5*@א'8X)a8 { NBْא*[;Xو { I*%و W ن){ 91و { و ZNs{ 9\(و { 6و { T)و { )sو M { vو { لאز)1و { #c"א)1و{ *C8)1و { )1و{ مאد)1و { \)a;*1>[X)1و W ن){ ن?و { و { وZNsو Z*N[? { Z*Nsو { لSX FW ن)ً)*)24+?ز{ و vً)[*G)mوKE 1و c*ذ0Nm) K , then when they are F )aXאGون)E and her sisters As for Kaana added to a nominal sentence consisting of a subject and predicate they affect it by leaving the Nominal subject in the state of Raf' and by placing the Predicate into a state of Nasb. Kaana and her and F ZNsE and F 91E and F ن)E include F )aXאGون)E sisters and F لאز)1 E and F vE and F M)s E and F T)E and F 6E and F 9\(E and whatever can be F مאد)1 E and F )1 E and F *C8)1 E and F #c"א)1 E F ن){ ن? { و E extracted by way of verb conjugation like: like that which is in the following F ZNs{ Z*N[? { Z*Nsو E and and whatever is F vً)[*G)mوKE and F ن)ً)*)24+?زE examples: similar to this. و )1نJ )aXאGو 5*@א*[;X)a8 { NBْא'8Xو { I*%و W نJ { نو { و *{ نWو { yو { 67و { لSX W 4*)2ًא+?زنJ { و y4*G)mًאK{ )1و c*ذ0Nm { 9;71و نونJ *+*C$*{ و **RאM+*C5**{ و نW*0*NC$*{ و yIU;C$*{ و 67'|2CאوIU=C$*K Then they affect the Nominal sentence by F )aXאGونJ E As for Nominal Subject into the state of Nasb and F +CNْא E placing the in the state of Nasb. Inna and F NBْא E By leaving the predicate F نWE and F *E and F نE and F نJ E include F )aXאGونJ E her sisters . Some examples of Inna and her sisters can F 67E and F yE and and F 4*)2ًא+?زنJ E be found in the following examples: F نJ E and whatever is similar to this. Both Inna F y4*G)mًאKE is F *E are used to express affirmation. Lakinna F نE Anna and 14 is used F نWE used to express rectification or correction. Ka'anna is used to F yE when expressing comparison or likeness. Layta is used to express anticipation and F 67E express regret. La'ala expectation. و )1;y; )aXאGو )aن@7ْ"1)a9$KNBْאو+CNْא*[;X)a8 { I*%و W y;;{ yN*و { و yْ$*G { yKزو { y?Mو { y*$Kو { و T+=و { TqBUXאو { yْ$7=و { و لSXy7*5 W ;;y ً)*)2ًא+?ز { و y?M ً)[*G)mًאK{ c*ذ0Nm)1و K Then they affect F )aXאGوy;;E As for Dthununtu and her sisters nominal subject F +CNْא E the nominal sentence by placing both the predicate into the state of Nasb while making them F NBْא E and . F )aXאGوy;;E nominal objects for Dthununtu and her sisters F yN*E and F y;;E are: F )aXאGوy;;E Dthununtu and her sisters and F TqBUXא E and F T+=و E and F y*$K E and F M y?E and F yKز E and F yْ$*G E . Some examples of Dthununtu and her F y7*5 E and F yْ$7= E and can be found in the following examples: F )aXאGوy;;E sisters and whatever is similar to F y?M ً)[*G)mًאKE and F زy;;ً)*)2ًא+? E this. *y7;אL)The Chapter of the Adjective y7;א W *0*7ْ8MI*8*T7;$*4'*)X { *0*hْ"Gو*0*N[و { لSX*n*;Xو*0*"?7Xو W 4+?زم)2 6*2)7ْא { 6*2)7ْאًא+?زy?אMو { ?b*TM1و 6*2)7ْאg+ K The adjective follows the object of description in its Raf', Nasb, and Khafdh while also following the object of description in its definiteness or indefiniteness as in the following examples: . F 6*2)7ْאg+?b*TM1 E and F y?אM 6*2)7ْאًא+?ز E and F 6*2)7ْא4+?زم)2 E 15 <)m.87ْאو W 5*@א \hْאW yو){ و \$7ْא5*@א W .#1وg+?ز { و aNْא5*@א \W אq% { *n*q%و { *<@l%و { و p*q#א5*@א م#אوD*Eא*0*8 \W و6=א م^ْא { *.7MEא*n*q%*1g+*אو9JD*()1و K The Condition of Definiteness consists of five things: 1. Implicit F .#1و4+?ز E and 2. Proper Nouns like: F yو)E Nouns like: 4. Nouns which are F אq% { *n*q%و { *<@l%و E 3. Ambiguous Nouns like: 5. Nouns F م^ْאو6=א E like: F لא E preceded by the definite article which are compounded with one of the four previously mentioned nouns. w*;אو W G~نود4+*אو*0*CB?@*0*;*=I*8ٍ'*)mٍ5*אj6 { )1j60N?ْSXو لGدZ$s *0$Kم#אوD*Eא { س"ْאو6=א\K The indefinite consists of every noun which is general in its classification and is not easily distinguished from other nouns of the same type. One might approximate that the indefinite includes like: F لא E all of the words that can accept the definite article . F س"ْאو6=א E *Dْ7ْאL)The Chapter of Conjunction و -wK*Dْ7ْא>و { I*%و W وאْא { <)"ْאو { /و { وو { مو { )1Jو { 6و { @و { *و { '*(אْאA7I*89Cو K , F > E , the Faa F و E The Letters of Conjunction are ten: The Waaw , and Laa F 6E , Bal F )1J E , Imma F مE , Amm F وE , Aww F / E Thumma . F 9CE , and in some instances Hatta F *E , Laakin F @ E y7*8Mٍع819$Ky"*Kن8 { yN*[gL[;19$Kو{ yh*"Gٍض"B19$Kو{ وy1b=ٍموbf19$K { لSX FW 4وKو4+?زم)2 { ًאKوًא+?زy?אMو { وg+?b*TM1و ٍوK { S?4+?زو و ?+7ْS KE So if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Raf' then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Raf', and if a 16 word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Nasb then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Nasb, and if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Khafdh then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Khafdh, and if a word is conjoined with another which is in the state of Jazm then the conjoined word also assumes the state of Jazm. Examples of and F 4وKو4+?زم)2 E this can be found in the following statements: . F +7ْS?وS?4+?ز E and F ٍوKوg+?b*TM1 E and F ًאKوًא+?زy?אM E *+*CאL)The Chapter of Emphasis +*Cא FW *0*"?7Xو*0*hْ"Gو*0*N[و*0*7ْ8MI*8*+#lْ$*4'*)X KE The Emphatic Article follows the emphasized object in its Raf', Nasb, Khafdh, and definiteness or indefiniteness. 1$71g)"ْW*ن?و g. { I*%و W vْ";א { 7ْאو { 6و { '=و { '='*אXو { I*%و W 'Cْ{ 'Cو { '[و { لSX W ْ"4+?زم)2 0{ a#$مSْאy?Mو { مSْ)*TM1و *7=K , F vْ"E The Emphatic state is established with the following words: and the words that can be extracted F '=E and F 6E and F K E . Examples of this can F '[E and F 'CE and F 'CْE like: F '=E from and F 0ْ"4+?زم)2 E be found in the following statements: . F *7=مSْ)*TM1 E and F a#$مSْאy?M E ل+NْאL)The Chapter of Substitution *אل*+אذJ *0*אKJ'*=I*807*NXٍ67*8*1467*8وٍ5*א*145 K If a noun is substituted for another noun or if a verb is substituted for another verb then the substitute follows the original noun or verb in exactly the same grammatical state. 17 ٍم)ْ2*.7M9$K%و W *1*ون)1bא>و ن)ْא { ل)\ْאو { b*Cאو { 9;tCْאو { @5*אو { د);ْאو { *0*$=*1ل7ْ"ْאو { و 071ل7ْ"ْא { و )a*XGون)NG{ )a*XאGونJ5*אو K The Nouns in the State of Nasb are fifteen: The verbal object, The infinitive, The preposition(circumstantial) of time, The preposition(circumstantial) of place, Status(state), Specification, The Caller, The , F @ E Exception, The Noun of Laa Causative Object, The Object of Accompaniment, The , The Nominal F )a*XGون)E Predicate of Kaana and her sisters . F )a*XאGونJ E Subject of Inna and her sisters [;ْ$*'*)Cאو *L { <)m.7M%و W y7;א { Dْ7ْאو { +*Cאو { ل+Nْאو K The articles which follow what has proceeded in Nasb are four: the adjective, the conjunction, the emphatic article, and the substitution. 18 L)*0*ل7ْ"ْא The Chapter of the Verbal Object %و W 5*@א { L[;ْא { 67*"ْא*0*'S?p*q#א { \W ًא+?زy( { س"ْאyN*Mو K The Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb upon which a . F س"ْאyN*M E and F ًא+?زy( E verb is enacted. For example: ن)*2%و W 4*%){ 4h1و F 4*h1 E Apparent, and F 4*%)E And it is divided into two types: Implicit. nْ*ذم+SX)1*%)#`)8 The Apparent has previously been explained. hْאو ن)*2 W 46*[C1 { 46*[";1و K And the Implicit can be divided into to groups: The Attached and Detached. K);/א6*[Cْ)8 { I*%و W I*;( { );(و { c(و { *c(و { )(و { و ( { (و { 0(و { و )a({ )a(و { a(و { a(و K So the Attached Implicit Verbal Objects are twelve which include: and F )( E and F *c( E and F c( E and F );( E and F I*;( E and F )a( E and F )a( E and F 0( E and F ( E and F ( E . F a( E and F a( E K);/א6*[";ْאو { I*%و W p)?J{ ))?Jو{ R)?Jو { *R)?Jو { ))?Jو { )?Jو { و )?J { n)?Jو { )%)?Jو { %)?Jو ) { %)?Jو { %)?Jو K And the Detached Verbal Objects are also twelve which include: and F )?J E and F ))?J E and F *R)?J E and F R)?J E and F ))?J E and F p)?J E . F %)?J E and F %)?J E and F )%)?J E and F )%)?J E and F n)?J E and F )?J E 19 M+[ْאL)The Chapter of the Musdar (Original Noun) %M+[ْא W 5*@א { L[;ْא { 67*"ْא*D?[XI*8ً)t*)/ون)1bא*>L)The Chapter of the circumstantial Preposition of Time and Place %ن)1bא>W 5*א ن)1bא ?*+ْSC*L[;ْא F I*8 E مْא\{ .$$#אو { ًwو+و { و ًwْ{ ًא\5و { ًא+و { ً.CKو { ً))Nsو { :<)1و { ًא+و { ًא+1و { ً);*و { 0Nm)1و ذ c*K The circumstantial Preposition of Time is a noun of time which is in the state of Nasb with the implied meaning of "in" or "during" F ًwْE and F ًwو+E and F .$$#א E and F مْא E as in the following examples: 20 and F ًא+E and F :<)1 E and F ً))Ns E and F ً.CK E and F ًא+E and F ًא\5 E and whatever is similar to this. F ً);*E and F ًא+1E %ن)ْא>W 5*א ?*+ْSC*L[;ْאن)ْא F I*8 E م)1\{ Dْ$Gو { مא+2و { و <אMو { ق8و { و y\X{ +;*Kو { <אزJو'1و { <אq*و { <)S*$Xو { );%و/و { c*ذ0Nm)1و K The circumstantial Preposition of Place is a noun of location which is in the state of Nasb which conveys the meaning of "in" F <אMو E and F +2 مא E and F Dْ$G E and F م)1E as in the following examples: and F <אq*E and F '1 E and F <אزJ E and F +;*K E and F y\X E and F ق8 E and whatever is similar to this. F );% E and F / E and F <)S*$X E ل)\ْאL)The Chapter of the Situational %ل)\ْא W 5*@א { L[;ْא { *T)aْא*1aNא)*U"ْא { c*2\FW 4+?ز<)= ً)N*אM E و F ً)=1س"ْאyN*M E و F *א+NKySً)N*אM E c*ذ0Nm)1و K The Situational is the Noun in the state of Nasb which gives description to an ambiguous situation like the following: . F ً)N*אM*א+NKySE and F ً)=1س"ْאyN*M E and F ً)N*אM4+?ز<)= E و ن?@ ًw*@Jل)\ْא { و ن?@ @Jل)\ْא مْאم)X+7{ و ن?@ ً.871@J)aN*)s K The Situational does not exist except in the indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech. The companion of the Situational is cannot be anything other than Definite. b*CْאL)The Chapter of the Distinctive (Specificational) 21 %b*Cْא W 5*@א { L[;ْא { *1aNא)*U"ْא *Tאوqא{ c*2\FW N[X 4+?ز ً)2K E { و F ً)\m4ْW#S"X E و F \1L)u ً)ْ"4+E و F ً)1?Ky?Cmא E و F ً.f7*7*Xyْ$1 E و F ً)c;*1مْ4+?ز E و F c;*16=ً)a=وKE The Distinctive (Specificational) is the Noun in the state of Nasb which gives description to an ambiguous object like the and F ً)\m4ْW#S"X E and F N[X ً)2K4+?ز E following statements: and F ً.f7*7*Xyْ$1 E and F ً)1?Ky?Cmא E and F ً)ْ"4+\1L)u E . F c;*16=ً)a=وE and F ْ4+?ز ً)c;*1مE ن?@و ًw*@J { ن?@و مْאم)X+7@J K The Distinctive (Specificational) does not exist except in the indefinite state and does not occur except after completed speech. *<);t*C5*@אL)The Chapter of the Exceptional >وو *<);t*C5*@א -.*)/{ I*%و W @J { و { :*5و { :5و { 4<א5و { Gو { א+Kو { و )m)K and F :*5 E and F E and F @J E The articles of exception are eight: . F )m)E and F א+K E and F G E and F 4<א5 E and F :5 E ً)N*=1ً)Q1)Xمْאن)אذJ[;?@*9;tCْ)8 { \FW ًא+?ز@JمSْאم)2 E و F جG ًאK@Jس);א E Nْא*0*8ز)=ً)Q1)X)*";1مْאن)نJو 9$K[;אول+ *<);t*C5*@א { \W F ًא+?ز@JمSْאم)2)1 E و F ًא+?ز@J E *9$Kن)ً)[*2)مْאن)نJو 6*1א7ْא { \W F 4+?ز@Jم)2)1 E و F ًא+?ز@Jy()1 E و F @JTM1)1 g+?b*KE is entered into the state of Nasb if the F @J E The Exceptional with speech which has preceded it is complete. For example: . If the speech is complete F ًאK@Jس);אجG E and F ًא+?ز@JمSْאم)2 E and also negative then substitution here is permissible as well as . If F ًא+?ز@J E and F ًא+?ز@JمSْאم)2)1 E exception as in the following: 22 the speech is deficient then its grammatical classification depends upon the presence of other grammatical factors like those F ًא+?ز@Jy()1 E and F 4+?ز@Jم)2)1 E found in the following examples: . F g+?b*@JTM1)1 E and 9;tCْאو ٍ^*{ :*5و { :5و { g<א5و { @4Mوf1 K are F 4<א5 E and F 5 :E and F :*5 E and F E The Exceptional with always in the grammatical state of Jarr. 9;tCْאو B*{ א+Kو { )m)و { nj=و0N[زf? { \W F مSْאم)2 G ًא+?ز{ g+?زو E و F א+K ًאK وٍوK E و F ٍْوًאْ)m) KE can place the F )m)E and F א+K E and F G E The Exceptional with noun which follows it into either the state of Nasb or Jarr like that and F g+?ز E or F مSْאم)2 G ًא+?زE found in the following examples: . F ٍْE or F مSْאم)2 ًאْ)m)E and F ٍوK E or F مSْאم)2 א+KًאKE @L)F @ E The Chapter of ن$KJ F @ E MCXوw*;אT*m)אذJٍ?;X^**Tא*;א[;X F @ E \FW @ M Mא+אI*86= KE Places indefinite nouns without the tanween F @ E Know that into the state of Nasb if it is immediately followed by another is not repeated as in the following F @ E indefinite noun and the . F Mא+אI*86=M@ E sentence: 8 MאْX=وو'ْ8א=و)%*m)NXن F @ E \W F ًw1א@وMא+אI*86=M@ KE And if it is not immediately followed by an indefinite noun then F @ E the state of Raf' becomes obligatory as does the repetition of F *8@ Mא+אI -w1א@و46=ME as in the following example: 23 TMXن8 F@ E )a*)^ْJو)a)KJ:ز)= { yْ$2y*mن8 W F ًw1א@وMא+אI*86=M@ E و نJ y*m yْ$2 W F @ Mא+אI*846=M 1א@و -w KE is repeated then it is permissible for it to be used as it is F @ E So if also permissible for it to remain unused. So it can be said: . F -w1א@وMא+אI*846=M@ E as well as: F ًw1א@وMא+אI*86=M@ E L)د);ْא The Chapter of Called (Vocative) ٍعא.Gد);ْא W $7ْאدْ"ْא { wد[ْSْאw*;אو { و *wد[ْSْאw*;א { و >)hْא { *>)hْ)*0*Nאو K The Called (Vocative) is of five types: 1. The Single Proper Name 2. The indefinite Intended (Implied) 3. The indefinite unintended 4. The Compounded Nouns 5. And that which resembles the Compounded Nouns. )1W8 $7ْאدْ"ْא وUhא9$Kن);N8wد[ْSْאw*;א ٍ?;X*1{ \F +?ز)? E و F 6=M)? KE As for the Single Proper Name and the Indefinite Intended then they are both linguistically constructed upon the Dhomma without . F 6=M)? E and F +?ز)? E the presence of Tanween like in: @-.[;1.*2)Nْא./tאو K And the three remaining stay in the state of Nasb and do not change. *0*$=*1ل7ْ"ْאL)The Chapter of the Causative Object %و W 5*@א { L[;ْא { ن)N*q?p*q#א 67*"ْאع2و*N*{ c*2\F 4+?زم)2 ٍو7*ً@=J E و F c*8و71<)^*CאcX+[2 KE 24 The Causative Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is mentioned in order to explain the reason why a verb occurred as and F 2 ٍو7*ً@=J4+?زم) E in the following examples: . F c*8و71<)^*CאcX+[2 E 071ل7ْ"ْאL)The Chapter of the Accompanying Verbal Object %و W 5*@א { L[;ْא { ْא0716*781ن)N*q?p*q#א 67*" { c*2\FW *1Eא<)= fْאو E و F .NBْאو<)ْאC5א KE The Accompanying Verbal Object is the Noun in the state of Nasb which is mentioned in order to explain who participated in the enactment of the verb (action) as in the following examples: . F .NBْאو<)ْאC5א E and F fْאو*1Eא<)= E NG)1و F ن)E )a*XאGو { 5אو F نJ E )a*XאGو { I*8)%ْ*ذم+SX+S8 *T)K8ْא { '*אCאc*qو S8 R);%y1+SX+ K and F )a*XאGون)E As for the Predicate of Kaana and her sisters then F )a*XאGونJ5א E the Nominal Subject of Inna and her sisters You will find its mention in the chapter of the Nouns in the State of Raf' and you will also find its explanation in the chapter of the Successors (or Followers). *<)5Eא*1*T)("BْאL)The Chapter of the Nouns in the State of Khafdh ٍعא.//T)("Bْא W *>\ْ)*4ض"B1 { و ])*4ض"B1 *.8)( { ض"B$*4'*)Xو K The Nouns in the state of Khafdh are three types: 1. The Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter 2. The Nouns in the state of Khafdh due to compounding 3. And The Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of Succession (Following the Vowel marking of whatever preceded it). 25 )1W8 a8*>\ْ)*ض"Bْא W **A"B?)1 { 9Jو { Kو { 9$Kو { *8و I { LMو { وو *<)Nْא { *>)ْאو{ م)#$אو { Sْא*>و\*و { I*%و W وאْא { و <)Nْא { <)Cאو { LMوא*و { و q*{ q;1و K As for the Nouns in the state of Khafdh because of a letter then and F 9J E and F *1 E they are whatever is grammatically affected by F م)#$א E and F *>)ْא E and F *<)Nْא E and F LM E and F I*8 E and F 9$K E and F K E and F <)Cא E and F <)Nْא E and F وאْא E The letters of Oath which are and . F q;1 E and F q*E and F LMوא*E )1و *.8)(])*ض"Bْא { c*2\;8 FW g+?زمE *29$K%و W م#)*M+S?)1{ p*q#)8**M+S?)1و \م#)*M+S? F g+?زمE p*q#אو **M+S? { \F bGL/ E و F ٍ5L)E و F g+?*+*CG KE And as for the Nouns which are placed into the state of Khafdh by way of compounding then their example is like that of the and is divided into two groups: 1. That which F g+?زمE following: and that which is supposed F g+?زمE like: F م#א E is supposed with . F g+?*+*CG E and F 5L)ٍE and F bGL/ E like: F *1 E with *א*+\*X Completed with all of the praise being for Allaah The Majestic