BASICS OF THE FIRST AID - 1

LEARNThe Basics of First Aid - 1 : Dr.S.K.M.SASTRY LEARNThe Basics of First Aid - 1 Dr.S.K.M.SASTRY M.D(Hom.) NTPC HOSPITAL

Emergency services rendered to a victim who met with an accident or sudden illness before he gets medical aid is called first aid : Emergency services rendered to a victim who met with an accident or sudden illness before he gets medical aid is called first aid AIMS & OBJECTIVES TO SAVE LIFE OF THE VICTIM TO PROMOTE RECOVERY TO PREVENT WORSENING TO PROVIDE EARLY MEDICAL CARE SERVICE TO SUFFERING IS SERVICE TO GOD

TRIPOD OF LIFE : TRIPOD OF LIFE BRAIN UNCONSCIOUS STATE (COMA) 2. HEART PULSE FAILURE (SYNCOPE) 3. LUNGS BREATHING FAILURE (ASPHYXIA) BRAIN HEART LUNGS

LEARN THE BASICS : LEARN THE BASICS CPR SHOCK ELECTRIC SHOCK WOUNDS FRACTURES BURNS CHEMICAL EXPOSURE POISONINGS HEAD INJURIES COLD AND HEAT EXPOSURE HEART ATTACKS MASS ACCIDENTS MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS TRANSPORTATION FIRST AID BOX

CPR : CPR THE ABC OF CPR (FOR TRAINED ONLY) AIRWAY Tilt back the head and raise the chin to open the airway. BREATHING Blow two full breaths into the victim’s mouth if breathing stopped. CIRCULATION If no pulse, compress the chest to circulate blood manually.

C P R TRAINING : C P R TRAINING

CPR : CPR

CPR DEMO : CPR DEMO

SHOCK : SHOCK SIGNS OF SHOCK The skin & the lower lip may turn pale The skin becomes cold and damp The pulse may be so fast that you can’t count the beats The victim may look confused or stared. CARE FOR SHOCK Make victim lie on back and raise both feet about 12 inches Cover victim to maintain body temperature Keep victim quiet If victim is unconscious but breathing follow ABC of CPR Control any severe bleeding to help keep shock from worsening

ELECTRIC SHOCKS : ELECTRIC SHOCKS STOP THE SOURCE Unplug the power cord or switch off circuit breakers or unscrew fuses Stop power in power lines by calling local electricity supply station Don’t approach downed power lines Ddon't use tree limb to lift downed power lines CHECK BREATHING Make sure the victim is breathing Perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed CARE FOR INJURIES Treat physical shock by placing the victim on his or her back with both feet raised about 12 inches and covering the upper body Treat burns by using water to cool the burn and cover with a clean, dry dressing loosely bandaged in place

WOUNDSSCRAPES AND CUTS : WOUNDSSCRAPES AND CUTS CONTROL BLEEDING Put on gloves or use other protection to avoid contact with victim’s blood Apply direct pressure on the wound for at least 5 minutes using a clean gauze or cloth For severe bleeding, raise the wound above heart level, if possible If a bone is broken, immobilize the joints both above and below the break before elevating the wound CLEAN AND COVER Clean the wound with mild soap and water Place a clean dressing over the entire wound Wrap roller gauze or cloth strips over the dressing several times Tie or tape the bandage in place. Don’t secure so tight

PUNCTURED WOUNDS : PUNCTURED WOUNDS CLEAN THOROUGHLY Gently squeeze small puncture wounds for a minute or two to encourage bleeding Soak the wound in warm, soapy water Cover the wound with gauze dressing STABILIZE EMBEDDED OBJECTS If an object lodges in the body, apply direct pressure around the wound to control bleeding Wrap gauze or cloth around the object to hold it steady and tape the wrapping DON’T increase the risk of internal bleeding by trying to remove an embedded object

NOSE BLEEDS WOUNDS (Cont.,) : NOSE BLEEDS WOUNDS (Cont.,) PINCH OFF NOSEBLEEDS Pinch the nostrils below the bone Tip head slightly forward and sit quietly, maintaining pressure on nose for at least 5 minutes Don’t destroy the clot by blowing or rubbing nose after the bleeding stops

FRACTURES : FRACTURES A partial or complete break in the bone is called fracture. Types of Fractures: 1.Closed: when the broken ends of bones do not cut open the skin and come out. 2.Open:- when broken ends come out of the skin. 3.Complicated:- when surrounding tissues are damaged. Signs&symptoms:- pain, swelling, deformity, tenderness & immobility or unnatural movement. Management :- prevent further damage, reduce pain, handle gently, if you are trained apply slings carefully & avoid unnecessary movement. Shift the victim to hospital.

BURNS : BURNS STOP THE SOURCE If clothes are drenched with hot liquid, remove them immediately or stand the person in a cool shower To smother any flames, drop the victim to the ground and roll the body COOL THE SKIN Use water to cool the burn DON’T use butter on a burn CLEAN AND COVER Lift or cut away any clothing covering the burn. DON’T break any blisters Wash small burns with mild soap and water Cover with a clean, dry dressing loosely bandaged in place Place a clean, dry sheet or cloth over burns covering a larger area Burns can be very painful, but if you follow these simple burn treatment rules, they will heal faster and leave fewer scars

What to know about burns : What to know about burns Types of Burns - First, Second, and Third-Degree Burns Determining the Severity of a Burn Identifying Critical Burns Sunburn and Kids How to Treat a Burn Prevent Sunburns

Extent of burns : Extent of burns

Some points on Burns : Some points on Burns Severe Burn Treatment :Burns cause swelling that can cut off circulation. Burns that go all the way around the hands or around the feet, as well as those to the face or genitals, need to go to the emergency department. Mild Burn Treatment :Mild burns and those without blisters can be treated with burn ointments or sprays to reduce pain. Burns and Pain Relief: Over the counter medications such as Tylenol or Advil can also be used for pain. Follow the directions on the label, and contact your doctor if the pain is not relieved adequately. Avoid Burn Treatment Myths: Never put butter or oil on burns. Butter and oil trap the heat in and make burns worse. Burn Healing Time : It may take several days for a mild burn to heal. Wear loose clothing with soft fabrics like silk and light cotton. Harsher fabrics will irritate the burn and cause pain.  Watch burn victims carefully. If the victim of a burn develops a fever, difficulty breathing, weakness or dizziness, Take the victim to the emergency department.

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE : CHEMICAL EXPOSURE STOP THE SOURCE Remove the victim from contact with chemical spill, airborne particles or fumes Take off any clothes or jewels that have been in contact with the chemical CLEAR THE LUNGS Take the victim to fresh air Perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed FLUSH AND CLEAN Brush water activated chemicals like lime from the skin Flush the affected eye or skin with cool running water for at least 15 minutes DON’T brush away chemicals with bare hands While flushing eyes, hold the head so that the injured eye is at the bottom

POISONINGS : POISONINGS SWALLOWED POISONS Keep the victim as calm as possible DON’T cause vomiting unless a medical practitioner instructs to do so Treat for shock and perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed Seek medical help POISONOUS BITES Keep the victim still with the injury positioned below his or her heart level Immobilize the injury by placing a splint next to the bite Treat for shock and perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed Seek medical help

Snake Bite – First aid : Snake Bite – First aid Snake bites are common in developing countries. Snake always bite as a last resort. Most species of snakes are non-poisonous and one should treat every bite as a poisonous one. Snake bite is a medical emergency. First aid reduces severity of bite by reducing blood flow and thereby reduces the impact of poison.

SYMPTOMS : SYMPTOMS Common Symptoms  Bloody wound discharge. Burning. Fang marks in the skin. Local tissue death. Severe pain. Skin discoloration. Diarrhea. Dizziness. Fever. Serious symptoms Difficulty in breathing. Try to give artificial breathing. Drooping eyelids. Bleeding from the gums Increase in the swelling. This is a serious sign.

Slide 23 : Keep the person calm, reassuring them. Wash the bite with soap and water. Apply antiseptic cleanser to the entire area. Restrict the movement of the bite part. Cover the bitten area with cool compress. Apply the bandage above and below the bitten area. Affected area should be below the heart level. Remove any rings or other constricting items. Monitor vital signs like pulse, blood pressure, temperature. Look for signs of shock such as paleness. Do not apply a tourniquet. This may cause Do not apply cold compresses to a snake bite. Do not cut into a snake bite with knife or razor. Do not try to suction the venom by mouth. Do not give anything by mouth. Do not raise the site of the bite above the level of the person’s heart. Consult physician immediately. Do not use any drug without doctor advice especially stimulants DOS DON’TS

Slide 24 : Severe pain, rapid swelling at the wound site, weakness, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, breathing difficulty, convulsions andshock. Coral snake bite differ in that there isslight pain and swelling at the bite site and the victim may experience difficulty in speaking, drooping eyelids, heavy sweating anddrooling, drowsiness andparalysis in addition to nausea, blurred vision andvomiting .

Important Points : Important Points Safety first! Get away from the snake. That's probably why it bit in the first place. Follow universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment if you have it. Call for Medical care immediately! Waiting until the pain may lead to permanent tissue damage. Remember that calling phone is different than a regular phone. Do not elevate. Keep the bite below the level of the heart. Wash the area with warm water and soap. Remove constricting clothing and jewelry from the extremity. The area may swell and constricting items will cause tissue death. If the snake is an elapid species (coral snakes and cobras), wrap the extremity with an elastic pressure bandage. Start from the point closest to the heart and wrap towards the fingers or toes. Continue to keep the bite lower than the heart. Follow the basics of first aid while waiting for responders to arrive. Be especially concerned about the potential for shock.

Prevention An ounce of prevention is worth a ton of first aid : Prevention An ounce of prevention is worth a ton of first aid NO CUTTING & SUCKING Wear long pants and boots taller than the ankle. Avoid tall brush and deep, dark crevices. Make plenty of noise and vibration while walking. Do not approach snakes, avoid them. Do not expect rattlesnakes to make any noises. If the snake is dead, bringing it to the hospital is appropriate. Be careful, dead snakes can reflexively bite for up to an hour.

Identification of Snake : Identification of Snake Today's digital world, pictures are easy to get. A quick picture of the snake - even with a cell phone - will help medical crews identify the animal. Rattlesnakes are pit vipers, identified by dents in the side of their heads that look like ears. Coral snakes are small with bands of red bordered by pale yellow or white. Cobras have hoods that spread behind their heads. It's not that important to identify the snake; medical crews in areas prone to snake bites can often identify the animal just from the wound. Pit vipers have two fangs and the bite often has two small holes (see illustration). Coral snakes have small mouths full of teeth with rows of small puncture wounds.

HEAD INJURIES : HEAD INJURIES CONTROL THE BLEEDING Apply direct pressure on the wound for at least 5 minutes using a clean gauze Wash minor surface injury with soap and water after the bleeding stops or is reduced Cover the wound with a clean dressing and bandage ICE BUMPS AND BRUISES Place a cold pack or a bag of ice on the injury to reduce swelling and pain Place a cloth between injury and ice pack to prevent tissue damage from severe cold OBSERVE THE VICTIM Watch the victim for any changes in mood or alertness. Signs of concussion may not appear for unto 48 hours Tell the victim’s companion about the injury and ask him or her to continue observation

COLD / HEATEXPOSURE : COLD / HEATEXPOSURE COLD EXPOSURE In case of frostbite, hold the affected area under warm water until normal skin color returns Don’t rub the area affected by frostbite In case of hypothermia, put the victim in a sleeping bag or wrap him or her in dry blankets after removing any wet clothing first Provide victim with warm liquids if he or she is alert HEAT EXPOSURE Move the victim into shade and sponge with cool water Place victim on his or her back with both feet raised about 12 inches Monitor the victim every 15 minutes - continue to cool as needed Provide victim with clear liquids if he or she is alert. DON’T offer milk drinks

HEART ATTACKS : HEART ATTACKS WARNING SIGNS Chest pain or constriction, like a fist squeezing the chest Heaviness in the chest area, as if a weight is resting on the chest Pain radiating to the arms, most often the left one and possibly to the jaw and teeth Pale or gray skin tones and sweating KEEP THE VICTIM CALM Convince the victim to stop all activities Reassure the victim to keep him or her calm Loosen any clothing that may restrict breathing such as tie, collar or belt Monitor victim, perform CPR if necessary

MASS CASUALTIES : MASS CASUALTIES IN VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, FALL OF CONSTRUCTIONS, IN FACTORIES,IN WARS AND NATURAL CALAMITIES LIKE EARTH QUAKES, CYCLONES MAY RESULT INTO MASS CASUALTIES. Hges, injuries, shock are to be treated before shifting to patient APPROACH CALMLY. TAKE THE HELP OF OTHERS AND ACT DEPENDING UPON THE SERIOUSNESS OF EACH VICTIM TO SAVE LIFE.

MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS : MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS FOREIGN BODIES SKIN, EYE, EAR, NOSE & THROAT SKIN:- Don’t handle the foreign bodies such as needles, thorns, glass pieces, wooden pieces. Dress the affected part and take him to medical care. EYE:- if the foreign bodies such as dust, sand, metal pieces are found on the surface slowly remove that with hand kerchief. Don’t rub. If foreign body sticks to eye ball don’t handle. Apply bandage & take him to doctor. If exposed to chemicals wash.

Slide 33 : NOSE:- foreign bodies such as seeds, slate pencils, mud if do not come out by blowing instruct the victim to take breathe from mouth and shift him to medical care. EAR:- If insect enters into the ear pore little oil so that insect floats. For other foreign bodies move the patient to doctor. THROAT:- If needles, buttons etc., are swallowed don’t give any thing to eat. Take him to doctor. If the victim is a child make him upside down and tap on the back. Don’t put fingers or handle.

TRANSPORTATION : TRANSPORTATION Choose any of the following methods to shift the victim to the hospital 1.Cradle 2.Human Crutch:- 3. Pick-a-back 4.Fireman’s Lift & Carry 5. HAND SEATS:-( Four Handed or Two Handed) 6.Stretchers:-(Ordinary or Telescopic) 7.Wheel Chair Or Chair Lift 8. Ambulance

TRANSPORTATION : TRANSPORTATION HAND SEATS FIREMAN’S LIFT & CARRY HUMAN CRUTCH STRETCHERS WHEEL CHAIR, AMBULANCE

FIRST AID BOX : FIRST AID BOX CONTENTS FIRST AID LEAF LET FINGER DRESSINGS –18 HAND & FOOT DRESSINGS-24 BODY & LARGE DRESSINGS-20 COTTON WOOL- 25GM EYE PAD-6 ADHESIVE PLASTER-1 SPOOL ROLLER BANDAGE-6 TRIANGULAR BANDAGEE-12 SAFETY PINS-10 SCISSORS ONE PAIR TORCH

HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES : HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES Aconitum, Apis Mel, Arnica Montana, Ars Alb, Baptisia, Belladonna, Bellis Perrennis, Bryonia, Calendula. Canthartis,carbo Veg, Hypericum, Ledum Pal, Mag Phos, Nux Vomica, Rhus Tox, Ruta Grav, Urtica Urens,veratrum Album MOTHER TINCTURES AND OINTMENTS Calendula Enchinacea Hypericum Ledum Calendula Urtica Urens

Slide 38 : OM TAT SAT