Welcome : Welcome To Contact Capacity building development Program
Information Technology "IT” : Information Technology "IT” System / Computer Back Bone
A Machine
A Fast Calculator
An Electronic Device
An Intelligent Machine
What? What is Computer ?
An electronic device that stores, retrieves,and processes
data, and can be programmed with instructions.
A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations
Computer & its Revolution : Computer & its Revolution APPLICATIONS
Banks ( Takes care of accounting ,On-line banking, Smart ID cards)
Railway ( Reservation)
Health Care Support ( Drug Stores, Hospitals)
Commercial use( Printing, painting Drafting, typing)
Navigation
Defense
Entertainment (Games)
Film industry
Automobile industry ;CAD
Educational (School Mgmt. ,lab. ,Amiss.)
Record Keeping
Supermarkets
Working from home (Tele-working)
Discussion Supporting System
Virtual Reality Environment (Simulation & Modeling)
Video Conferencing
Online Testing
Internet(Web Surfing , Chatting ,e-Mail)
Historical Background : Historical Background After 1600
Calculations Relied on Brains
Fingers, Pebbles or Tally Sticks
(Digitus Lt. Fingers & Calcus pebble)
300 BC = ABACUS (Device)
1614 = Blaise Pascal (1623-62)
(digital Calculator +,-)
1822= Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Analytical /Difference Engine
1840= Augusta Ada (Binary Data)
1850= George Bollen ( 0,1) Storage MILL I/O Control Unit Memory Control Unit ALU Modern Computer
Slide 5 :
Number System : Number System Decimal System
Generate a Mental image
How Many Numbers it represent
123
1*10**2+2*10**1+3*10**0
123.45
1*10**2+2*10**1+3*10**0+ 4*10**-1+5*10**-2
Number System : Number System Binary System
Computers Use Binary Logic
Voltage Level (0 & +5)
So we use 0 & 1
Uses Power of 2 rather than 10
e.g., 1010 i.e.,
Each digit in string add 2**n where n is zero based position
1*2**3+0*2**2+1*2**1+0*2**0
8+0+2+0 =10 (base 10)
Data Organization : Data Organization Smallest Unit
Bit ( 0 or 1) i.e., T/F,0/1,Y/N,ON/OFF,Right/Wrong
NIBBLE takes 4 bits
Byte Group of 8 Bits (0 bit lowest 7 is high order bit)
Word Group of 16 bits
Bit Positions = 2**n
256, 128,64,32, 8,4,2,1 MEMORY
Main Memory
Sec Memory
Cache Memory
Memory : Memory How Computer Memory Is Measured ?
Bit:- All computers work on a binary numbering system, i.e. they process data in one's or zero's. This 1 or 0 level of storage is called a bit.
Byte A byte consists of eight bits.
Kilobyte A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes.(2**10)
Megabyte A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes.(1048576)
Gigabyte A Gigabyte is equivalent to 1024 Megabytes(~1 billion)
1- Kilo Bit =1024 Bytes i.e., 64 words(1 word 16 bits) Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Cache Memory
RAM :(R/W Memory) Volatile,Random Access
ROM : Non Volatile,Embeded Systems ,ROM Bios chip,N/W, CD,Serial Access
PROGRAMING :- “Set of Instructional “Code : PROGRAMING :- “Set of Instructional “Code High Level
Easy To Learn
Uses use defined
word uses
User interface
e.g.,
APPLICATION PROGRAMING
Data base ,C, C++,
COBOL, JAVA etc.
Multi Tasking System devices Low Level
Machine To Learn
Uses Assembler lang.
Use System Core/Shell
e.g.,
OS
SYSTEM PROGRAMING
Device Driver
8085,8086 Programming ,
Embeded System, IC.s SOFTWEAR
Networks : Networks Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers.
The computers can be geographically located anywhere.
Slide 12 : LAN, MAN & WAN Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)
Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Slide 13 : Applications of Networks Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Slide 14 : E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Internet Radio Applications of Networks
Slide 15 : Networking Devices HUB, Switches,Repeater, Routers, Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.
Slide 16 : Computer Viruses Computer viruses were named after their biological counterparts because of their similar traits A virus can spread into an epidemic A virus can cause inconvenience and suffering A virus passes from one entity to another “Virus programs, typically written in machine code, usually employ DOS commands to commandeer system resources that the virus must use.”
Slide 17 : Viruses are small programs that hide themselves on your disks (both diskettes and your hard disk).
Unless you use virus detection software the firs time that you know that you have a virus is when it activates.
Different viruses are activated in different ways. What are computer viruses?
Slide 18 : Viruses hide on a disk and when you access the disk (either a diskette or another hard disk over a network) the virus program will start and infect your computer.
The worst thing about a computer virus is that they can spread from one computer to another, either via use of infected floppy disk ,CD, Pen driver, Memory Cards,I-pods or over a computer network, including the Internet Who do viruses infect PCs?
Slide 19 : This := findfileLOAD (this)loc := search (this)insert (loc)STORE (this)******findfilesearch insert day/date := check (clock)if day = 5 and date = 13 then bombcheckbomb Viral Program
Slide 20 :
Slide 21 : Any Question
Slide 22 : Any Query/suggestion Plz. Mail on
malik_altaf@rediff.com/a_altaf2000@yahoo.com Thanks for Your Cooperation