KPDS DERS KİTABI

KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 1 DURUM SORULARI 1) A colleague is going to check someone out on the Internet for you. It’s his life that you are interested in, not his works, so you say: A) He’s rather an obscure person. I’m not surprised you couldn’t find out anything about him. B) Get me something about his life and check who has written his biography. C) I believe he’s written an autobiography; can you check if that’s so? But it’s other publications that I’m really interested in. D) He’s rather a controversial figure, and that interests me. E) I know so little about him; I can’t tell you what to look for. 2) You are planning to retire at the end of the month. This means closing your office which means that the secretary will be unemployed. You’d like to know that this secretary has a good job to go to as she has given you good service. So when you run into a friend you say: A) It’s not easy to get a good secretary these days. How did you find yours? B) I’ve had my secretary for 10 years now and I’ll be sorry to see her go. C) She’s quite the best secretary I’ve ever had; so she won’t be out-of-work for long. D) Some secretaries are too efficient for my liking. They make you feel they’re the boss! E) I’m job-hunting for my secretary! Do you happen to need a really reliable one? 3) A friend hates to say “no” when asked to do something. As a result she often agrees to help or join in, even when she knows she probably won’t be able to do so. This morning she has announced that she won’t be able to help at the afternoon’s fund-raising tea, though last week she said she would. You are very angry and say: A) Can’t you change your mind? It will be difficult to find someone to take your place. B) You’re always letting us down like this. Learn to say “no” from the start! C) Why didn’t you say so before? Can you find someone to take your place? D) Can’t you come even for a short time? E) We counted on you. You’re always so reliable. 4) You are being interviewed by a rather aggressive reporter, who seems intent on stirring up trouble.You are determined to be as non-committal as possible in your answers. So, when asked for your opinion of a highly controversial law that has recently been enforced, you say: A) It’s sure to be revoked before long. B) I refuse to answer your question. C) Don’t misunderstand me; but I’m all in favour of it. You’ll see. It will work out fine. D) Circumstances being as they are it was probably necessary. E) It’s too early to say. There’s a lot to be said on both sides. Let’s just wait a while. 5) A friend has been having a really tough time for several weeks. Everything has been going wrong for her and she’s really very depressed. There’s nothing anyone can do to help except offer a little understanding and sympathy. You say: A) Try to keep smiling. It’ll pass. We all have to go through these hard times. B) Stop worrying and stop complaining. C) We’re all here to help you. Just let us know what you want us to do. D) It’s time to forget all about it and make a new start. E) Take a firm stand and don’t let things upset you like this. 6) A colleague has just had an article accepted for publication. You are as pleased as he is about this as it has been unfairly turned down by several editors. You congratulate him very warmly and say: A) Good for you! It’s not too good a magazine, but at least it’s getting published. B) I told you to keep on trying. In the end one usually finds a publisher! C) Now get on with the next article and, mind you, don’t make the same mistakes! D) That’s great news! Congratulations. I’m so pleased someone has finally recognized its worth. E) I suppose the subject of the article isn’t a very popular one. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 2 7) You are interviewing someone for a job. You don’t think the applicant has the right qualifications or even the right character for the position. However, you decide to give him the chance to further explain his talents. You say: A) If you would like to ask any questions you may do so. B) This job starts at a low salary, but there is the possibility of promotion. C) You do realize, don’t you, that you will sometimes be required to work at weekends? D) What makes you think you are the best candidate for this job? E) Have you applied elsewhere for a job? 8) You are at the airport in a foreign city. You want to hire a taxi to take you to your hotel, but first you want to find out the fare so that the taxi driver can’t overcharge you. You say to the taxistand attendant: A) It’s very expensive to take a taxi these days, isn’t it? B) I’m sorry to disturb you, but is there a taxi available to take me to the Smith Hotel? C) Excuse me, could you please tell me approximately how much it will cost me to go to the Smith Hotel? D) Why aren’t there any taxis waiting? E) I think I’ll rent a car instead of taking a taxi. Where are the rental offices? 9) Your director at work has offered you a promotion. You don’t want to take the position even though there would be a large pay increase, because it would involve moving your family to another city. You go to the director and say: A) What do you think I should do? B) Thank you for considering me for this position, but I’ve decided I’d rather stay where I am for now. C) Could you give me a week to think it over? D) How much would my salary increase were I to take this promotion? E) I’ll take the position only if I can find a good job for my wife and good schools for my children. 10) You are hosting a dinner party in your home and want to offer your guests a chance to sit and talk before they come to the table to eat. As your guests arrive, you say: A) Won’t you come into the living room to have something to drink and chat before we eat? B) I hope that you like lamb – it’s the main dish tonight. C) Welcome! Thank you so much for coming. D) Let’s sit down to eat right away. The food’s getting cold! E) Can I take your coats for you? 11) You turn on the television to watch your favourite programme, only to discover that it had been rescheduled and shown the previous evening. Since you have missed the programme, you are angry and say: A) Let me see what programmes they have tonight. B) So at what time will the programme be on next week? C) Oh well, now I have extra time to get caught up on my e-mail. D) They’ve no right to make changes without first announcing them! E) I’m thinking of buying a new television. 12) You are in a subway train on your way to visit a friend who is in hospital. You aren’t sure which stop to get off at, so you say to another passenger: A) Which stop are you getting off at? B) Is it far to walk to Central Hospital after I get off? C) Do you know which stop is the closest to Central Hospital? D) This train runs very deep underground, doesn’t it? E) You need the train going in the opposite direction, don’t you? KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 3 13) Friends are house-hunting and seem set on a certain area near the centre of the town. You don’t think this is a very good area to choose, as it’s noisy and crowded there and prices are higher than in other parts of the town. You offer your advice and say: A) I can’t understand why you want to move house. Your present house is very comfortable, isn’t it? B) Have you looked at houses in the suburbs where houses are cheaper and there’s less noise? C) This is not a good time for buying a house; wait for the spring. D) Obviously the nearer you are to the centre of town the easier everything is. E) We’ve lived in the same house for 20 years and are not thinking of a move. 14) At your son’s school there has been an essaywriting competition. Your son worked very hard on his entry in the competition, researching the material and then organizing it. But, he didn’t get a prize, so he’s very disappointed. You want to console him and say: A) It doesn’t matter. But next time try a bit harder. B) Surely, you must be very upset. C) They should have told you what your faults were. D) Never mind; it was a good essay and I know you did your best. E) I never wanted you to enter the competition; I knew you wouldn’t win. 15) You hear that a close friend is now in hospital, seriously ill. He’s been complaining about aches and pains and general ill-health for weeks, but you haven’t taken him seriously as you know him as a very healthy individual. You’ve been telling him to ignore the signs and symptoms. Now you realize how wrong you have been; to yourself really, you say: A) How could I have been so blind, so foolish? B) Well, how was I to know? I’m not a doctor. C) I have always shown the right way. D) After all, he didn’t look at all ill. E) I expect he’ll recover pretty soon now that he’s being properly looked after. 16) A young friend has recently started to take piano lessons and is actually making considerable progress. However, she feels depressed because she is not improving as fast as she would like to. As you very well know, her problem is a lack of confidence in herself, so you decide to encourage her and make her keep on with the lessons. You say: A) Have you talked it over with the teacher? What does he advise? B) It’s up to you. If you want to give up the lessons then you had better do so. C) The trouble with you is that you give up far too easily! For once, put up a fight! D) If one is going to play the piano one needs to start at an early age! E) If you aren’t enjoying the lessons, then you’d better give them up. 17) A friend is continually asking a favour of you. You are tired of making up excuses and giving reasons for not complying. You are now working on a new tactic and are refusing on principle and offering no explanation. To a constant, “but why not?”, you reply: A) I’m refusing. There’s no more to be said. B) I’ve helped you out too many times already. C) I’ve already done a favour and will always be ready to help you again. D) Because I don’t think that, in the long run, it would be doing you a service. E) Well, I suppose I could change my mind. 18) You go with a friend to attend an evening party made up almost entirely of opera singers – but you don’t know this until too late. Opera is an artform that affords you no pleasure and you say this rather loudly at some point during the evening. It’s clear that you’ve made a blunder! Later, you reproach your friend for not having warned you; you say: A) I’ve never met anyone connected with the opera before, but I really enjoyed being with this group. B) I didn’t realize you had so many friends with a connection with the opera. C) I’m going to go to an opera when next I get a chance. D) You might have told me who they were! It would have saved me no end of embarrassment. E) I’m sorry I offended your friends; but I must say I didn’t really like them. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 4 19) A colleague of yours who has just returned from an international conference tells you that the paper he presented at the conference generated a good deal of discussion. Clearly you are pleased by the news but are curious to know whether the overall reaction to his paper was positive. So you say to him: A) So I see your mind is still at the conference. Did many people comment on your paper? B) I am very impressed indeed by what you say. Tell me. Did most of those who commented on your paper support your points? C) I am sure interesting papers on a wide range of topics must have been presented at the conference. How did yours go? Were there many people in the hall to hear you? D) I am glad that you were able to attend the conference. Did your topic arouse much interest in the participants? E) I understand that you made a good impression at the conference. Were there many questions put to you? 20) From the cases reported every day in newspapers, you feel that domestic violence is on the rise in society. You think that something should be done to help the victims, so you raise the matter with friends and discuss it with them. Unanimously you agree that some action must be taken immediately. So you make a suggestion to them: A) Personally, I think that the victims of domestic violence, who are mostly women, should seek legal advice and demand protection. B) As far as I am concerned, it is the responsibility of the authorities to introduce severe measures for the prevention of domestic violence throughout the country. C) If we are to believe social workers and sociologists, the causes of domestic violence are so diverse and complex that the solution of this problem is almost impossible. D) I propose that we first set up a volunteer group to reach victims while at the same time we form an association to fight domestic violence in the country. E) Since domestic violence has become an increasingly serious social problem, I think that new legislative measures put into effect must be followed up by efficient policies for the solution of the problem. 21) Your younger brother, who is yet at the beginning of his career as a financial analyst, tells you that he is not happy with his job at an international bank and that he wishes to change it. You are concerned because you know that, with excellent performance, your brother can, in due course, make good progress in his career and be promoted to a more prestigious position in the bank. To advise and encourage him, you say: A) Surely your performance at the bank has not met the expectations of your superiors, so you feel that you need to find another job where your capacity will not be questioned. B) I am really very angered by what you say. You really must work very hard in order to impress your superiors so that you may be eligible for promotion and overseas assignment. C) So you have at last reached a decision to change your job. I agree that it is always very challenging to work for an international organization, even though it may offer some good opportunities for career progress. D) I really can’t understand why you wish to change your job. You always wanted to be a financial analyst, but now you say you are not happy. Well, if that’s your choice. E) It is too early for you to make a decision as such. You are working in an international environment, and there will be better and more gratifying opportunities ahead for you to progress in your career. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 5 22) A friend of yours is a famous novelist as his novels published so far have been extremely popular. However, he is worried that the new novel he is writing will not be so popular, since he is not satisfied with the plot and characterization in it. As you know his capacity for creativity and smoothness of style, you try to dispel his worries by saying: A) You know everybody enjoys reading your novels. Besides, let critics judge your new novel which, I’m sure, will fully reflect your creative and lucid way of writing. Feel at ease. B) Every great writer has had periods of decline in his or her creativity. However, you are not a great writer even though you may be popular. I suggest you follow their example: stop writing for a while and wait to recapture your creativity. C) I agree that you mustn’t be misled by the popularity of your novels, some of which have already been harshly criticised. So, however creative you may be, your new novel may again be attacked by critics. D) This shows that it is time you gave up writing altogether. In recent years, with your novels so popular, you may have thought that you were the greatest writer in fiction. E) In a novel, plot and characterization are probably the most important aspects. So I find it rather hard to believe that a novelist who enjoys so much popularity can fail in these areas. 23) You are discussing with some colleagues the problem of widespread famine in Africa. While your colleagues strongly maintain that the United Nations must provide more resources and aid to solve the problem, you disagree with them and argue that, besides the United Nations, a consortium of the world’s richest nations must also take action not only by sending more aid to these countries but also by mobilizing native resources and enabling the people to grow their own food. You conclude your argument by saying: A) As you all know, the rich nations have historical connections with Africa, and so they should be most willing to play a role in the affairs of this continent. B) Only then can there be some progress towards the solution of the problem, which is so extensive and serious that it exceeds the logistic capacity of the United Nations. C) Historically, Africa was colonized by many of these rich nations, but famine has always been a major problem there. D) On the other hand, unless the native people learn how to use the land and their own resources, the problem of famine in Africa can never be solved. E) So I share your view as regards the United Nations, which has always given priority to the problems concerning Africa and its people. 24) Due to the heavy traffic today, you are late to your appointment with the dean of the faculty, who you know is always punctual. When you get to his office, you not only apologize but also blame yourself for being late. You say: A) Today there is a lot of traffic on the roads, even though I left home earlier than usual! I thoroughly regret being late for my appointment. B) I regret that you had to wait for me. Although I left home early, I did not think that there would be so much traffic on the roads. C) My apologies for the congestion on the roads, because of which I am late for the appointment, though I set out quite early. D) I am really very upset because of this delay caused by the heavy traffic on the roads. In fact, I did leave home at the usual time. E) I am very sorry for this delay because of the traffic. I should have left home much earlier than usual to be here on time. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 6 25) Your roommate has been seriously ill. The doctor says she needs to rest in bed for quite some time. Since she’s normally very active, she’s going to find this very difficult. You know that the doctor is right, and are determined to help your friend carry out his advice. You say: A) The instructions of the doctor are final you know. You’ll just have to make the best of it. I’ll get you some books. B) You have been seriously ill, so you can’t expect to get back to normal quickly. C) He’s rather an old-fashioned doctor! You don’t have to spend the whole of each day in bed! D) How did you get so ill? You’re always so careful about what you eat! I can’t understand it. E) After a couple of days in bed you’ll be as fit as ever. 26) One of your colleagues has to interview candidates for a position in the company she works for. There are a lot of applicants and she is not used to conducting interviews and comes to you for advice on how to gain full insight into each candidate’s character. You say: A) Be a careful listener, and avoid asserting your own opinions and comments. B) Ask open-ended questions that will reflect the candidate’s personality more than a simple “yes” or “no” response would. C) Once the interview has ended, review what has been said by each candidate. D) If you are tape-recording the interview, first ask the candidates’ permission and start the proceeding. E) Maintain a friendly facial expression, adopt positive body language, and be polite. 27) You are being interviewed for a highly confidential job. You are told that, should you be employed, you must on no account discuss the nature of the work even with your closest friends. You want to assure the person who is interviewing you that this would present no difficulty. You say: A) People who talk non-stop about their working lives are extremely boring. B) Actually, I am not interested in other people’s working lives. C) I am used to keeping my work and my private life quite separate, so there would be no problem here for me. D) That’s a pity. A little bit of gossip is always nice! People expect to hear about what you’re doing. E) I’ll do my best to keep quiet, but I can’t promise to do so. 28) You are a well-known dramatic critic, and various newspapers have asked you to write about a new play by a young dramatist. The general opinion is that the play is magnificent and that the young dramatist is an extremely promising writer. You feel that, though you liked the play itself, it is too early to reach a final judgement about the writer’s creativity. You say: A) The dialogue is colourful, spirited and credible; but the plot is weak and improbable. B) The play itself is rather disappointing, but the quality of acting in this production is extremely high. C) This play is better than any of his earlier plays, but that’s not saying much! D) It is clearly a good play. However, it would surely be better to wait a while before attempting any serious criticism of the writer himself. E) As far as I am concerned, this play deals very successfully with the issues of creativity and loneliness. 29) Your friend, who was recently widowed, tells you that he has made plans to get married. You think it is still far too early for your friend to be thinking about re-marriage as he hasn’t yet had time to recover from the loss of his wife. You want to tell him this in a gentle manner so as not to make him angry or hurt his feelings. You say: A) I’m glad you’re moving on with your life. It was time you stopped grieving, anyway. B) What a big decision! But I think you’re doing the right thing. C) You’re making the wrong decision. You should definitely wait at least another year. D) Surely, loneliness is a terrible thing. It is time you made up your mind. E) Are you sure you’re ready to take such a big step? Why not wait a while? KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 7 30) Your daughter is upset because there is a lot of unpleasantness going on in her class. She says that one girl in particular has been telling lies and trying to manipulate the other girls in the class. You know that this girl’s parents were recently divorced, and you think that this may be the reason for the girl’s behaviour. You want your daughter to understand this, so you say: A) Have you thought about the possibility that this girl is acting this way because she feels insecure after her parents’ divorce? B) How would you feel if your father and I were divorced? Do you think it would change your behaviour at school? C) I think you should try to stay away from her for a while until her behaviour improves. D) Why isn’t your teacher involved in trying to sort all of this out? E) What if I call her mother and talk to her? Would that help? 31) In the workplace a friend is very disappointed because someone else has been promoted to the position she felt she deserved. She is also extremely angry and talking of giving in her resignation. You feel this would be very unwise, and say: A) Don’t do anything while you are so angry; you may regret it later. B) Of course you’re angry. You deserved to be promoted. C) After all, you are better qualified than anyone else here. D) Don’t you enjoy working here? I always thought you did. E) If you want to resign, do: there’s no one stopping you! 32) A friend is being posted to rather a remote part of the world, for two years, to carry out some research. You hear that his wife feels very reluctant to go. You want to awaken in her a more positive approach to the people and culture of the area where the husband has been posted. So you say: A) Take your computer with you and then you won’t feel so cut off from the rest of the world. B) Don’t worry; after a time you’ll find you’ve got used to the conditions there. C) What’s worrying you? Is it the language? D) What a wonderful opportunity to meet different people and watch a completely different way of life from close quarters. E) The secret is: keep busy. Then you won’t have time to get bored. 33) A colleague has started to spend rather too lavishly and got herself into debt. But this doesn’t seem to worry her and she continues to buy very expensive and quite unnecessary things. One day you happen to see her on the point of buying shoes she doesn’t need and run across to stop her. You say to her firmly: A) Are you sure you can afford them? B) Think it over and come back tomorrow. C) Yes. They’re quite nice, but there’s really nothing special about them. D) Let’s go and have a coffee somewhere and discuss the problem. E) No, you don’t! You’ve got to give up this reckless spending! 34) Your niece has been for an interview for a post. She very much wanted the job on offer, but has been turned down. Learning that this was her first-ever interview, you want to help restore her confidence and give her some practical advice. So, you say: A) The person who is giving the interview should try to put you at your ease. B) I’m sorry to hear that you were turned down. C) Don’t worry. This was your first interview. You need some practice in being interviewed! Apply for lots of posts and go to lots of interviews. D) Were the questions he asked really all that difficult? E) What did you do wrong at this interview? Did you feel you were being treated unfairly? 35) Your sister is about to buy her first car, and wants your advice. You realize she is attracted to rather large and luxury-class models. You decide to give her a practical reason for choosing something smaller, and say: A) I’d love to drive a car like that. B) What do you want a big car like that for? C) That’s a difficult car for a learner driver. D) Parking big cars like that is always a problem. E) Cars like that are for experienced drivers only! 36) A friend has been over-working for months and has been losing weight and sleeping badly. You decide to really shock her into taking care of herself on the principle that sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind, and say: A) Get away from it all for a weekend. Go to a nice quiet place in the country. B) Why are you driving yourself like this? C) There should be more to life than making money! D) I suggest you look after yourself well. E) You’re killing yourself by working too much.Besides, you’re really neglecting your family! KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 8 EŞ ANLAMLI CÜMLE 1) I find the way he habitually orders people about quite objectionable. A) If he persists in giving orders in this manner, I will be forced to show my resentment. B) If he ordered me about like that, I’d certainly object on every occasion. C) I’m always on the offensive when he starts giving orders to everyone. D) He persistently orders people around which I find really offensive. E) I always get upset when he starts giving orders to the people around him. 2) At first glance, Chinese students appear as eager as ever to study in the US. A) On the surface it seems that there is no decline in the desire of Chinese students to get educated in the US. B) Apparently, Chinese students are increasingly keen to continue their studies in the US. C) To all outward appearances, Chinese students are no less eager than they used to be to go to the US. D) Apparently, as long as Chinese students are eager to study in the US, they’ll do so. E) It seems as if Chinese students are still equally keen to study in the US. 3) Getting a law passed is one thing but getting it enforced is quite another thing. A) The law has already been passed, but I suspect it won’t be easy to implement it. B) Once the law has been passed, it will be easy enough to put it into effect. C) If the law has been passed, it will soon come into effect. D) The law has been passed and will soon be enforced. E) The passing of a law and the implementing of it are two very different things. 4) An enduring illusion of the Americans is that every social imperfection can be corrected simply by passing a law. A) Americans can still be deluded into thinking that social problems can be effectively overcome by passing laws. B) A continuing misconception of the Americans is that all it takes to rectify a social shortcoming is the passing of a law. C) Among the recurring delusions of Americans is the idea that, by passing laws, a remedy can be found for all social grievances. D) Americans can easily be tricked into believing that all social wrongs can be righted by the passing of laws. E) The erroneous belief that social defects can easily be overcome by the passing of laws still persists among the people of America. 5) Great or notorious leaders seem to have unusual and distinctive capabilities that mark them off from the rest of us. A) Leaders, whether they are remarkable for good or evil, are different from the rest of the world on account of their rare potential. B) It is the distinctive quality of uniqueness that marks the great and the notorious leaders alike, and that sets them off from the rest of us. C) Leaders, both illustrious and infamous ones, are apparently endowed with rare and remarkable capacities that distinguish them from other people. D) Both the eminent and the notorious leaders of the world are set apart from the rest of mankind on account of their rare abilities. E) It is on account of their remarkable capabilities that the great and the disreputable leaders alike, are so different from the rest of mankind. 6) Of all the decisions a free people must face, the question of war or peace is the most crucial. A) A free people is never confronted by a more momentous choice than that of war or peace. B) The choice of war or peace is a critical one, but all free people do, on occasion, have to face it. C) The issue of war or peace is a vital one but free people sometimes have to come up against it. D) When confronted with the choice of war or peace free people realize it is the most momentous of all issues. E) The most critical choice that a free people is ever called upon to make concerns the issue of war or peace. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 9 7) Visitors to the country are often struck by the warmth and hospitality of its people. A) The inhabitants of the country are quite courteous and kind, which is why so many people want to visit there. B) What always amazes the natives of the country is the graciousness and geniality of the travellers there. C) The thing about the people visiting the country is that they dislike being surprised. D) The friendliness and generosity of the country’s inhabitants frequently impress tourists. E) The country’s natives are especially friendly and helpful to tourists, which greatly surprised us all. 8) Today we are more prosperous and have better relationships across the generations than ever before. A) I think people today have more money than they used to, but inter-generational relationships have suffered as a consequence. B) In the past there used to be more prosperity and better inter-generational communication. C) People these days are better off financially and there is better communication between different age groups than at any time in the past. D) These days we are better at establishing trust between people than we used to be, although we may lack financial resources. E) Nowadays people think that relationships and trust between generations are more important than wealth. 9) On seeing the new shopping centre for the first time I wondered whether it would succeed, with all the other shops already in the neighbourhood. A) I’m sure the new shopping centre will make a profit, because it is much nicer than the other shops nearby. B) Because there were already many shops in the area, when I first noticed it I wasn’t sure if the new shopping centre would do well. C) Due to the lack of shops in the area, I couldn’t understand why the new shopping centre wasn’t successful from the beginning. D) There are quite a few shops in the neighbourhood, so the new shopping centre will face stiff competition. E) I don’t know why they built a new shopping centre in our neighbourhood; there was certainly no need for one. 10) A recent survey regarding new engineering graduates revealed that these graduates lack communication skills. A) New engineering graduates are not as good at communicating as their predecessors, according to the results of a recent survey. B) A deficiency in communicative skills was the most common complaint about new engineering graduates, according to a recent survey. C) The fact that recent engineering graduates do not have the ability to make themselves understood was made clear by a new survey. D) The results of a new survey on engineering graduates suggest that the most recent of these graduates are only average communicators. E) Good communication skills were rated in a recent survey as the most sought-after quality in new engineering graduates. 11) Until recently people felt that Nigerian ministers were being too optimistic, but there is now no question that the country’s financial position is growing steadily stronger. A) It is now clear that Nigeria’s economy is in a strong upward cycle but previously people doubted the hopeful attitude of Nigerian ministers. B) Nigerian ministers today have no apprehensions about their country’s financial status, as it is plain that it is constantly getting better. C) In the past, even though Nigeria’s economic status was constantly improving, people were often mistrustful of its ministers’ confident views. D) Though Nigerian ministers were previously sceptical of positive ideas about their country’s financial status, it has become obvious that its economy is advancing day by day. E) Today we see that Nigeria is progressing economically, but in the recent past, this was not the case and economists were wary of the optimistic views of its leaders. 12) It’s only now that she understands how unhappy she was during her twenties. A) Despite the fact that her twenties were not a happy time for her, she now understands how to be happy. B) What makes her regretful is that, in her twenties, she could not be happy at all. C) Having been unhappy during her twenties, she is now a very understanding person. D) She was terribly unhappy during her twenties, but she has only just realized it. E) She now realizes that she must come to terms with the unhappiness she faced in her twenties. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 10 13) No other building embodies the history of Paris more than does the famous cathedral of Notre-Dame. A) Of all the great buildings of Paris, the cathedral of Notre-Dame holds a very special place among the people. B) The only building in Paris that is of any real significance is surely the magnificent cathedral of Notre-Dame. C) Of all the buildings in Paris, it is the celebrated cathedral of Notre-Dame that most truly represents the past of that city. D) Except for the famous cathedral of Notre-Dame, none of the buildings of Paris are historically representative. E) With the exception of the renowned Notre-Dame, few of the buildings of Paris are in anyway remarkable. 14) The north of Italy is directly responsible for the country’s place among the world’s top industrial nations. A) Italy’s northern regions are well-known as one of the most industrialized areas in the world. B) It is entirely the northern part of the country that has earned Italy a prominent position among the world’s industrial nations. C) In Italy, industry is focused in the north, but nevertheless she is still one of the world’s top industrial nations. D) Italy is one of the world’s top industrial countries even though all the industrial activities are concentrated in the north. E) Italy is one of the few countries in the industrial world where only one region, the north, is industrialized. 15) Although for many individuals, personal ethics are rooted in religious beliefs, this is not true for everyone. A) Each individual has his own ethical standards and these always reflect his religious beliefs. B) Everyone has his own ethical code which may or may not have a religious foundation. C) With most people religious beliefs and ethical standards are largely in harmony, at least in most situations. D) There is a religious basis to the special ethical code of many people, but not, by any means, of all people. E) Ethical standards usually effect religious beliefs but there are certain rare exceptions. 16) Her aquatic undertakings captured the public imagination and brought her unexpected fame. A) Her investigations into life in the oceans earned her the admiration of the general public. B) Her underwater adventures appealed to the general public and soon she became quite famous. C) As her understanding of the sea-bed grew she attracted considerable attention and even became famous. D) She contributed greatly to our knowledge of aquatic life and deserves her fame. E) People were enthralled by her undersea missions and, surprisingly, she became famous. 17) The 1980s brought a surge of new interest in expanding the definition of intelligence. A) Efforts to widen the definition of intelligence are immensely characteristic of the 1980s. B) It was during the 1980s that the definition of intelligence attracted some attention. C) During the 1980s the desire to broaden the definition of intelligence re-appeared with compelling force. D) With the 1980s radical new definitions of intelligence suddenly and unexpectedly came into being. E) With the 1980s came the compulsive desire to narrow the definitions of intelligence. 18) An engineer must attempt to foresee possible misuses of a product by a consumer, and take this into account in his design. A) When designing a product an engineer should consider how a consumer might misuse it, and adjust the design accordingly. B) An engineer should never forget that his products will be misused and so he must make them as safe as possible. C) In designing a product, an engineer should remember that it will most likely be misused by consumers unless his design prevents this. D) An engineer should design products that consumers cannot possibly misuse. E) Engineers know that, however well a product has been designed, consumers will always find a way to misuse it. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 11 19) Clinton is said to be charismatic because he seems to embody the virtue of caring when he speaks. A) Because people are very impressed by what Clinton says, they admire him and think that he has a great deal of charisma. B) Because, through his speech, Clinton can move people, they believe that charisma is a distinctive quality of his character. C) Since in addressing people Clinton appears to be genuinely concerned, it is said that he has charisma. D) People are always very concerned when Clinton addresses them, and so they regard him as a very charismatic person. E) When Clinton addresses people, he arouses their feelings so much that they admire him for his charismatic personality. 20) According to de-miners, up to 90 per cent of their time is spent combing areas that ultimately prove to be free of mines. A) De-miners point out that they spend almost all of their time searching thoroughly for mines in areas which, in the end, turn out to be without them. B) As de-miners have pointed out, the search for mines in areas which in fact do not have any mines usually takes quite a long time. C) As far as de-miners are concerned, a lot of time is needed to undertake a search for mines in areas where it is almost impossible to discover them. D) As we learn from de-miners, it takes some time to look for mines in areas in which one discovers that actually there are no mines. E) For de-miners, it takes little time to search for mines in areas which in fact do not have them. 21) Libya is almost all desert with the exception of the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, which traditionally have had little in common. A) Libya is so covered by desert that it has only the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, which are totally different from each other. B) If one leaves out Tripoli and Benghazi, cities historically almost competely unlike each other, nearly all of Libya is covered by desert. C) Libya’s cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, which do not share a common tradition, are not affected by the desert which completely covers the country. D) Since Libya’s cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, which have little shared tradition, are situated on the coast, the rest of the country is completely covered by desert. E) Because Libya is covered by desert, its cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, which do not have a common historical heritage, are situated by the sea. 22) Critics have disagreed as to whether Antigone or Creon is the protagonist of Sophocles’ play Antigone. A) The question whether the main character in Antigone, which is a play by Sophocles, is Antigone or Creon is a matter of controversy among critics. B) As regards Sophocles’ play Antigone, critics have pointed out that it is not certain whether Antigone or Creon is a more important character. C) To what extent Antigone or Creon becomes the leading character in Sophocles’ Antigone has led critics into a futile discussion. D) According to various critical views, in his play Antigone, Sophocles does not make it clear whether Antigone or Creon is the most important character. E) There is much controversy among critics that, in his play Antigone, Sophocles has failed to make Antigone or Creon the leading character. 23) Over the years researchers have learned a lot about how and why cancer forms. A) Through their research into cancer, scientists have finally discovered the causes of the disease and suggested various forms of treatment. B) For many years, scientists have carried out much research into different types of cancer and are now able to discuss them fully. C) It has taken a long time for scientists to find out about various kinds of cancer and suggest different methods of treatment. D) For many years, cancer research has been a serious concern for researchers, who are now able to explain the causes of this disease. E) Those who are involved in cancer research have, over time, come to know much about the ways and causes of the disease’s development. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 12 24) Stopping the international obesity epidemic is as tough a problem as any now facing publicheaalt officials. A) Public-health officials are trying hard, as they do with any other problem, to prevent the spread of obesity throughout the world. B) Public-health officials are finding it very hard to prevent obesity throughout the world, which is very serious like any other problem that concerns them. C) Obesity is so common throughout the world that its prevention is a very difficult problem for health-officials, who are already dealing with other problems. D) For public-health officials, the prevention of obesity, which is widespread throughout the world, is an extremely difficult problem like any other they are currently concerned with. E) It is not so challenging a task for public-health officials, who are already dealing with many serious problems, to prevent obesity in the world. 25) Though management may not realize it, a very large proportion of the success of this company is due to the loyalty and hard work of its workers. A) Whether or not management is aware of it, this company owes its success, to a very large extent, to the industry and loyalty of its staff. B) Whatever management may say, the success of this company depends more than anything else on the dedication of those who work here. C) Management should be made to recognize that the role of the staff is of first importance in the company’s success. D) As management realizes full well, it is the workers in the factory who make it so successful. E) The workers in this company, with their hard work and devotion, contribute more to the success of the company than management does. 26) Many people prefer to eat organic food, that is, food unpolluted by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. A) A growing number of people are interested in organic food, since it is produced free of chemicals and pesticides. B) Organic food is thought to be healthier as no chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used in its production. C) Obviously, organic food is preferable since it is free of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. D) The preference for organic food has led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. E) Organic food, food produced without the aid of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, has many adherents. 27) Students will usually concentrate harder in the lesson if they know they will be organized into small groups for interactive discussion. A) Once students get used to being split up for interactive discussion, their ability to concentrate generally improves. B) On the whole, when students know they are going to be split up into small groups for interactive discussion, they will concentrate better. C) One way to improve concentration is to split students up into small groups for interactive discussion. D) Interactive discussion is a sure way of encouraging students to increase their powers of concentration. E) The best way to stimulate concentration is to organize these students into small groups for interactive discussion. 28) Get your brother to fix the roof; he’s quite the best person to do it. A) Try to persuade your brother to fix the roof: he’s good at such things. B) As he’s good at things like that, why don’t you get your brother to fix the roof? C) Your brother would mend the roof better than any one else; tell him to do it. D) Why don’t you get your brother to fix the roof? I’m sure he would. E) Since your brother is good at roof-fixing, ask him to do it. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 13 29) Take-off was delayed again and again, so we began to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with the aircraft. A) Unless the problem were serious, they wouldn’t have delayed the flight for so long. B) If there had been no problem with the aircraft, they wouldn’t have delayed take-off like that. C) The flight was postponed indefinitely, so we presumed there was engine-trouble. D) We began to feel that there might be a real problem with the aircraft as take-off was continually being delayed. E) We assumed that, since there was a problem with the aircraft, they were obliged to delay takeoff indefinitely. 30) The pictures of the 18th-century painter, Hogarth, seem modern because of their wit and satire. A) Hogarth gives an authentic picture of 18thcentury life which appeals to modern times. B) It is the detail and worldliness of the drawings of Hogarth that give them a modern touch, though they date from the 18th century. C) Though the scenes and the costumes in the drawings are very 18th century, there is still something modern about Hogarth’s drawing. D) The appeal of Hogarth lies in the dramatic depiction of everyday life in the 18th century. E) There is a contemporary feel for the pictures of 18th-century painter, Hogarth, owing to their humour and satirical content. 31) Actually, I try to keep out of her way because, whenever I do run into her, she pesters me for a loan. A) Whatever you do, don’t ever give her a loan or you’ll find yourself forced to lend her money every time she asks for it. B) Even so, it’s best to keep out of her way, if you can, as she takes every available opportunity to get money out of you. C) As a matter of fact, I avoid her as much as possible since, if we ever do happen to meet, she’s sure to work on me to lend her money. D) Even so, I prefer not to risk a meeting with her as I know she will do her best to make me lend her the money. E) I’d rather not put myself in a position to be forced to lend her money again. 32) By all accounts, the operation was a success, but the period of recuperation looks like being a long one. A) So long as the operation is carried out successfully, the period of recuperation that follows will be short. B) Even if the operation is successful, it will be a long time before he gets back to normal. C) Since the operation was only a partial success, we mustn’t expect a speedy recovery. D) The operation was a huge success, so he is expected to be back to normal almost at once. E) The operation apparently went off well, but quite some time may be required for him to recover fully. 33) Everyone seems to be on edge these days, but with the elections so near that is hardly surprising. A) The approaching elections seem to have caused a higher than average amount of friction between people. B) As elections are drawing near, we can expect such displays of bad-temper. C) The approach of the elections is no excuse for such displays of bad-temper. D) Nowadays tempers everywhere are frayed, which, I suppose, is only natural, with election day so close. E) With elections so close it’s essential that everyone makes an effort to stay calm. 34) If the film focuses on terrorism, it is not likely to attract large audiences. A) Films that focus on terrorism are not as popular as they used to be. B) If terrorism is central to the film, it probably won’t achieve much popularity. C) As the film touches on terrorism we can’t expect it to be popular. D) Unless there is at least a background of terrorism to the film, it won’t be a hit. E) If you want the film to be a box-office success, choose any subject but terrorism. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 14 35) People have usually assumed that this mountain village was abandoned because easier living conditions were available elsewhere. A) The prospect of better living conditions in another place must have tempted the inhabitants to desert this mountain village. B) Apparently, people abandoned this mountain village, tempted by the prospect of a better way of life elsewhere. C) It must have been hard to make a livelihood in this mountain village, so people opted out and went in search of an easier way of life. D) The mountain village was presumably abandoned when people realized that easier conditions were on offer elsewhere. E) It has generally been presumed that people deserted this mountain village because there was the prospect of a pleasanter way of life in another place. 36) Leonardo da Vinci forged close friendships with a wide variety of people, from humble apprentices to the king of France. A) Leonardo da Vinci had some close friends, who mainly included apprentices and also the king of France. B) Among the few people Leonardo da Vinci regarded as his friends were some poor apprentices as well as the king of France. C) Leonardo da Vinci was very fond of his friends, who in fact consisted of the French king and some poor apprentices. D) Leonardo da Vinci had a wide range of close friends, including poor apprentices and also the king of France. E) The king of France and a number of apprentices were the only people who made friends with Leonardo da Vinci. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 15 GRAMER SORULARI 1) Having read so many contemporary American writers, I ----to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ----in England. A) was beginning /will have been written B) had begun /has been written C) have begun /would have been written D) would begin /is being written E) began /was being written 2) Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and ----as a form of tax evasion. A) must not have been regarded B) had not been regarded C) should not be regarded D) would not have been regarded E) was not being regarded 3) He certainly ----party members last weekend when he announced that he ----to regain his party chairmanship. A) has shocked /had not sought B) would have shocked /will not seek C) had shocked /would not have sought D) was to shock /is not seeking E) shocked /would not seek 4) The 1980s ----a surge of new interest ----the definition of intelligence. A) have brought /to be expanding B) had brought /having expanded C) were bringing /to have expanded D) brought /in expanding E) would have brought /to expand 5) ----little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as 6) All of the world’s major national parks are included on the map, ----are most of the important reserves of lesser status. A) as B) as well C) such D) which E) that 7) His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ----that’s being a mother, a nurse or a soldier. A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether 8) Héviz is Europe’s largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, ----helps extend the tourist season. A) thus B) which C) nor D) too E) so 9) Many parts of rural America ----to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ----in the country during the nineteenth century. A) continued /have arrived B) have continued /would have arrived C) continue /arrived D) would have continued /were arriving E) will continue /would arrive 10) With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments ----more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall ----. A) became /falls B) are becoming /would fall C) were becoming /has fallen D) had become /was falling E) have become /fell 11) Of all the arts it ----to classical music that Germany ----the greatest contribution. A) had been /made B) is /has made C) has been /had made D) was /will have made E) might be /would have made 12) Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ----it is doing business. A) where B) what C) as for D) of which E) so that KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 16 13) ----the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact. A) Contrary to B) In spite of C) By means of D) Since E) As regards 14) ----by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities. A) Still B) While C) Only D) Until E) Just as 15) ----an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, ----likely it is to lose control over decisions. A) Not only /but also B) Neither /nor C) Either /or D) When /then E) The more /the more 16) A corporation’s formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ----it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby 17) The British government ----details of the next stage of its genetically modified cropfield trials, thus ----off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration. A) has released /setting B) will release /to set C) would have released /having set D) is releasing /to have set E) released /to be set 18) Training schemes in the United Kingdom ----by the government as unemployment ----. A) were encouraged /will have worsened B) would be encouraged /had been worsened C) have been encouraged /has worsened D) had been encouraged /may worsen E) are encouraged /would have worsened 19) After the Germanic invasions, Celtic cultures, which in pre-Roman times ----most of Western Europe, ----almost entirely to the British Isles. A) had covered /were confined B) have been covering /have been confined C) had been covering /would be confined D) have covered /could have been confined E) were covering /had been confined 20) In child development, play and exploration are similar ----they are both intrinsically motivated behaviours and not directed by external goals. A) on the other hand B) whereas C) otherwise D) after E) since 21) At present, the European Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia, ----countries such as Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states and the Ukraine are totally or very heavily dependent on Russian energy. A) even though B) since C) whether D) while E) in case 22) Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ----they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) but B) since C) unless D) when E) if 23) Countries are interested ----in their absolute economic welfare, ----in how well they are performing compared to other countries. A) both /as well as B) as /as C) so much /as D) more /but E) not only /but also 24) A structural formula is a chemical formula that shows how the atoms are bonded to ----in a molecule. A) another B) others C) the others D) each other E) every other KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 17 25) Investigations by modern doctors ----that Catherine the Great of Russia ----from syphilis. A) have suggested /has suffered B) suggest /suffered C) had suggested /was suffering D) may have suggested /would have suffered E) suggested /suffers 26) This morning it ----in the news that the great Italian tenor Pavarotti ----of pancreatic cancer soon after midnight. A) had been reported /died B) is reported /would die C) is being reported /dies D) was reported /had died E) has been reported /could have died 27) The United States ----expensive high-tech solutions to the problem of land-mine clearance, but simpler methods ----more preferable. A) should pursue /were B) pursues /had been C) pursued /will have been D) would pursue /would have been E) has pursued /may be 28) The Worldwatch Institute reported last year ----approximately four of the five McDonald’s restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States. A) if B) as C) while D) when E) that 29) One of the world’s worst space flight disasters occurred on 28 January 1986, ----the shuttle Challenger exploded soon after take-off, killing the crew of seven. A) if B) so that C) even if D) when E) just as 30) The discovery in 2001 of a juvenile dinosaur’s spectacularly preserved fossil with feathers does indicate the dinosaur-bird connection, ----it also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place. A) whether B) where C) but D) so E) whereas 31) Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the English, the Scots, and the Irish ----from the French. A) rather than B) more than C) such as D) and so E) also 32) Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ----their native ----their adopted tongue. A) rather /than B) either /or C) more /than D) so much /as E) well /as 33) The ruins of ancient Troy ----as breath-taking as those of Ephesus or Aphrodisias, but, for anyone who has ever read Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey, they have a romance few places on Earth ----. A) have not been /hoped to have matched B) had not been /would hope to match C) may not be /can hope to match D) are not /hoped to match E) could not have been /hope to match 34) Nineteenth-century military helmets ----than they now appear, but even at their best they ----the way to the future of head protection. A) have been better designed /do not point B) could be better designed /would not point C) are better designed /will not point D) may have been better designed /did not point E) can be better designed /had not pointed 35) Cabbage ----as early as 2000 B.C., and the commercial varieties now ----Brussels sprouts, common cabbage, sprouting broccoli, and kohlrabi. A) might have been cultivated /have included B) had been cultivated /included C) would be cultivated /used to include D) would have been cultivated /can include E) was cultivated /include KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 18 36) ----not all negative thoughts and feelings are bad for health, specific emotional states, especially stress and depression, have now been linked to heart trouble of all kinds. A) When B) Suppose that C) As if D) Whenever E) Though 37) The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjær grew up in the Jutland farming area and ----was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. A) on the contrary B) even so C) so D) still E) nevertheless 38) ----the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences. A) As long as B) Now that C) Only if D) After E) Although 39) ----Windsor Castle, occupying ----area of 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful royal residences in Europe. A) The /an B) This /such an C) An /the D) The most /such E) That /Some 40) Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, ----problems are solved using algebraic methods. A) in that B) in which C) by whom D) which E) whichever 41) The price of crude oil ----by 40% this year due to the continuing risk of disruption in the Middle East, which ----for one-third of global production. A) surges /accounted B) had surged /has accounted C) has surged /accounts D) surged /had accounted E) will surge /could have accounted 42) At the end of 1998, Estonia ----the strict citizenship requirements that ----the country’s Russian minority from gaining citizenship. A) relaxes /kept B) had relaxed /have kept C) has relaxed /were keeping D) relaxed /had kept E) will relax /are keeping 43) An ideal anticancer drug ----cancer cells without harming normal cells, but no such drug ----. A) would destroy /exists B) destroyed /existed C) may have destroyed /has existed D) has destroyed /had existed E) had destroyed /would exist 44) The island groups in the Pacific are often called “Oceania,” ----this name does not imply that they are the remains of a continent. A) whether B) but C) just as D) whereby E) so that 45) ----most people who commit suicide are depressed, having depression correctly diagnosed and treated is the most important step towards preventing suicide. A) As long as B) Although C) Because D) Even if E) Unless 46) Algeria is particularly keen to increase its gas exports ----OPEC production quotas restrict its oil exports. A) since B) so that C) as if D) that E) whereas KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 19 47) In the early twentieth century, the motor car was one of the first major consumer products to be ----mass produced ----mass marketed. A) such /as B) more /than C) so /as D) as /as E) both /and 48) The body’s immune system attacks and eliminates ----bacteria and other foreign substances ----cancer cells. A) not only /but also B) rather /than C) such /that D) as well as /and E) just as /as KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 20 MAYIS KELİME SORULARI 1) The laws concerning the breeding of animals for research could turn out to be to the ----of medical research. A) admission B) detriment C) exclusion D) preference E) cohesion 2) At present, interest rates are comparatively ----; let’s hope they remain that way. A) frequent B) uneasy C) consecutive D) comprehensive E) steady 3) In some parts of Western Europe, ----in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage. A) completely B) deceptively C) notably D) voluntarily E) relatively 4) What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ----their success or failure? A) pursue B) recognize C) recreate D) determine E) reinstate 5) Solar heating never ----in the US because of the cost and limited winter sunlight in most areas. A) caught on B) played up C) turned over D) waited on E) looked back 6) A strong ----exists between a country’s wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens. A) coincidence B) correlation C) consideration D) determination E) interpretation 7) Satellite television transmission now makes it ----for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) worldwide B) substantial C) aware D) commonplace E) liable 8) Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ----20 per cent of them to the US. A) almost B) fairly C) respectively D) initially E) extensively 9) Until the sixteenth century, when the first international postal agreement was ----, there was no postal system as we know it today. A) assigned B) maintained C) enacted D) seized E) conducted 10) There has been increasing pressure in the US to ----the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy. A) make up for B) point out to C) keep up with D) cut down on E) take up with 11) Volcanoes are built by the ----of their own eruptive products, which are lava, ash flows, airborne ash and dust. A) accumulation B) destruction C) explosion D) instability E) growth 12) China and India serve as models for Africa because their experiences hold lessons for developing countries on how to manage ----economic and political transformation. A) deceitful B) persuasive C) accessible D) irregular E) gradual KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 21 13) In the largely closed economies of the Gulf, private as well as public funds have ----turned to real estate and equity markets, fuelling a dangerous speculative boom. A) unlikely B) nominally C) rapidly D) still E) tightly 14) Certain nations have ----the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques to select the sex of an unborn child; but, bribery and human ingenuity have made it easy for prospective parents to bypass the statute. A) removed B) outlawed C) explored D) sustained E) retained 15) Cells convert energy from one form to another and use that energy to ----various activities, ranging from mechanical work to chemical synthesis. A) turn off B) use up C) take in D) carry out E) pick up 16) Anthony Powell, the contemporary British novelist, shows in his writing great familiarity with the work of Proust while avoiding much direct ----to him. A) interest B) dependence C) quotation D) reference E) obsession 17) Despite its small population and ----remoteness, Australia occupies a powerful position in global science in general and life science in particular. A) ultimate B) sizeable C) relative D) extensive E) recurrent 18) The Allied bombing campaign against Germany in World War II exacted terrible damage on the country’s factories, transportation network, population, and ----very limited fuel-production capacity. A) already B) solely C) immediately D) inadequately E) rightly 19) Soccer’s many creative possibilities ----in part from its being played on such a large field. A) entail B) consist C) conclude D) claim E) derive 20) Kosrae is the smallest of the four island states that ----the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the largest and most populous political entity that emerged after World War II. A) keep away B) tie up with C) make up D) set down E) take on 21) The genetic fingerprinting technique, which was developed in the UK and is now used as a ----of legal identification, determines the pattern of certain parts of the genetic material DNA that is unique to each individual. A) benefit B) structure C) sufficiency D) combination E) means 22) In existentialism, it is argued that people are responsible for, and the ----judge of, their actions. A) expansive B) sole C) previous D) irresistible E) prevalent 23) By the start of the 1990s, popular music had become ----globalized, with seventy per cent of all production resting in the hands of just five companies. A) possibly B) rarely C) negligently D) significantly E) respectively KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 22 24) The League of Nations, established in Geneva in 1920, included representatives from states throughout the world, but was severely weakened by the US decision not to become a member, and had no power to ----its decisions. A) impress B) compel C) accomplish D) implicate E) enforce 25) In the resort areas of Greece, travel agents offer a wide range of excursions on aircondiitione coaches ----qualified guides. A) accompanied by B) put up with C) adapted to D) designed for E) turned into 26) Good leadership is about tackling big challenges, and the first and most important step in this process is recognizing which ----should take precedence over the others. A) obsessions B) debates C) emissions D) candidates E) issues 27) By the 14th century, the Holy Roman Empire was little more than a ----federation of the German princes who elected the Holy Roman emperor. A) negotiable B) current C) prescriptive D) loose E) recurrent 28) Roman numerals are expressed by letters of the alphabet and are ----used today except for formality or variety. A) courteously B) arguably C) consecutively D) equivalently E) rarely 29) The Gulf, the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea are increasingly seen as potential trouble zones that could ----energy supplies from the Middle East to Asia. A) increase B) disrupt C) consume D) involve E) expand 30) Dublin is a fairly easy city to ----because of its frequent and efficient bus and underground services. A) get around B) make over C) set up D) get on E) go with KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 23 PREPOSITION SORULARI 1) For decades presidents have been coming ----plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will run ----its key source of energy: oil. A) up with /out of B) out of /up against C) down to /away from D) up for /through E) over to /into 2) Philosophers have debated the relation ----thought and emotions ----at least two millennia. A) from /over B) over /in C) between /for D) in /by E) through /to 3) Severity of autism ranges ----those who are mute and have no functional behaviour ----individuals with high IQ scores. A) into /among B) in /about C) between /of D) through /for E) from /to 4) Most companies would prefer to concentrate ----domestic rather than foreign markets because of their greater familiarity ----their own environments. A) in /of B) on /with C) over /by D) at /from E) for /to 5) An Indian drug company has offered to supply an anti-AIDS drug ----sufferers in developing countries ----less than one-twentieth of the standard cost in the West. A) in /to B) at /over C) with /for D) to /at E) on /with 6) The main attention at the World Economic Forum, when it was not focused ----China, centred on Africa’s remarkable economic growth ----the past couple of years. A) in /with B) on /over C) of /towards D) by /at E) from /through 7) People who travel ----airlines all have stories ----how bad the experience is when things go wrong. A) with /for B) in /of C) on /about D) at /over E) through /to 8) Scientists have studied the health status of native people in the South Pacific ----decades, and have noted the explosion of diet-related disease ----the area. A) for /in B) throughout /over C) through /about D) by /off E) of /at 9) Foreign policy is composed of the goals sought, values set, decisions made and actions taken ----states and the national governments acting ----their behalf. A) by /on B) about /for C) at /from D) over /between E) in /among 10) A priori knowledge ----Western philosophy is knowledge that is independent ----all particular experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which derives from experience alone. A) at /for B) in /of C) through /by D) beside /towards E) with /from 11) Despite the official ban ----demonstrations, 2008 has seen Egyptians take to the streets ----massive numbers on several occasions. A) about /by B) for /with C) over /at D) of /through E) on /in KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 24 12) According to the generally accepted platetectonics theory, scientists believe that Earth’s surface is broken ----a number of shifting plates, which average ----50 miles in thickness. A) up /above B) at /for C) down /beyond D) into /about E) of /below KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 25 CLOZE TEST The term “emotional intelligence” was probably first used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. In 1990 it (1) ----into the field of scientific psychology, defined as “the ability to monitor (2) ----and others’feelings, to (3) ----among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.” The concept developed (4) ----a growing emphasis on research into the (5) ----of emotion and thought. 1) A) was being introduced B) had been introduced C) would be introduced D) has been introduced E) was introduced 2) A) one’s own B) one another’s C) oneself D) the self E) each other’s 3) A) İdentify B) Distribute C) Justify D) Discredit E) Discriminate 4) A) Off B) Against C) Without D) out of E) under 5) A) Alternation B) participation C) interaction D) obstruction E) complication Should a vote in Los Angeles count more than a vote in Montana? That’s one question raised (6) ----an analysis of Census Bureau data conducted by researchers at the Centre for Immigration Studies (7) ----found that nine congressional seats (8) ----to different states in 2000, if noncitizens, (9) ----illegal aliens, had been excluded from the counts Congress uses to (10) ----seats. 6) A) by B) to C) at D) onto E) off 7) A) Whose B) Which C) What D) Thus E) Whether 8) A) would be allotted B) have been allotted C) will have been allotted D) would have been allotted E) were being allotted 9) A) regardless of B) concerning C) pertaining to D) excelling E) including 10) A) Select B) Exchange C) Allocate D) Circulate E) classify KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 26 All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen “rain” that (11) ----them in the spring and summer. Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants – have an almost (12) ----outer shell (exine) that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. In pollen analysis the exines are extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified (13) ----the distinctive exine shape and surfac ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. (14) ----quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (15) ----each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation, or forest clearance and cropplanting by humans. 11) A) should afflict B) can afflict C) had afflicted D) would afflict E) afflicted 12) A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady 13) A) according to B) ahead of C) with a view to D) on behalf of E) in place of 14) A) Before B) Whenever C) While D) Until E) Once 15) A) across B) on C) for D) about E) at Underwater archaeology is beginning to yield a detailed picture of whaling undertaken by Basque fishermen at Red Bay, Labrador, in the 16th century. The Basques were at this time the largest suppliers to Europe of whale oil – an important (16) ----used for lighting and in products such as soap. In 1977, prompted by the discovery in Spanish archives that Red Bay (17) ----a prominent whaling centre, Canadian archaeologist James A. Tuck began an excavation on the island at the mouth of Red Bay Harbour. Here he found remains of structures for turning blubber (18) ----whale oil. (19) ----, in 1978, the nautical archaeologist Robert Grenier led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleon San Juan, (20) ----the archives said had sunk in the harbour in 1565. 16) A) commodity B) refinement C) artifact D) hardship E) settlement 17) A) would have been B) is C) was going to be D) had been E) will be 18) A) by B) about C) next to D) upon E) into 19) A) On the contrary B) Frequently C) Otherwise D) Subsequently E) Conclusively 20) A) Whose B) When C) Whom D) Who E) which KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 27 Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and (21) ----our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of selfexpression, (22) ----the linear passage of time seems to vanish. Of course, the roots of British musicianship go far deeper than a list of healthy lifestyle tips. Britain’s history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which (23) ----flourish. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created (24) ----rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and Africa – all (25) ----to the wealth of music literature and recordings. 21) A) raise B) appreciate C) afflict D) represent E) provoke 22) A) wherever B) which C) where D) how E) whom 23) A) then B) still C) thus D) almost E) too 24) A) of B) in C) at D) with E) by 25) A) have contributed B) would contribute C) had contributed D) will contribute E) to have contributed Education is both a consumption and an investment good. The (26) ----of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at the cinema. But education can also help advance in a chosen career (27) ----success is achieved in specific examinations. If a financial gain is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process (28) ----seen as an investment. By investing in yourself you hope that your enhanced skills add to your potential earning power in the labour market; your qualifications should help you to compete that much better against those (29) ----qualified for a particular job. As far as an employer is concerned, your educational qualification is a means (30) ----filtering where there is keen competition for a post. 26) A) contribution B) exclusion C) obscurity D) acquisition E) continuation 27) A) even so B) since C) if D) as if E) unless 28) A) might have been B) would be C) was D) had been E) can be 29) A) as much B) less C) least D) the same E) fewer 30) A) of B) by C) over D) with E) through KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 28 To determine a person’s diet history, the doctor asks what foods (31) ----in the previous 24 hours and what types of food are usually eaten. The person may be asked to keep a food diary, in which he lists everything he eats for three days. (32) ----the physical examination, the doctor observes the person’s general appearance and behaviour (33) ----the distribution of body fat and the functioning of body organs. (34) ----the doctor suspects severe malnutrition, he orders a complete blood cell count and blood and urine tests to measure levels of vitamins, minerals, and waste products such as urea. Skin tests may also be ordered to (35) ----certaintypes of immunity. 31) A) were being eaten B) had been eaten C) will have been eaten D) were eaten E) are eaten 32) A) out of B) at C) by D) over E) during 33) A) as well as B) but also C) so as D) just as E) so that 34) A) while B) even though C) ıf D) whether E) even if 35) A) curtail B) realize C) emphasize D) assess E) assume Bill Clinton’s main legacy for race relations in the United States is that he helped to sustain and accelerate the desegregation of the higher circles of American life. On the psychological plane, he gently pushed the white American public to accept something that (36) ----many whites today is (37) ----more in question than one would like to believe: that blacks really can be equal or (38) ----superior to whites in performing the most crucial and difficult tasks demanded by our society. George W. Bush contributed to this process when he (39) ----Colin Powell as Secretary of State. Through his appointment of blacks and genuine friendships with them, Clinton has deepened this (40) ----in American life. 36) A) Under B) On C) With D) Besides E) for 37) A) decently B) still C) even so D) doubtfully E) excessively 38) A) also B) more C) even D) only E) as 39) A) appoints B) had appointed C) has appointed D) appointed E) would appoint 40) A) Tendency B) allocation C) exclusion D) admission E) intuition KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 29 However hazy their grasp of astronomy may be, most adults hold several beliefs with some certainty. They believe, for example, that the Earth is round and that it evolves around another, larger round body (the Sun), (41) ----a smaller round body (the Moon) revolves around it. They also believe (42) ----certain familiar phenomena, such as the day-night cycle and the seasons, depend on the movements and relative positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. But how do adults come to form such beliefs? The facts of astronomy are hardly evident in everyday experience; if anything, the reverse (43) ----to be true. Children experience an apparently flat earth from which they see the Sun move (44) ----the sky, and they learn things that seem incompatible with the notion that people could somehow live on the surface of a large ball. Is the development of adult-level understanding, therefore, simply a matter of suppressing childish beliefs and gradually (45) ----the views of modern adult society? 41) A) after B) as if C) where D) while E) if 42) A) in that B) as C) those D) since E) that 43) A) must have been argued B) could be argued C) will be argued D) might have been argued E) would have been argued 44) A) along B) about C) among D) across E) aboard 45) A) accepting B) eliminating C) recovering D) maintaining E) overloading The Pergamum of Eumenes II is remembered (46) ----for its library. Said to have held more than 200,000 volumes, the library was a symbol of Pergamum’s social and cultural status. Eumenes was a passionate book collector, and his library came to challenge the world’s greatest one in Alexandria (700,000 books). Afraid that the Pergamum library (47) ----famous scholars away from Alexandria, the Egyptians cut off the supply of papyrus from the Nile. Never one to refuse a challenge, Eumenes set his scientists to work and they (48) ----pergamen (Latin for parchment), a writing surface made from animal hides rather than pressed papyrus reeds. (49) ----the end, however, it was the Egyptians who had the last laugh. (50) ----the library at Alexandria was damaged by fire, Mark Antony pillaged the one at Pergamum for books to give to his beloved Cleopatra. 46) A) with a view B) as well as C) most of all D) enough E) just in case 47) A) attracted B) would attract C) might have attracted D) will attract E) may attract 48) A) came up with B) stepped over C) stood against D) ran over E) carried on with 49) A) off B) in C) by D) through E) to 50) A) Even though B) Until C) In case D) Even if E) When KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 30 Nearly fifteen years after South Africa’s democratic overthrow of apartheid, the country is facing growing (51) ----over the rise of “economic apartheid” and the way it (52) ----millions of South Africans in the same, if not a worsening economic position than they endured prior to 1994. (53) ----South African government statistics, the average black household has become 15% poorer over the last fourteen years, while an average white household has seen its wealth grow (54) ----some 19%. There has been a 20% decrease in the income of the poorest 50% of South Africans, and black South Africans have lost (55) ----two million jobs over the same period. 51) A) interest B) demand C) encouragement D) criticism E) threat 52) A) is leaving B) had left C) would have left D) left E) was leaving 53) A) because of B) according to C) ınstead of D) ın addition to E) contrary to 54) A) through B) for C) in D) with E) by 55) A) yet B) mostly C) hardly D) nearly E) also The gondola has been a part of Venice since the 11th century. (56) ----its slim shape and flat underside, the boat is perfectly adapted to manoeuvring in Venice’s narrow, shallow canals. The front of the boat has a (57) ----leftward curve to prevent it from going around in circles, as the gondolier, or operator of the boat, uses the oar only on the right side. In 1562, it (58) ----that all gondolas should be black to stop people from making an (59) ----show of their wealth. Today, gondola rides are expensive, and are (60) ----taken only by tourists. 56) A) about B) with C) through D) from E) along 57) A) slight B) habitual C) relevant D) cheerful E) favourable 58) A) has been decided B) decided C) was decided D) would have decided E) had decided 59) A) ostentatious B) affluent C) adjacent D) omnipresent E) inescapable 60) A) possibly B) obviously C) seldom D) usually E) definitely KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 31 CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA 1) There is a general agreement among car manufacturing companies that, ----, hydrogen is likely to be the fuel of choice. A) if sulphur emissions had been checked B) when oil runs out C) as it could have been stored as a gas D) as if no mechanical energy was required E) unless there were giant fuel cells 2) He has focused on moving the complexity of computing from the desktop to the network, ---. A) where it can be managed more easily B) if computers could communicate more easily with one another C) that his improvements actually caught the eye of the Pentagon D) though it became the most widely used operating system of its day E) which would have been the greatest challenge of his career 3) Salmon farms are prohibited in Alaska ----. A) unless salmon actually does protect against cancer B) because fishermen blame the farms for undercutting their price C) since farmed salmon used to be fattier than wild salmon D) but they say salmon farms are bad for the environment E) once the industry begins to attack some of the Problems 4) The Bermuda Triangle, ----, is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats and aircraft. A) that an entire squadron of planes vanished shortly after takeoff B) as local environmental conditions could be the cause C) since the sea here is particularly fast moving D) when there is an almost unique magnetic effect on compasses E) which is off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US 5) The stereotype of woman as the more “emotional” sex is the one ----. A) that still persists today B) as emotions are so unpredictable C) but it had been encouraged by the Stoics D) until overruled by 20th century psychology E) which a more sophisticated mode of thinking will have denied 6) ----who will become schizophrenic. A) There seems to be a genetic predisposition B) A cure is nowhere in sight C) Neither doctors nor scientists can accurately predict D) They confuse the real and the imaginary E) Treatment of the disorder is improving 7) In general, when credit demand is low, ----. A) it is not sensible to take out loans during deflation B) following the wrong guideline could have been catastrophic C) interest rates measure the cost of credit, not the price of money D) interest rates are correspondingly low E) precautionary savings were rising at this time 8) ----since it has been described as among the most terrifying works of history ever penned. A) The story focuses on Hitler’s end in his underground banker B) I want to get hold of this new account of World War II C) The story is well told by one of Germany’s renowned historians D) I’ve read all I want to read about World War II E) In particular the bombing of Dresden is objectively presented 9) ----that engineers do not restrict themselves to technical matters. A) The engineering curriculum has long required B) Many potential leaders were of the opinion C) The courses involved substantial reading and writing assignments D) The aim was to attract a wider audience E) He acquired a sophisticated knowledge of scientific and technical matters 10) ----even though she’s still not prepared to forgive herself. A) The wrong person got blamed B) After all, she committed an error, not a crime C) Others were also involved in the affair D) A lot of people have forgiven her E) She was wrongly accused KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 32 11) Because energy production expends resources and causes pollution, ----. A) we depend upon nature to provide the basics of life, such as food and oxygen B) many resources are used once and then thrown away C) modern technical challenges are seldom met by scientists D) scientists and engineers must work to develop energy-efficient processes E) engineers must solve problems without even understanding the underlying theory 12) If only she had come up with some positive suggestions, ----. A) the scheme certainly had very many drawbacks B) nobody else is likely to complain C) so far this is the best thesis to be submitted D) the others will already have been rejected E) I wouldn’t have minded her criticism of the Project 13) ----while such African languages as Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the everyday needs of the masses. A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Western-educated élite, B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English literature is no longer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Today, English is the official language of sixteen countries in Africa, E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years, 14) ----but cannot be proved and is difficult to assess. A) The influence of Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language on the development of the language has been widely assumed B) Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language played a role in propagating a standard spelling among the less literate C) Samuel Johnson was an enthusiastic reader of classical and English literature from his earliest years D) It took Samuel Johnson eight or nine years to complete work on his Dictionary of the English Language E) With his Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson provided a powerful but conservative model of language usage 15) Before the 21st century has run its course, ----. A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world around us has improved to a great extent 16) Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease, ----. A) while genetic engineering can be used in several ways to make vaccines B) although today DNA technology is helping medical researchers develop vaccines C) even if artificial-mutant vaccines may cause fewer side effects than natural mutants D) but it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination E) since there has been no effective drug treatment for many viral diseases 17) Neanderthals were a recent evolutionary human relative ----. A) who lived in Europe and became extinct 30,000-40,000 years ago B) as researchers studying human origins debated this question for decades C) which are muscular and robust, with a brain similar to ours in size D) while the relationship between humans and Neanderthals may best be described as sister species E) despite the fact that they had hands as nimble as those of present-day humans, with a thumb and fingers 18) The Welsh language has changed so little through the centuries ----. A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration honours its best poets and writers B) that an educated Welshman can still read the Welsh of the Middle Ages C) as more and more English families settle in Wales, bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 33 19) By 1809, Sweden’s military power had waned to such an extent ----. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europe’s Age of Enlightenment with advances in Science 20) Road and rail connections in Italy are generally better in the north, ----. A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugged shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions, each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two Italies: the rich industrial North and the poorer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra funds for road repairs E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the key transport centres 21) Though the smell of fumes in an aircraft cockpit may not always spell danger, ----. A) a forced landing could have been avoided B) even a small sensor can detect a wide range of chemicals C) harmless fumes had been caused by a small leak of oil D) it is guaranteed to alarm the pilot E) such a detector can easily be fitted into an Aircraft 22) Because children enjoy the process of play, ---. A) various other options had been taken into consideration B) they are not primarily focused on achieving a product or achieving a goal C) group demands begin to grow steadily D) many alternative approaches also had to be tested E) the acquisition of social skills is a positive asset 23) ----when countered by antistress measures such as exercising, enjoying time with friends and cultivating a hobby. A) The ladder of success is a hard one B) There must be a balance between tension and relaxation C) Workloads seem lighter D) Relaxation techniques are easy to learn E) Stress can be understood in a variety of ways 24) If there is too much mineral accumulation in the compost, ----. A) roots get burnt and plants die B) some plants need less fertilizer than others C) the flowering season was greatly reduced D) most plants grow far more quickly in wet areas E) the growing conditions also need to be Considered 25) ----that the reasons for introducing the newdesign dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality counterfeits circulating in the Middle East. A) Following a US Secret Service probe, the US Federal Reserve has wondered B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held in reserve in the US and overseas C) All of them are old allegations made by the US Federal Reserve D) The US government’s currency policy has been sharply criticised E) It has been claimed, but never confirmed by the US Federal Reserve, 26) The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ----. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems 27) Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allowed into the brain ----. A) as toxins could severely impair the brain’s functioning B) which provided early evidence of the bloodbrrai barrier C) but most other substances are kept out D) that controls which molecules in the bloodstream can enter the brain E) just as no other organ is equally efficient KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 34 28) Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ----. A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone E) as it is brought to you by the world’s leading business channel 29) Environmentalists are criticizing the patent office for delaying its decision on some new measuring instruments ----. A) while the guidelines have been consistently ignored B) if applications for patents on plants are on the increase C) before objections were filed against patents on a herbicide resistant plant D) since they believe that these are urgently needed to detect certain problems E) as if the controversy had actually died down 30) ----, they operate as effective carriers and may pass it on to other birds which are more susceptible. A) Though many migratory birds are immune to the effects of the avian flu virus B) Since many residents of outlying villages have refused to carry out the culling of their chickens to prevent the spread of avian flu C) Despite the fact that the avian flu virus is spread, primarily, by migratory birds D) As symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to those of common flu E) If the spread of the avian flu virus through populations of wild birds remains unchecked 31) Until China becomes the most powerful nation in the world, with Chinese spoken universally, ----. A) the problems of wide variations in English may well be lessened B) English will remain the primary language of science and diplomacy C) many countries in the world have shifted to printing their scientific journals only in English D) immigrants to the United States or Britain acquire English rapidly and well E) people who speak English and another language have an advantage over those who speak only English 32) ----before grapes can be transformed into fine wine. A) Harvesting was a very costly and tiring process B) Farmers were expecting higher prices C) Drought does much damage to grape vines D) The farm workers in France have protested at lower wages E) There is much work to be done 33) ----what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating. A) It’s hard to explain B) Many travellers are curious C) One soon becomes aware D) It has been debated E) We have been much impressed 34) ----, yet it is not possible to go much further without any breakthroughs in battery technology. A) Electric cars don’t make economic sense in view of the harsh environmental regulations in force B) Electric cars have simply been a technological failure C) Hybrid cars are certainly a step in the right direction D) Any fuel savings resulting from electric or hybrid cars are likely to be offset by the cost of the cars themselves E) One fears that the hybrid car may be yet another technological failure 35) ----because he had led the country into four wars which he had lost, and brought economic ruin to his people. A) Serbia experienced widespread corruption under Milosevic, who ruled the country as a dictator, B) Many Serbians felt humiliated by the atrocities commited in Bosnia by the Milosevic government C) Milosevic’s rule in Serbia literally meant political tyranny, which led to pro-democracy protests in the country, D) Milosevic, the ex-president of Serbia, was protested nationwide and then removed from power E) Today Serbia’s writers constantly remind their people of the shameful past of their country under Milosevic KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 35 36) Many of the larger companies in Somalia have issued shares, ----. A) if the lack of a government in the country poses a wide range of problems B) since the local telecom offers the best and cheapest phone service in Africa C) although there is no stock exchange or financial authority of any sort in the country D) but business leaders have taken steps to increase the country’s foreign-trade capacity E) even if foreign aid might have benefits as well as Drawbacks 37) Traditionally, textbooks on British government and politics have focused on institutions and behaviour ----. A) whether it is appropriate to describe the British Constitution as uncodified rather than unwritten B) in case political institutions and issues are inseparable and need to be discussed together C) just as a brief analysis of the leading types of government found in the modern world was left out D) because one had to explore in detail the impact of Thatcherism upon British politics E) while ignoring the controversies and issues which are the fundamentals of politics 38) Meteorites are extraterrestial complex rocks with roughly equal amounts of metal and silicates ----. A) because the moon has been studied extensively by spacecraft and has been sampled directly at a few locations B) which have major implications for the collisional history of planetary bodies C) whereby the various planetary and asteroidal bodies in the solar system contain a specific isotopic label D) so that each meteorite is a small sample of a much larger parent body, probably an unidentified asteroid E) while measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of the Sun is the highest priority of NASA’s Genesis mission 39) Climate change may alter the genetic composition of species, ----. A) but assessment of any shift in this respect requires genetic data sampled over time B) even though, for most species, environmental conditions have some impact on breeding C) despite the fact that recent analyses clearly show the magnitude and direction of genetic shifts in various populations D) which, according to the evidence available, is geographically widespread from North Africa to Scandinavia E) so long as one can observe the genetic impact that environmental differences have on living beings 40) ----, street crime in major Asian cities is still less common than in most European cities. A) Since the governments are concerned B) Because severe measures had been taken C) Though it is rising sharply D) If one were to admit it E) Before reliable statistical data can be obtained 41) Although the British Royal Navy claims that it was not operating any warships in the area at the time, ----. A) underwater noise hasn’t been fully recognized as a form of pollution B) it must have been military sonar that killed the whales and dolphins C) there are no hard and fast guidelines for seismic surveys D) the UK would have had 25 warships which carried active sonar E) a number of marine mammals beached themselves during this American military operation 42) Half of the increase in EU Aid for Trade is specifically targeted toward the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP), ----. A) unless the European Commission set up this programme to promote investment and technology flow in these countries B) although the EU has used trade to advance its development cooperation objectives in the ACP nations for decades C) with which the EU is negotiating regional Economic Partnership Agreements designed to remove all tariff and quota barriers to the EU market D) which could have enabled the least-developed countries to use trade more effectively to achieve their development goals E) because the European Commission allocated billions of dollars for cooperation with non-ACP countries KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 36 43) ----, but just over 1 per cent of them spend the night in Umbria, in the south of Tuscany. A) Visitors to Lake Trasimeno will see few other tourists B) Perugia is home to a world-famous jazz festival in the summer and a chocolate festival in the fall C) In the town of Deruta, handmade gift-items fill many shop windows D) Tuscany attracts more than 12 per cent of all visitors to Italy E) Scenic stone hilltowns such as Assisi and Gubbio are among the main attractions 44) If labour could be measured adequately in simple homogeneous units of time, such as labourhours, ----. A) it covers many other kinds of areas as well, such as social security and worker satisfaction B) a change in the organization of the community’s labour would be likely to increase the annual production of wealth C) earlier economists failed to find a simple relation between the value of a product and the quantity of labour that it embodied D) different uses of the available supply of labour need to be considered E) the problems of economics would be considerably simplified 45) ----, where they are often seen floating in the water like logs, with only their nostrils, eyes, and ears above the surface. A) The Mississippi alligator, the American crocodile, and the Chinese alligator are the only other species B) Crocodiles are found near swamps, lakes, and rivers in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central America C) As recently as several decades ago, crocodiles were plentiful in much of the tropics and subtropics D) This would have helped crocodiles to adapt to different environments E) Crocodiles can grow up to 7 metres in length, and have long, powerful tails that propel them when swimming 46) While some argue that the Elgin Marbles, ----, are more carefully preserved there, the Greek government does not accept the legality of the sale that took place in 1816 and believes they belong in Athens. A) after they were acquired from the Ottoman authorities of the time B) since they are also called the Parthenon Marbles C) so they are very famous indeed D) which are kept in the British Museum in London E) as if they were sold to the British nation 47) A colour-blind person cannot see any difference between two colours ----. A) while to people with normal sight they are clearly different B) as if red and green were completely different C) if this were the case with traffic-lights D) since this is a potentially dangerous situation E) whether the top light or the bottom light signals “stop” 48) All the major cities and islands of Spain have airports, ----. A) but buses will be a faster and more frequently used option between smaller towns B) until Spain has an increasingly efficient transportation system C) even if both the road and rail networks were greatly improved during the 1980s and in the run-up to the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 D) so in much of rural Spain, public transportation is limited and a car is the most practical solution for getting around E) though only a few of them cater to international Flights 49) In the US in 1882, Peter J. McGuire, who is generally given credit for the idea of Labor Day, suggested to the Central Labor Union of New York ----. A) if there was any particular significance for the date B) that there should be a holiday honouring American workers C) whether the significance of Labor Day in the US had changed D) whereas, in many other countries, May Day serves a similar purpose E) when the first Monday in September was to be known as Labor Day KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 37 50) Germany is similar in many ways to France, Italy and the UK ----. A) unless it attaches primary importance to both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy B) as though the EU were essentially in control of environmental policies C) where the foreign policy process in Germany had to agree to a compromise in recent years D) although this had led to arguments concerning the proper role of the German Foreign Ministry in shaping and implementing policy E) in that it is one of just a few European states which attempt to maintain worldwide representation 51) If Iran were to go nuclear, ----. A) Russia and China did their best to stop it B) the United States may have taken preventive action C) other countries in the region would follow suit D) the UN Security Council sanctions need to be enacted without delay E) it can fire hundreds of missiles at Israel 52) ----after strong winds and a heatwave started dozens of forest fires. A) Many villages in the area will be evacuated B) No precautions had been taken C) The government would have set up a special team of fire fighters D) Many fire fighting teams will have been called in E) Last summer, Athens was engulfed in thick smoke 53) During the Cold War, even as they prepared to destroy one another, ----. A) the West has always sought opportunities to make peace with the Soviet Union B) the United States and the Soviet Union had been involved in a constructive dialogue C) Britain has imported enormous quantities of timber from the Soviet Union D) the West and the Soviet Union struck deals and traded in energy E) the Soviet Union contributes a great deal to China’s economic development 54) ----because they were continually forced to defend their own conquests against other invaders. A) The Romans did not usually impose heavy tax burdens on the cities they conquered B) The geography of the Italian peninsula had a decisive influence on Rome’s development C) The Romans were descended from various Indo-European peoples that had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millennium B.C. D) The Romans were a sternly military society almost from the moment they settled on Italian soil E) The Romans looked to their gods to bestow upon their households and their city the blessings of prosperity, victory, and fertility 55) ----that they influenced cultures across the Mediterranean. A) Phoenician textiles commanded a high price everywhere their merchants went B) The Phoenicians may have played an important role in introducing urban life into the Greek world C) Phoenician cities oriented themselves towards the sea D) The Phoenicians became famous as merchants and seafarers E) The widespread colonial and mercantile efforts of the Phoenicians meant 56) Economic as well as social problems plagued Europe during the 1970s and 1980s ----. A) but these problems had actually begun much earlier B) because new industries continued to prosper C) in case the West German growth rate would slow down D) whereas seven hundred thousand French workers had been laid off E) unless demand for manufactured goods fell Sharply 57) ----, it does not necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity. A) If a key feature of globalization has been the transformation of the world economy B) Just as globalization has radically altered patterns of trade around the world C) Whenever globalization has forced the reorganization of economic enterprises D) Since globalization suggests a uniform process, one that operates similarly everywhere E) Although globalization means worldwide economic integration KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 38 58) Everyone knows ----. A) that the politics of oil is crucial to life in the Middle East B) whether to the Arabs oil means the vast petroleum reserves lying under the desert sands C) if in the Middle East oil is a precious source of wealth and all too often a cause for war D) since non-OPEC oil producers currently account for 58% of total production E) as Iraqi crude oil exports in 2007 were more than 5% lower than in 2006 59) According to a report released by the US Secret Service, the Middle East is one of the world’s hotspots ----. A) as there are other conspiracy theories emanating from the region B) whether Iran and Syria are actively engaged in economic warfare against the US C) when it comes to counterfeit US currency D) while the Iranian government dismisses charges of collaboration with counterfeiters E) although there is a conspiracy to undermine the US economy through counterfeit currency 60) Few figures in Western history have held the attention of the world ----. A) so long as Napoleon pursued serious interests in history, law, and mathematics B) as Napoleon did during the fifteen years of his rule in France C) because Napoleon’s character seemed suited to the age in which he lived D) since Napoleon’s particular strength as a leader lay in his capacity for inspiring others E) just as Napoleon believed that he was destined to be the saviour of France KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 39 ÇEVİRİ 1) Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labour Party won. A) Geçen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, İşçi Partisi kazandığı takdirde, beş yıl tam dönem hizmet edeceğini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eğer İşçi Partisi kazanırsa, beş yıl daha hizmet edeceğini geçen sonbaharda açıklamıştı. C) Geçen sonbaharda İşçi Partisi’nin kazanması üzerine, Tony Blair görevini beş yıl daha sürdüreceğini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, İşçi Partisi’nin kazanmasının kendisine beş yıl tam dönem hizmet olanağı sağlayacağı yolundaki açıklamasını geçen sonbaharda yaptı. E) Geçen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eğer İşçi Partisi kazanırsa, bir beş yıl daha hizmet etmek istediğini söyledi. 2) Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşta, azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının tam olarak korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluştaki azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının yeterince korunduğu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluşun azınlık temsilcileri, çıkarlarının olabildiğince korunduğunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Azınlık temsilcileri, bir siyasal kuruluştaki çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kuruluş, azınlık temsilcilerine, çıkarlarının tamamen korunduğunu hissettirmelidir. 3) The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 per cent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary. A) Pentagon’a göre, ülke içinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yüzde 25’i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon, ülke içindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yüzde 25’ine gereksinim duymadığını belirtmiştir. C) Pentagon’un hesaplarına göre, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yüzde 25’ine hiç gereksinim yoktur. D) Pentagon, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yaklaşık yüzde 25’inin gereksiz olduğunu hesaplamıştır. E) Ülkedeki askeri tesislerin aşağı yukarı yüzde 25’ine gereksinim olmadığı konusunda Pentagon kararlıdır. 4) Germany’s far-right National Democratic Party upset the other parties by winning nearly 10 per cent of the votes in the economically depressed state of Saxony last year. A) Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik olarak geri kalmış Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların hemen hemen yüzde onunu kazanarak diğer partilerin canını sıktı. B) Geçen yıl, daha büyük ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde, oyların yüzde onunu alan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, Almanya’daki diğer partileri telaşlandırmıştır. C) Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntılar içinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde oyların aşağı yukarı yüzde onunu kazanmış ve diğer partilerin çoğunu sıkıntıya sokmuştur. D) Almanya’daki diğer partilerin canını sıkan aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik durgunluk içinde olan Saksonya eyaletindeki oyların yüzde onunu kazanmıştır. E) Almanya’nın aşırı sağ Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geçen yıl, ekonomik sıkıntı içindeki Saksonya eyaletindeki oyların yüzde onunu alınca, diğer partiler telaşa kapılmıştır. 5) The European Union is engaged in a variety of programmes all around the world to promote and protect the rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war. A) Tüm dünyada özellikle savaşan ülkelerdeki çocuklar için çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için Avrupa Birliği birçok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birliği dünyada savaşan ülkelerin çocuklarının haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programları destekliyor. C) Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada, özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerde, çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programlarla ilgileniyor. D) Avrupa Birliği özellikle savaştan etkilenen ülkelerin çocuklarını desteklemek ve korumak için tüm dünyada çeşitli programlar düzenliyor. E) Özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerdeki çocuk haklarını destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada çeşitli programlarla ilgilidir. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 40 6) Yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Homer tarafından kaleme alınan Truva Savaşı hakkındaki destanlar, birkaç yüzyıl boyunca sözlü olarak korunmuş olabilir. A) Homer’s epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transcribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transcribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition. 7) Ortaçağ haritaları Hollanda’nın neredeyse yarısını su altında gösterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geniş alanlar kazanılmıştır. A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea. 8) Geçen yüzyılın başlarında, önyargıyı, bazı ırklara karşı doğuştan ve içgüdüsel bir tepki olarak düşünmek yaygındı. A) At the turn of the last century, prejudice was generally regarded more as an innate or instinctive reaction to certain races. B) At the turn of the last century, it was common to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain races. C) By the turn of the last century people were prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction. D) By the turn of the last century this innate and instinctive reaction against race was commonly seen as prejudice. E) With the turn of the last century people grew more prejudiced against certain races and this was regarded as an innate and instinctive reaction. 9) Çocuklar daha fazla bağımsızlık kazandıkça, onların genleri kendilerine uyan çevreler yaratmak için daha aktif bir tarzda işleyebilir. A) Once children start to grow more independent, their genes operate in a more positive manner to create environments that suit them better. B) As children get more independence their genes start to operate more forcefully to create what is for them a more congenial environment. C) As children gain more independence, their genes can operate in a more active manner to produce environments that suit them. D) When they attain more independence, children start to desire a more congenial environment and their genes work with them to attain it. E) Once children have attained a greater degree of independence, their genes prompt them to desire a more congenial environment. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 41 10) Katherine Mansfield, özellikle Rus yazar Chekhov’un kısa hikâyelerinden etkilenmiş ve onun gibi, konudan çok çevre ve karaktere dayalı hikâyeler yazmıştır. A) The Russian writer Chekhov’s short stories depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot, and this impressed Katherine Mansfield and influenced the way she wrote. B) Katherine Mansfield was a great admirer of the Russian writer Chekhov, and her short stories, like his, are centred around character and atmosphere rather than action. C) Like the Russian short-story writer, Chekhov, Katherine Mansfield wrote short stories that depend for their effect more on character and atmosphere than upon action. D) Katherine Mansfield greatly admired the style of Chekhov in his short stories and, like him, wrote short stories in which character and atmosphere, not action, come to the fore. E) Katherine Mansfield was particularly impressed by the short stories of the Russian writer Chekhov, and, like him, she wrote stories which depend more on atmosphere and character than on plot. 11) A person’s health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the body’s use of nutrients or that affects the person’s eating habits. A) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarmada kullanılabilir. B) Kişinin sağlık öyküsü, bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen veya kişinin yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen bir hastalığı açığa çıkarabilir. C) İnsanın yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen hastalıklar, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden yararlanılarak ortaya çıkarılabilir. D) Bir kişinin sağlık öyküsünden, hem onun yemek yeme alışkanlıklarını etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasını engelleyen hastalıklar kolaylıkla anlaşılabilir. E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma sürecini etkileyen veya kişinin yemek yemesini engelleyen hastalıkların çoğu, kişinin sağlık öyküsünden anlaşılmaktadır. 12) As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Geçmişteki pek çok biyoloğun, eserlerinde, süngerlerden bitki olarak söz etmesinin nedeni, bu canlıların bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Geçmişteki biyologların eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolayısıyla bitkilerle aynı grupta ele alınıyordu. C) Geçmişteki pek çok biyoloğun eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla, süngerler bir yerden birnyere hareket etmediği için onların bitki olduğu sanılıyordu. D) Geçmişte, süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için bitki olarak kabul edildiği halde, pek çok biyolog bu görüşe eserlerinde yer vermemiştir. E) Süngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri için, geçmişte bitki olarak sınıflanıyordu; fakat birçok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanlış olduğunu belirtmektedir. 13) Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War I, Poland declared its independence on November 11, 1918, and on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Versailles. A) I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman orduları tarafından işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş olsa da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınması, 20 Haziran 1919’da imzalanan Versailles Antlaşması’yla gerçekleşmiştir. B) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiştir; ancak bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da kesinleşmiştir. C) Polonya, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrasa da 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve bir devlet olarak bağımsızlığı, 20 Haziran 1919’da Versailles Antlaşması’yla kesinleşmiştir. D) I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Avusturya-Alman ordularının işgaline uğrayan Polonya, Versailles Antlaşması’na göre, bağımsızlığını 11 Kasım 1918’de ilân etmiş ve 20 Haziran 1919’da da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. E) Avusturya-Alman ordularınca I. Dünya Savaşı’nda işgal edilmiş olan Polonya, 11 Kasım 1918’de bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş ve Versailles Antlaşması’yla 20 Haziran 1919’da bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmıştır. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 42 14) James Joyce, whom Samuel Beckett knew in Paris in the 1920s, had a great impact on Beckett’s thinking regarding the art of writing. A) Samuel Beckett’in 1920’lerde Paris’te tanıdığı James Joyce’un, Beckett’in yazma sanatıyla ilgili düşünceleri üzerinde büyük bir etkisi oldu. B) James Joyce’un yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerinden çok etkilenen Samuel Beckett, onu 1920’lerde Paris’te tanımıştı. C) Samuel Beckett 1920’lerde James Joyce’la Paris’te tanıştıktan sonra, yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri bir ölçüde değişti. D) James Joyce 1920’lerde Paris’te tanıdığı Samuel Beckett’in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşüncelerini büyük ölçüde etkiledi. E) 1920’lerde Paris’te yaşayan Samuel Beckett’in yazma sanatı konusundaki düşünceleri James Joyce sayesinde tamamıyla değişti. 15) When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, çoğu Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılıyordu. B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, bekleme salonu Avusturya’dan getirtilen sobalarla ısıtılıyor ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılıyordu. C) 3 Kasım 1890’da, bekleme salonu hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan ve Avusturya’dan ithal edilen sobalarla ısıtılan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girdiğinde, hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonunu ısıtmak için Avusturya’dan soba ithal edilmişti. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalarıyla ısıtılan ve hava gazı lambalarıyla aydınlatılan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasım 1890’da hizmete girmişti. 16) Kuzey İrlanda, Birleşik Krallığın ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır; ancak, 1920’de İrlanda’nın Yönetimi Yasası’na konmuş olan hükümlere göre, yarı özerk bir yönetime sahiptir. A) Northern Ireland constitutes a major part of the United Kingdom even though, according to the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, it is governed semi-autonomously. B) According to the terms of the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, Northern Ireland makes up a significant part of the United Kingdom despite the fact that its government is semiautonnomous C) Northern Ireland is an integral part of the United Kingdom, but, in accordance with the provisions made in 1920 in the Government of Ireland Act, it has a semi-autonomous government. D) Northern Ireland is regarded as an essential part of the United Kingdom and, under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, is administered by a semi-autonomous government. E) According to the provisions made in the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, Northern Ireland, which is an inseparable part of the United Kingdom, has a semi-autonomous administration. 17) Patara’da pek çok pansiyon ve birkaç görkemli otel olmasına rağmen, geleneksel köy yaşamı hâlâ devam etmektedir. A) Patara boasts various pensions and a number of magnificent hotels even though village life continues here in a traditional way. B) Despite a number of pensions and some excellent hotels, Patara is still a village which has a traditional way of life. C) Though a village where traditional life still goes on, Patara has a great number of pensions and several luxurious hotels. D) Although in Patara there are many pensions and a few splendid hotels, traditional village life still continues. E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a village where life goes on in a traditional manner. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 43 18) On altıncı yüzyılın ilk yarısında Fransa kralı olan François, ülkesini Avrupa’da önde gelen bir güç yapmayı düşlemiş, ancak Avusturya imparatoru V. Charles tarafından engellenmiştir. A) The French king François I, who had the dream of making his country Europe’s dominant power in the first half of the sixteenth century, was opposed by the Austrian emperor Charles V. B) François I, the king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, dreamt of making his country a leading power in Europe but was prevented by Charles V, emperor of Austria. C) Charles V, the emperor of Austria, stood up against François I, the king of France, who dreamt of making his country a major European power in the first half of the sixteenth century. D) François I, the king of France, had the dream of turning his country into the chief European power in the first half of the sixteenth century although he was opposed by Charles V, emperor of Austria. E) The king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, François I, dreamt of making his country one of the major powers in Europe but was dissuaded by the Austrian emperor Charles V. 19) On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında X ışınları keşfedildiğinde, bilim adamları benzer tür başka ışınlar bulmak için hemen yoğun araştırmalara giriştiler. A) It was in the late nineteenth century that, following the discovery of X-rays, scientists suddenly embarked on a serious research programme to trace various other similar rays. B) Following the discovery of X-rays in the nineteenth century, comprehensive research was soon undertaken by scientists in order to detect other rays of the same kind. C) Towards the end of the nineteenth century, when X-rays were discovered, scientists were already involved in extensive research in order to study other kinds of rays. D) The discovery of X-rays in the late nineteenth century motivated scientists to carry out exhaustive research in order to detect other types of rays. E) When X-rays were discovered in the late nineteenth century, scientists immediately set out on intensive research to find other similar types of rays. 20) Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılışından sonra, İmparatorluğun bir parçası olan Avusturya, Slav kökenli çeşitli milletlerce istila edilmiştir. A) Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had constituted part of the Empire, was settled by different peoples of Slavic origin. B) In the aftermath of the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been one of the regions of the Empire, was overrun by a number of originally Slavic peoples. C) Soon after the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a region of the Empire, was conquered by various nations, mostly of Slavic origin. D) After the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a part of the Empire, was invaded by various nations of Slavic origin. E) When the Roman Empire fell, a number of nations of Slavic origin had already invaded Austria, which was part of the Empire. 21) More than any other factor in human history, culture has made homo sapiens a unique force in the history of life on Earth. A) İnsanlık tarihindeki diğer etkenlerden herhangi biri kadar etkili olan kültür, homo sapiens’i yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin tek gücüne dönüştürmüştür. B) Kültür, insanlık tarihindeki başka herhangi bir etkenden daha fazla, homo sapiens’i, yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinde emsalsiz bir güç yapmıştır. C) Yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin eşsiz bir gücü olan homo sapiens’in insanlık tarihinde başka bir etkenden daha çok önem kazanması, kültür ile mümkün olmuştur. D) İnsanlık tarihinde herhangi bir etkenden daha önemli olan kültür vasıtasıyla, homo sapiens, yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihindeki tek güç olmuştur. E) İnsanlık tarihinde başka etkenlerin yanı sıra kültür olmasaydı, homo sapiens yeryüzündeki yaşam tarihinin emsalsiz gücü olamazdı. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 44 22) It is time to recall that the European Union was founded on the basis of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, including the right to a fair trial. A) Bir kez daha anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği’nin temeli, insan haklarına, temel özgürlüklere ve adil yargılanma hakkını da içeren hukukun üstünlüğüne dayalıdır. B) Her zaman anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği’nin dayandığı temel, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve buna bağlı adil yargılanma hakkıdır. C) İnsan hakları, temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve bunun bir parçası olan adil yargılanma hakkının, Avrupa Birliği’nin temelini oluşturduğu hususu her zaman anımsanmalıdır. D) Avrupa Birliği’nin, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler ve, adil yargılanma hakkı dahil, hukukun üstünlüğü temeli üzerine kurulduğunu anımsamanın zamanıdır. E) Avrupa Birliği’nin temelinde, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, adil yargılanma hakkı ve hukukun üstünlüğünün olduğunu anımsamanın tam zamanıdır. 23) Do you think there is anywhere in the world where the left remains a vibrant and progressive force? A) Solun, dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde varlığını sürdüren dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olduğunu mu düşünüyorsunuz? B) Dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak solun, dünyadaki herhangi bir yerde hâlâ varlığını sürdürdüğünü mü sanıyorsunuz? C) Sanıyor musunuz ki bir zamanların dinamik ve ilerici gücü olan sol, dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde varlığını sürdürmektedir? D) Solun, eskisi gibi dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak dünyanın herhangi bir yerinde varlığını sürdürdüğünü mü sanıyorsunuz? E) Dünyada, solun dinamik ve ilerici bir güç olarak varlığını sürdürdüğü herhangi bir yer olduğunu düşünüyor musunuz? 24) Temples were the most important public buildings in ancient Greece, because religion was a central part of daily life. A) Eski Yunan’da tapınaklar en önemli kamu binalarıydı; çünkü din, günlük yaşamın temel bir parçasıydı. B) Din günlük yaşamın temelini oluşturduğu için, tapınaklar eski Yunan’da en önemli kamu binaları olarak kabul ediliyordu. C) Eski Yunan’da günlük yaşamın büyük ölçüde dine dayanması, tapınakların neden en önemli kamu binaları olduğunu açıklıyor. D) Eski Yunan’da dinin günlük yaşamın temel bir parçası olması, tapınakları kamu binalarının en önemlisi haline getirmişti. E) Eski Yunan’da, en önemli kamu binaları olan tapınaklarda sürdürülen dinî faaliyetler günlük yaşamın en temel parçasıydı. 25) In the last century, much attention was given to the language of literature and the question of whether there was in fact a separate literary language. A) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve gerçekte apayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusu üzerinde önemle durulmuştur. B) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat dili çok ilgi çekmiş ve apayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusu hep tartışılmıştır. C) Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat diline ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusuna çok ilgi gösterilmiştir. D) Edebiyat dilinin ne olduğu ve apayrı bir edebî dilin gerçekten var olup olmadığı sorusu, geçen yüzyılda çok ilgi çekmiştir. E) Edebiyat dili geçen yüzyılda çok tartışılmıştır ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebî dilin olup olmadığı sorusu ele alınmıştır. 26) Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tüm alanlarda muazzam bir genişleme sağlayan, genç bir sosyal bilimdir. A) Linguistics, which is, in a sense, a young social science, has expanded in every area in recent times. B) Linguistics is a young social science, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a somewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all fields has been remarkable. E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, is in fact a young social science. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 45 27) Shakespeare’in ailesi, idamı, 13. yüzyıl ortasında kayda geçmiş olan Warwickshire’lı eşkiya William Sakspere’e dayanmaktadır. A) It is to William Sakspere, a Warwickshire robber in the mid-13th century, whose hanging is recorded, that Shakespeare’s family is related. B) William Sakspere was a mid-13th century Warwickshire robber whose hanging was recorded and to whom Shakespeare’s family can be traced. C) Shakespeare’s family can be traced back to a Warwickshire robber, William Sakspere, who was hung some time in the mid-13th century. D) Shakespeare’s family goes back to the Warwickshire robber William Sakspere, whose hanging was recorded in the mid-13th century. E) Shakespeare’s family has been traced back to William Sakspere, a Warwickshire robber, whose hanging in the mid-13th century was recorded. 28) Yaşlıların gençleri sayıca geçeceği bir gelecekten korkan pek çok hükûmet, insanları çocuk sahibi olmaya teşvik etmek için ne gerekiyorsa yapmaktadır. A) Fearful of a future in which the elderly outnumber the young, many governments are doing whatever they can to encourage people to have children. B) Most governments, afraid of a future in which there are more elderly than young people, are taking whatever measures they can in order to persuade people to have more children. C) In order to urge people to have more and more children, a number of governments, which fear that the elderly will outnumber the young in the future, are introducing whatever incentives they can. D) Various governments fear a future in which the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, and are hence doing their best in order to convince people to have children. E) Since governments are afraid that, in the future, the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, they are doing all they can so that people may have more children. 29) Elmaslar, muhteşem güzellikleri için çok şiddetle arzu edilir, ancak basit gerçek şu ki onlar sadece sıkıştırılmış kristalize karbondur. A) Because of their wonderful beauty, one always has a great desire for diamonds, but the truth is that they are no more than just compressed crystallized carbon. B) Although diamonds are always desired for their exceptional beauty, in fact they are really only compressed crystallized carbon. C) Diamonds are much coveted for their exquisite beauty, but the simple truth is that they are just compressed crystallized carbon. D) Invariably one has a strong urge for diamonds because of their extreme beauty even though in truth, they are only compressed crystallized carbon. E) In fact, diamonds are merely compressed crystallized carbon, but there is always a widespread desire for them due to their magnificent beauty. 30) ABD, Arap petrolünün serbest akışını sağlamak için askerî güç dahil gerekli her vasıtayı kullanmaya kendini resmen bağımlı kılmıştır. A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil, the USA has officially decided to resort to any means imaginable, including military force. B) The USA is officially committed to the use of any means necessary, including military force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil. C) It is a determined policy of the USA to make sure, through the official use of any means, including military force, that Arab oil flows freely. D) The USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) It is the official policy of the USA to ensure the free flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 46 31) More than half of the work force walked out yesterday after the company announced it would close the plant to save millions of dollars. A) İş gücünün yarısından fazlası dün iş yerini terk edince, şirket, milyonlarca dolar tasarruf etmek amacıyla fabrikayı kapatabileceğini belirtti. B) Milyonlarca doları kurtarmak için, şirket, fabrikayı kapatacağını açıklayınca, iş gücünün yaklaşık yarısı dün iş yerini terk etti. C) Şirketin, milyonlarca doları kurtarmak için, fabrikayı kapatacağını bildirmesi üzerine, iş gücünün yarıya yakını dün işi bırakıp gitti. D) Şirket, milyonlarca dolar tasarruf etmek için, fabrikayı kapatacağını ilan ettikten sonra, iş gücünün yarısından fazlası dün iş bıraktı. E) Dün iş gücünün yarısına yakını iş bıraktığı için, şirket, fabrikayı kapatacağını ve böylelikle milyonlarca dolar tasarruf edeceğini açıkladı. 32) Pressure groups are informal political institutions which, just like parties, seek to influence the decision-making process. A) Baskı grupları, karar alma sürecini, tıpkı partiler gibi etkilemek için çaba gösteren gayriresmî siyasal kuruluşlardır. B) Gayriresmî siyasal kuruluşlar olan baskı grupları tıpkı partiler gibi karar alma sürecini etkilemeyi amaçlarlar. C) Karar alma sürecini etkileme amacını güden çeşitli baskı grupları, gayriresmî siyasal kuruluşlar olup partilere benzemektedir. D) Partilere çok benzeyen baskı grupları, gayriresmî siyasal kuruluşlardır ve karar alma sürecini etkilemeye çalışırlar. E) Tıpkı partiler gibi baskı grupları da karar alma sürecini etkileyen gayriresmî siyasal kuruluşlardır. 33) In the 1970s in Britain, it seemed that union power had grown to the point where union leaders were amongst the most influential political figures in the country. A) 1970’li yıllarda İngiltere’de sendika gücü, sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmesine yol açacak bir noktaya gelmişti. B) 1970’lerin İngiltere’sinde sendika gücü o kadar artmıştı ki sendika liderleri ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişileri gibi algılanıyordu. C) 1970’li yıllarda İngiltere’de, sendika liderlerinin ülkedeki en etkili siyasal kişilermiş gibi görünmesinin nedeni, sendika gücünün aşırı bir noktaya gelmiş olmasıydı. D) Sendika gücü 1970’ler İngiltere’sinde öyle bir noktaya gelmişti ki sendika liderleri, ülkenin en etkili siyasal kişilerinden sayılıyordu. E) 1970’lerde İngiltere’de sendika gücü, sendika liderlerinin ülkede en etkili siyasal kişiler arasında olma noktasına ulaşmış gibi görünüyordu. 34) During World War II many Britons believed that Churchill was clearly the man to lead the country to final victory, but few expected him to go on after the war. A) II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak kişilerden birinin Churchill olduğuna inanan birçok İngiliz, onun savaştan sonra da liderliğini sürdüreceğini düşünüyordu. B) İngilizlerin çoğu, Churchill’in, II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ülkeyi nihaî zafere ulaştıracak kişi olduğuna inanmışsa da birkaçı onun savaştan sonra görevini sürdüreceğini sanıyordu. C) II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında pek çok İngiliz, Churchill’in kesinlikle ülkeyi nihaî zafere götürecek kişi olduğuna inanıyor, ancak çok azı onun savaştan sonra devam etmesini umuyordu. D) II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca çoğu İngiliz, ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak tek kişi olan Churchill’in, savaş sonrasında da görevini sürdüreceğini umuyordu. E) Churchill’in II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkeyi mutlak zafere ulaştıracak adam olduğuna kesinlikle inanan pek çok İngilize karşın sadece birkaç İngiliz onun savaş sonrasında da devam etmesini bekliyordu. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 47 35) A new approach that is being tested in the treatment of cancer is the possibility of mobilizing the immune system to attack tumour cells. A) Kanser tedavisinde denenmekte olan yeni bir yaklaşım, tümör hücrelerine saldırması için bağışıklık sistemini harekete geçirme olasılığıdır. B) Bağışıklık sistemini harekete geçirerek tümör hücrelerini yok etmek, kanser tedavisinde uygulamaya konulan yeni bir yaklaşımdır. C) Tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmek için bağışıklık sisteminin etkisini artırmak, kanser tedavisinde üzerinde durulan yeni bir yaklaşımdır. D) Kanser tedavisinde ortaya konan yeni bir yaklaşıma göre, tümör hücreleri ile mücadele etmek için bağışıklık sistemini tümden etkili kılmak gerekir. E) Kanser tedavisinde üzerinde durulan yeni bir yaklaşım, bağışıklık sisteminin etkisinden yararlanarak tümör hücrelerini yok edebilmektir. 36) Yıllık olarak üretilen 67 milyon ton dokuma ipliğinin yarısından fazlası petrolden elde edilen sentetiklerdir. A) Half of the synthetics produced from petroleum within a year make up more than 67 million tons of textile fibres. B) Annually, 67 million tons of textile fibres are produced, almost half of which are synthetics based on petroleum. C) About half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres which are produced in a year are synthetics made essentially from petroleum. D) More than half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres produced annually are synthetics made from petroleum. E) Petroleum-based synthetics account for about half of the annual production of textile fibres, which amounts to 67 million tons. 37) Bildiğimiz gibi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri anayasasına göre, Kongre sınırsız bir yasama yetkisine sahip değildir. A) As far as we know, the Constitution of the United States of America does not grant to Congress unlimited powers for legislation. B) As we know, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress does not have unlimited power of legislation. C) We know that, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress cannot exercise unlimited power for legislation. D) As is well known to us all, Congress is denied by the Constitution of the United States of America the right to use unlimited power for legislation. E) As we all know, Congress’s unlimited power of legislation has been curtailed by the Constitution of the United States of America. 38) Kadınların bilimsel araştırmalardaki durumuna ilişkin olarak denilebilir ki temel sorun, kadınları bilime çekmek değil, ancak yetiştirildikten sonra onları bilim içinde tutabilmektir. A) On the part women play in scientific studies, it is to be emphasized that the initial problem is not if women find science attractive but if they can be involved in it after their training. B) One may argue about the position of women in scientific studies that the major problem is not how to attract women into science, but how to employ them as soon as they complete their training. C) With reference to the role of women in science, it must be stated that the primary problem is not whether women can take part in scientific research but whether they can be relied on after they have been trained. D) As for the role of women in scientific research, one can maintain that the ultimate problem is not whether science is attractive to women but whether, following their training, they can contribute to it. E) As regards the status of women in scientific research, it may be said that the fundamental problem is not attracting them to science but retaining them in science after they have been trained. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 48 39) Uyku hapları, özellikle birkaç haftadan daha uzun süre veya yüksek dozlarda düzenli olarak kullanıldığında, bazı insanlarda bağımlılığa neden olabilir. A) When people take sleeping pills regularly at particularly high doses for much longer than one or two weeks, they become very dependent on these medicines. B) If sleeping pills are used regularly at high doses for a few weeks or longer, some people in particular can develop an addiction to them. C) Sleeping pills, especially when used regularly for longer than a few weeks or at high doses, can cause dependency in some people. D) So long as sleeping pills are taken at very high doses for several weeks or longer, they can cause dependency in a number of people. E) Some people can be particularly addicted to sleeping pills when used at high doses or for much longer than several weeks. 40) Bazı siyaset bilimciler, üyeleri arasında derin duygusal ilişkilerin var olduğu ailenin, ufak çapta siyasal bir sistem gibi olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. A) Some political scientists have argued that the family, in which deep emotional relationships exist between members, is like a political system in miniature. B) In the opinion of various political scientists, the family, which consists of members with deep emotional relationships, can be compared to a minor political system. C) As a few political scientists have argued, the family reminds one of a political system in miniature, in which members have deep emotional ties. D) As pointed out by a number of political scientists, the family, whose members are emotionally bound together, resembles a minor political system. E) Some of the political scientists present have suggested that the family, in which members maintain strong emotional ties with each other, is similar to a small political system. 41) People spend energy when they are physically active, but they also spend energy when they are resting quietly. A) İnsanlar, bedensel olarak etkin olduklarında enerji harcarlar, ama sakin bir şekilde dinlenirlerken de enerji harcarlar. B) İnsanların bedensel olarak etkin olması, onların enerji harcamalarına yol açar; ancak, hiç hareket etmediklerinde de enerji harcarlar. C) Bedensel olarak etkin olduklarında enerji harcayan insanlar, sakin olduklarında da enerji harcarlar. D) İnsanlar, bedensel etkinlikte bulunurlarsa enerji harcaması olur, ama hiç hareket etmezlerse de enerji harcaması olur. E) Bedensel etkinlikte bulunan insanlar enerji harcarlar; ancak, bu insanların enerjileri dinlendiklerinde de harcanır. 42) Many people believe that an ulcer is caused by stress or spicy foods, but this is not the case. A) Stresin veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin ülsere neden olduğu çoğu insanın kanısıdır, fakat bu hiç de doğru değildir. B) Birçok insan, ülserin oluşmasında stresin veya baharatlı gıdaların etkili olduğuna inansa da, gerçek durum böyle değildir. C) Çok sayıda insanın inancına göre, stres veya baharatlı gıdalar sıklıkla ülsere yol açmaktadır, ancak durum öyle değildir. D) Pek çok insan, ülserin, stres veya baharatlı gıdalar nedeniyle oluştuğuna inanır, ancak durum böyle değildir. E) Ülserin özellikle stresin veya baharatlı yiyeceklerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığına birçok insan inanmaktadır, ancak işin gerçeği bu değildir. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 49 43) In addition to traffic fatalities, alcohol use has been implicated in many other deaths among young people, including drownings, falls, suicides, and homicides. A) Gençler arasında alkol kullanımı, trafik ölümlerinden başka, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer ölüm türlerinin de nedeni olmuştur. B) Gençler arasındaki alkol kullanımı, trafik ölümlerinin yanı sıra, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer pek çok çeşit ölüme yol açabilmektedir. C) Alkol kullanımı, gençler arasında, trafik ölümlerine ek olarak, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler dahil diğer birçok ölümün nedeni olmuştur. D) Trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler, alkol kullanımı nedeniyle gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleridir. E) Alkol kullanımı nedeniyle, trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer ölüm biçimleri, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetlerdir. 44) We are proud to be part of a programme that gives these often overlooked but extremely talented athletes long-overdue recognition. A) Son derece yetenekli olsalar da bugüne kadar ihmal edilmiş olan bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibar, katılmaktan bizim de kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla sağlanmaktadır. B) Bizim de gururla dahil olduğumuz program, bugüne kadar unutulmuş, ancak üstün yeteneklere sahip tüm bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlamaktadır. C) Biz hepimiz, çoğu kez önemsenmemiş, ancak üstün yetenekleri olan tüm bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programda yer almaktan son derece kıvançlıyız. D) İçinde yer almaktan son derece kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla, bugüne kadar önemsenmeyen, ancak yetenekleri en üstün olan bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibar sağlanmaktadır. E) Biz, çoğu kez önem verilmemiş, ancak son derece yetenekli bu atletlere çoktan hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programın parçası olmaktan gurur duyuyoruz. 45) The purpose of this training is to accustom the soldiers of the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces to working in a dangerous but largely civilian environment. A) Bu eğitimle, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede çalışma ve görev yapmaları amaçlanmaktadır. B) Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini tehlikeli ancak sivil bir çevrede görev yapmaya alıştırmak bu eğitimin asıl amacını oluşturmaktadır. C) Bu eğitimin amacı, tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin görevlerini yerine getirmelerini sağlamaktır. D) Bu eğitimin amacı, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini, tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede çalışmaya alıştırmaktır. E) Bu eğitimle amaçlanan, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerinin son derece tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede görev için çalışmalarını sağlamaktır. 46) 1996’da bir Güney Kore araştırma gemisi, Güney Korelilerin “Dokdo,” Japonların ise “Takeshima” dedikleri bir grup adaya yakın ihtilâflı sulara girerek Japonya’nın öfkesine yol açtı. A) In 1996, a South Korean research vessel aroused Japanese anger by entering disputed waters near a group of islands that the South Koreans call “Dokdo” and the Japanese “Takeshima”. B) It was in 1996 that, when a South Korean research vessel entered disputed waters around a group of islands called “Dokdo” by the South Koreans and “Takeshima” by the Japanese, the Japanese people got exceedingly angry. C) Upon the entry of a South Korean research vessel in 1996 into disputed waters surrounding a group of islands which the South Koreans call “Dokdo” and the Japanese “Takeshima,” a great deal of anger was aroused among the Japanese people. D) In 1996, the Japanese people were angered since a South Korean research vessel had entered disputed waters near a group of islands called “Dokdo” by the South Koreans, and “Takeshima” by the Japanese. E) In 1996, disputed waters surrounding a group of islands, which the South Koreans call “Dokdo” and the Japanese “Takeshima,” were entered by a South Korean research vessel, causing much anger in Japan. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 50 47) Göğüs kanseri hakkındaki korkunun bir kısmı, bu hastalığın tehlikelerine ilişkin yanlış bilgiye ve yanlış anlamaya dayanmaktadır. A) There is so much misinformation as well as misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer that it has led to a great deal of fear about this disease. B) Misinformation and misunderstanding with regard to the risks of breast cancer have caused people to fear this disease. C) The risks of breast cancer are such that misinformation and misunderstanding about this disease have been the cause of much fear. D) Some of the fear about breast cancer is based on misinformation and misunderstanding concerning the risks of this disease. E) Breast cancer involves various risks, but some of the fear about this disease mainly derives from misinformation and misunderstanding concerning it. 48) Siyasî bir dahi, ancak bir ekonomi amatörü olan Başkan Bill Clinton’ın en kayda değer başarısı, Beyaz Saray’da bulunduğu sekiz yıl boyunca, Amerika’nın ekonomik temeline gerçekten yeni bir güç katılmasıdır. A) During the eight years President Bill Clinton was in the White House, the American economic base was remarkably strengthened by the truly new power which, as an economic amateur, but a political genius, he put into it. B) During his eight years in the White House, President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, achieved great success by adding a great deal of new power to the heart of the American economy. C) As a political genius, but an economic amateur, President Bill Clinton’s most controversial success was in fact the new power which he injected into the core of the American economy during his eight years in the White House. D) During the eight years he spent in the White House, President Bill Clinton, a political genius, though an economic amateur, put real new power into America’s economic base. E) The most remarkable achievement of President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, was that, during the eight years he was in the White House, truly new power was added to America’s economic base. 49) İklim değişikliği ile ilgili çoğu bilim adamı, kentlerin, çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve bulut oluşumuna neden olan dikey hava akımları yarattığı görüşündedir. A) Most scientists concerned with climate change are of the opinion that cities are hotter than their surroundings and create updrafts of air causing cloud formation. B) A number of scientists dealing with climate change maintain that, as cities are much hotter than the surrounding environment, updrafts of air occur over them and lead to cloud formation. C) As many scientists studying climate change have suggested, since cities are relatively warmer than their surroundings, there are updrafts of air over them which bring about cloud formation. D) Many scientists who are experts in climate change are convinced that cloud formation results from updrafts of air over cities, which are usually hotter than their surroundings. E) A lot of scientists who are specialists in climate change have argued that, because cities are far hotter than their surroundings, this causes updrafts of air which lead to cloud formation. 50) Çoğu oyunda, bize sunulan dünya ne denli gerçek dışı olursa olsun, bizden onu geçici olarak gerçek dünya gibi görmemiz beklenir. A) In a variety of plays, the world presented to us may be unreal, but it is expected that, at least temporarily, we take it for the real world. B) In most plays, however unreal may be the world presented to us, we are expected to regard it temporarily as the real world. C) The world presented to us in most plays may be unreal, even though we are expected to consider it for some time to be the real world. D) In a number of plays, we are presented with an unreal world, which is to be understood by us, at least for a certain period, as the real world. E) We are expected temporarily to take for real the unreal world which we see presented in most plays. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 51 51) In 1979, when its alliance with Great Britain ended, Malta sought to guarantee its neutrality through agreements with other countries. A) Malta, İngiltere ile ittifakının sona erdiği 1979’da, başka ülkelerle antlaşmalar yaparak tarafsızlığını güvence altına almaya çalışmıştır. B) Malta, 1979’da İngiltere ile ittifakına son vererek, tarafsızlığını güvence altına almak için birçok ülke ile antlaşmalar yapmıştır. C) Tarafsızlığını güvence altına almak amacıyla çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapan Malta, İngiltere ile olan ittifakına 1979’da son verdi. D) İngiltere ile olan ittifakı 1979’da sona eren Malta, başka ülkelerle antlaşmalar yapmış ve tarafsızlığını güvence altına almıştır. E) Çeşitli ülkelerle antlaşmalar yaparak tarafsızlığını güvence altına alan Malta, İngiltere ile olan ittifakını 1979’da bitirmiştir. 52) In February 1994, the US lifted its trade embargo on Vietnam, which had been in place since it entered the war. A) ABD, savaşa girdiğinden beri Vietnam üzerinde uyguladığı ticaret ablukasını ancak Şubat 1994’ te kaldırabilmiştir. B) ABD’nin Şubat 1994’te Vietnam üzerinden kaldırdığı ticaret ablukası, savaşa girdiği yıldan beri uygulanmaktaydı. C) 1994 Şubat’ında Vietnam üzerinden kaldırılan ticaret ablukasını, ABD, savaşa girdikten sonra uygulamaya başlamıştı. D) ABD, Şubat 1994’te, savaşa girdiğinden beri Vietnam üzerinde uygulamış olduğu ticaret ablukasını kaldırmıştır. E) Şubat 1994’te Vietnam üzerinden kaldırılan ticaret ablukası, ABD’nin savaşa girmesinden beri uygulanıyordu. 53) In Egypt, a number of oil deposits have been discovered in recent years, but it is unlikely that oil will play a major role in the country’s economy in the near future. A) Son yıllarda Mısır’da birçok petrol yatakları keşfedilmiştir, ancak petrolün, yakın gelecekte ülke ekonomisinde önemli bir rol oynaması muhtemel değildir. B) Mısır’da son yıllarda birtakım petrol havzaları bulunmuş olsa da petrolün, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte oynayacağı rol çok önemli olmayacaktır. C) Son yıllarda Mısır’da, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli rol oynaması muhtemel olan pek çok petrol havzası keşfedilmiştir. D) Son yıllarda Mısır’da keşfedilen petrol yataklarının, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol oynaması ihtimal dışındadır. E) Mısır’da, ülke ekonomisinde yakın gelecekte önemli bir rol oynaması muhtemel olmayan petrol yatakları son yıllarda ortaya çıkarılmıştır. 54) Albania remained under Turkish rule for more than four hundred years until it proclaimed its independence on 28 November 1912. A) Arnavutluk, dört yüz yıl Türk yönetiminde kaldıktan sonra, 28 Kasım 1912’de bağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. B) Dört yüz yıldan daha fazla Türk yönetiminde kalmış olan Arnavutluk, bağımsızlığını 28 Kasım 1912’de elde etmiştir. C) Bağımsızlığına 28 Kasım 1912’de kavuşan Arnavutluk, dört yüz yılı aşkın bir süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır. D) Arnavutluk, her ne kadar bağımsızlığını 28 Kasım 1912’de elde etmişse de, dört yüz yıldan fazla bir süre Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır. E) Arnavutluk, 28 Kasım 1912’de bağımsızlığını ilân edinceye kadar, dört yüz yıldan fazla Türk yönetiminde kalmıştır. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 52 55) The lungs are particularly prone to allergic reactions because they are exposed to large quantities of airborne antigens, including dusts, pollens, and chemicals. A) Akciğerler, toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil havadan gelen çeşitli antijenlere fazlasıyla açık oldukları için alerjik reaksiyonlardan çok etkilenirler. B) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile gelen pek çok antijene açık olan akciğerler, alerjik reaksiyonlara oldukça yatkındırlar. C) Alerjik reaksiyonlara fazlasıyla yatkın olan akciğerler, hava ile taşınan toz, polen ve kimyasalların da arasında bulunduğu çok sayıda antijene açıktırlar. D) Akciğerler alerjik reaksiyonlara özellikle yatkındır, çünkü toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil hava ile taşınan büyük miktardaki antijenlere açıktırlar. E) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile taşınan pek çok antijen, daima bunlara açık olan akciğerlerde alerjik reaksiyonlara yol açar. 56) Sürücüsüz metroları, kişi başına düşen 25.200 dolarlık millî geliri ve tıkır tıkır işleyen ticaret merkezleri ile Singapur, Asya’nın en Batılılaşmış şehirleri arasındadır. A) With its driverless subways, $25,200 per capita income and smoothly running business centres, Singapore is among the most westernized cities in Asia. B) One of the most westernized cities in Asia is Singapore, for it has driverless subways, $25,200 per capita income and smoothly running business centres. C) It is because of the driverless subways, $25,200 per capita income and smoothly running business centres that Singapore is one of the most westernized cities in Asia. D) Singapore remains the most westernized city in Asia with driverless subways, $25,200 per capita income and smoothly running business centres. E) The reason why Singapore is regarded as one of the most westernized cities in Asia is that it has driverless subways, $25,200 per capita income and smoothly running business centres. 57) Çevredeki değişikliklerin, beyinlerimizde zamanın öznel biçimde algılanmasına nasıl yol açtığı sorusu, ruhbilimcileri ve beyin araştırmacılarını düşündürmeye devam etmektedir. A) Psychologists and brain researchers have recently started to wonder how changes in the environment cause the brain to experience time subjectively. B) The question of how changes in the environment give rise to the subjective experience of time in our brains continues to preoccupy psychologists and brain researchers. C) How changes in the environment can lead to the subjective experience of time in our brains is a matter of discussion among psychologists and brain researchers. D) The subjective time experience of our brains resulting from environmental changes has long been a controversial issue among psychologists and brain researchers. E) The reasons behind the subjective perception of time by the brain have not yet been explained by psychologists or brain researchers. 58) İster kendinden emin büyük çocuk, ister çok yönlü ortanca çocuk olun, aile içindeki konumunuz iş seçiminizden evliliğinizin ne kadar başarılı olduğuna kadar her şeyi etkileyebilir. A) Everything, from your choice of career to the success of your marriage, is determined by whether you were born as a confident first child or as a resourceful younger child. B) No matter what your position in the family may be, your choice of career and the success of your marriage depend highly on whether you have been a confident elder child or a resourceful middle child. C) Whether you are a confident first-born or a resourceful middle child, your position in the family can affect everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is. D) It seriously matters, both as regards your career and the success of your marriage, whether you were born the confident elder child or the resourceful middle child of the family. E) Even if you are a confident first child rather than a resourceful middle child, everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is will be affected by your position in the family. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 53 59) Eğer Rusya ve Amerika’nın yoğun nükleer silahlarını ortadan kaldırmak için daha fazla bir şey yapılmazsa, Kuzey Kutup bölgesi yeniden bir nükleer cephe haline gelebilir. A) Unless further steps are taken to dismantle their extensive nuclear arms, the Arctic may become a nuclear front again for Russia and the US. B) If nothing further is done to dismantle the extensive Russian and US nuclear arms, the Arctic could once again become a nuclear front. C) In order for the Arctic to become a nuclear front again, something must be done to reduce the vast amount of nuclear weapons of Russia and the US. D) Whether or not the Arctic is to become a nuclear front again, Russia and the US must reduce their nuclear arms. E) Should Russian and US plans for turning the Arctic once more into a nuclear front be put into effect, both countries will have to reduce the amount of nuclear power. 60) Gladyatör dövüşleri ilk kez Roma’da, M.Ö. 264 yılında, Junius Brutus’un oğulları tarafından babalarının anısına düzenlenmiştir. A) Gladiator fights were first organized in Rome in the year 264 B.C. by the sons of Junius Brutus in memory of their father. B) The gladiator fights, which were held in Rome in 264 B.C. for the first time, were organized by the sons of Junius Brutus as they wanted to commemorate their father. C) The sons of Junius Brutus, who organized gladiator fights in Rome in the year 264 B.C. for the first time, did so in memory of their father. D) Gladiator fights date back to 264 B.C., when the sons of Junius Brutus first organized a ritual of sacrifice in Rome in memory of their father. E) The origin of gladiator fights goes back to 264 B.C., when the sons of Junius Brutus wished to honour the memory of their father in this way in Rome. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 54 PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA 1) Mollusks can be found in virtually every habitat on Earth and range in size from microscopic to more than 10 m long. ----. But others, the octopus for instance, are considered to be delicacies. A) They are indeed an extremely fascinating group of creatures B) Not all of them, however, are encased in a shell C) All the mollusks are invertebrate animals D) Some, like the snails in our gardens, are regarded as pests E) The octopus even has problem-solving abilities 2) Archaeologists have a duty, both to colleagues and to the general public, to explain what they are doing and why. ----. Further, their work can also be enjoyed by the wider public which, after all, has usually paid the bill for the work, however indirectly. A) Up to 60 per cent of modern excavations apparently remain unpublished B) Archaeologists often prefer to dig new sites rather than devote time to laborious postexcavation analysis C) Many projects depend upon the willing hands of amateur enthusiasts D) Unfortunately, some archaeologists hoard their finds and prevent colleagues from gaining access to them E) Basically, this means publishing the discoveries so that the results are available to other scholars 3) Well into the 1860s the American West remained divided from the East by the harsh nature of the country’s interior. ----. Their aim was to build a railroad across the formidable mountainous lands of the Sierra Nevada. They were ridiculed on all sides, but the ambitious enterprise eventually succeeded. A) Their high-flying goal comes with similarly steep challenges B) Top engineers had agreed that the Sierra Nevada could not be crossed by road or rail C) Naturally, politicians were not in favour of uniting East and West D) Then four merchants began raising money to fund a seemingly impossible project E) The high peaks of the Sierra Nevada were acknowledged as being impassable 4) In the annals of computing, nothing has caused as much disappointment as putting ideas on paper. ----. However, with the coming of the inkjet printer it was soon possible to print really highquality images. A) For decades, printing computer files was a thankless task for users seeking to reproduce precisely what they saw on their screens B) To start with, thermal inkjets were no match for the costlier laser printers that had just been introduced C) For all its originality the idea behind the inkjet is far from new D) The first inkjet printers were slow, messy machines, but they gradually got better and better E) Designers of printers grew more ambitious and they started to want colour, speed and low costs 5) Most Western industrialized nations have an individualistic orientation, which values independence and self-assertiveness. ----. They stress the interdependence of people within the community. A) There is no internal evidence to suggest this B) Individuals in collectivist Asian cultures are even less likely to commit such errors C) In contrast, many non-Western cultures have a more collectivist orientation D) This is why Americans tend to use psychological traits to describe themselves E) Actually, situational factors also play quite an important role 6) How common are other civilizations in the universe? This question has fascinated humanity for centuries, but so far no definitive answer has been found. ----. Chief among these is the confirmation, after a long wait and several false starts, that planets exist outside our solar system. A) Most surprising of all is the speed with which life was established on this planet B) A number of recent developments have brought the question once again to the fore C) So far, astronomers have found no Earth-like planets, but we can be fairly confident that they will do so D) In spite of all this activity, researchers have made no positive detections of extraterrestrial signals E) The lack of success to date cannot be used to infer that Earth is the only planet with life KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 55 7) Many professions, such as law, rely almost exclusively on the written and oral word. Although engineers also must write and speak well, this alone is insufficient to convey complex engineering information. For this, graphical or visual communication is required. ----In addition, it can provide readers with insight they can obtain through no other means. A) On the contrary, tables are useful for presenting technical information. B) As a matter of fact, graphs are prepared from tabulated data. C) A well-prepared graph can accurately communicate a great deal of information in just a few seconds. D) However, a wide variety of graphs are available to help visualize data. E) Nevertheless, graphs should have a descriptive title. 8) Compared to its Balkan neighbours, Greece is a wealthy country, but it remains one of the poorer members of the European Union. ----Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist orientation, it has overcome its resemblance to pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-making state enterprises have been sold off, and inflation and interest rates have fallen. However, unemployment remains high. A) It is still a developing economy, with the agriculture and service sectors accounting for two-thirds of its GNP. B) Still, the Greek islands attract thousands of tourists, many of whom come simply to enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace of life. C) Accordingly, it now seems poised to become a significant regional power. D) Furthermore, it has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe. E) Yet family life and social life are usually one and the same, and tend to revolve around eating out. 9) Headaches are among the most common medical problems. Some people have headaches often, while others hardly ever have them. ----However, a change in the pattern or nature of headaches could signal a serious problem and calls for prompt medical attention. A) In addition to drugs, which are enormously beneficial in treating diseases, many other treatments can help relieve pain. B) In general, though headaches may be painful and distressing, they rarely reflect a serious medical condition. C) Pain is an unpleasant sensation signalling that the body is damaged or threatened with an injury. D) On the contrary, high blood pressure may produce a throbbing sensation in the head. E) Actually, pain begins in and around the eyes and begins to affect the whole head. 10) Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who was to become Victorian England’s most famous woman poet in the nineteenth century, received an unusual education for a woman of her time. Availing herself of her brother’s tutor, she studied Latin and Greek. ----But as her intellectual and literary powers matured, her personal life became increasingly undermined by ill health. Although, by the age of thirty-nine, she was a prominent woman of letters, she continued to live in semiseclusion as an invalid in her father’s house, where she occasionally received visitors. A) In her later poems, in which she took up the cause of Italian nationalism, she was mostly concerned with the political issues of her time. B) Once in Italy, she regained much health and strength, bearing and raising a son, to whom she was ardently devoted. C) Hence, in her early work, she tended to use the visionary modes of Romantic narrative poetry. D) Moreover, she read voraciously in history, philosophy and literature and began to write poetry from an early age. E) However, her work fell into disrepute with the modernist reaction against the didacticism and rhetorical excess of Victorian poetry. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 56 11) The human body changes in many noticeable ways with age. Perhaps the first sign of aging occurs when the eye cannot focus easily on close objects. Often by age 40 or so, many people find it difficult to read without using glasses. ----People tend to lose some ability to hear the highest pitched tones. Therefore, older people may find that violin music no longer sounds as exciting as it did when they were young. A) Hearing loss may be caused by a mechanical problem in the ear canal or middle ear that blocks the conduction of sound. B) Some hearing tests can detect disorders in the auditory processing areas of the brain. C) Neural hearing loss may be caused by brain tumours that also damage nearby nerves and the brain stem. D) People who can’t hear well enough may need hearing aids that keep the volume of sound at a suitable level. E) Hearing also changes with age. 12) At the beginning of the 1990s, it seemed to all appearances that the US comprehensively dominated global affairs. ----Thus, it was described as “the lonely superpower”. However, that said, the 1990s proved to be a decade of uncertainty and questioning for many Americans. In broad terms, the challenges of the post-Cold War era were as demanding for the US as they were for other countries. A) In many respects, the ending of the Cold War was expected to usher in a period of profound uncertainty. B) The debates about US foreign policy in the post-Cold War period have been shaped by the impact of world events. C) One of the most frequently used images of US foreign-policy making has been that of contest and struggle. D) Indeed, the US has always found it difficult to reconcile the issue of world order with national perspectives. E) It occupied a pre-eminent position in terms of military power, technology and global economic reach. 13) In recent years, the amount of aid for developing countries has increased, and the price of many drugs has fallen. So why does one third of the world’s population still lack access to proper healthcare? ----. Many charge high tariffs on lifesaving medicines and equipment, sometimes even taxing products that are donated for free. A) If these tariffs were lowered, it would dramatically increase access to pharmaceuticals B) Thus, even in places where tariffs are waived, other barriers remain C) To a large extent, the fault lies with the poor countries themselves D) Naturally, it is the right of any nation to raise income as it sees fit E) These regulatory constraints are imposed on a wide variety of medical equipment as well as drugs 14) No description of embarrassment would be complete without considering the blush. For many of us, it is the hallmark display of embarrassment. ----. Although the physiology of the blush is not fully understood, we are getting nearer to a better understanding of it. A) Their results showed that blushing begins with a sharp increase of blood flow, which is then followed by a slower rise in facial temperature B) Although smiling occurs during embarrassment, it has a different appearance from that of amusement C) On the other hand, in embarrassment, the lips turn up but without the accompanying action of the crinkling of the eyes D) Actually, however, blushing does not necessarily accompany embarrassment, and facial reddening can occur during other physical and emotional states as well E) Generally speaking, heart rate and blood pressure tend to rise and fall in many emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 57 15) Ice climbing and rock climbing share some important features. Both use ropes, harnesses, and other specialized equipment for ascending steep granite or blue ice. ----. A rock climber follows the natural cracks or weaknesses in the rock whereas, with ice tools in each hand, an ice climber has more freedom to blaze a path up and is limited only by the ice conditions and the technology of the tools. A) Most ice climbing trips require an arduous trek into the mountains and possibly several nights out in the cold B) But, the method of climbing in each case is different C) However, climbing itself has always been considered to be very dangerous D) There are many tragic stories of climbing accidents E) But once you find your footing, ice climbing can become addictive 16) Norwegians, like the Danes and Swedes, are of Teutonic origin. The Norsemen, also known as Vikings, ravaged the coasts of northwest Europe from the 8th to the 11th century and were ruled by local chieftains. ----. After 1442, the country was ruled by Danish kings until 1814, when it was united with Sweden in an uneasy partnership. A) Despite severe losses in the World War II, it recovered quickly as its economy expanded B) Norway became the second largest net oil exporter after Saudi Arabia in 1995 C) When the World War I broke out, Norway joined with Sweden and Denmark in a decision to cooperate in the joint interest of the three countries D) Olaf II Haraldsson became the first effective king of all Norway in 1015 and began converting the Norwegians to Christianity E) In the late 20th century, the Labor Party and the Conservative Party seesawed for control, each sometimes having to lead minority governments 17) ----. Traditionally, one of the most important tools used to study cell structures has been the microscope. In fact, cells were not described until 1665, when Robert Hooke examined the cell walls of dead cork cells using a microscope he had made. Hooke used the term “cell” because the tissue reminded him of the small rooms that monks lived in during that period. A) A light microscope can be used to view stained or living cells, but at relatively low resolution B) Early biologists thought that the cell consisted of a homogeneous jelly, which they called protoplasm C) Lenses in the electron microscopes are actually magnets that bend the beam of electrons D) Because cells are so small, scientists have had to be extremely clever in devising methods for studying them E) Most of the methods used to prepare and stain cells for observation also kill them in the process 18) ----. What he really seeks, however, are the most meaningful ones, and these vary from one context to another. His words may be grandiose or humble, fanciful or matter of fact, romantic or realistic, archaic or modern, technical or everyday, monosyllabic or polysyllabic. A) It is not unusual for a poet also to be a musician B) A poet creates new experiences for the reader in which the reader can participate C) A frequent misconception of poetic language is that the poet seeks always the most beautiful or noble-sounding words D) In the poem “Winter” Shakespeare is attempting to communicate the quality of winter life around a sixteenth century English country house E) Language has many levels and varieties, and poets may choose from them all KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 58 19) This year a lot of good things have happened in the US economy. US companies have become more competitive, and exports are now booming. This strong export growth is helping to stabilize the trade gap, and slower US demand will bring down imports. ----. Moreover, long-term interest rates are still low, stock prices are setting records, and the economy continues to grow at a moderate pace. A) The biggest danger in the weeks ahead is a US recession, since currency markets began to worry at the end of 2006 that the housing recession could spill over to other areas of the economy B) In the meantime, profits from overseas operations and returns on international investments are rising as the gains are translated back into dollars C) Some leading economists have forecast that the US dollar’s value could plunge by a third over the next few years D) The US dollar will be somewhat more vulnerable against the euro, given that the European Central Bank will most likely continue to raise interest rates E) The dollar is down 3% from a year ago against the Chinese yuan, and futures markets expect an additional 5% decline later in the year 20) Venezuela’s president Hugo Chávez is using his country’s oil wealth to create a sphere of influence in Latin America. He has given his open support to Cuba and funded leftist politicians in Bolivia and Ecuador. ----. Chávez’s growing influence, however, means that a collapse in Venezuela could take much of the continent down with it. A) He maintains that the Venezuelan economy should not mainly depend on oil revenues but that more efforts must be made to upgrade the other sectors of the national economy B) He is well aware of the fact that, since 2003, stocks in developing economies have averaged gains of 30% annually C) Moreover, by buying bonds from Argentina, he has helped stocks there jump tenfold since 2001, thus greatly contributing to the improvement of the country’s economy D) He knows that with the Mexican, Asian, and Russian market crashes of the 1990s long forgotten, developing-country stocks in the world keep jumping to all-time highs E) He believes that political turmoil elsewhere could be just as devastating for the Venezuelan economy, which is currently doing very well 21) Laying undersea cable systems is a monumental process. After surveying landing sites, studying seabed geology, and assessing risks, engineers plot a route. ----. For months, these ships lower the cables thousands of feet to the seabed. In congested spots, engineers use robots to dig trenches for the cable that protect it from wayward anchors and fishing nets. Then crews pull the cable ends above the water and connect them to land-based stations. A) One of the new Pacific systems is part of a massive $1.5 billion global network connecting 60 countries B) Traditional cross-ocean systems are loops made up of two cables, usually many miles apart C) Operators building new cable systems are mindful of the threat of earthquakes and do what they can to avoid it D) Then gigantic spools of cable and other gear are loaded on cable-laying vessels E) While there are ten major undersea cables linking the US directly with Europe, there are only five cables connecting the US with Asia 22) Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological disorders in the world, is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. ----. Most forms of epilepsy have been assumed to stem from brain tissue “scars” acquired through trauma, so that molecular approaches to understanding and treating the disease would be fruitless. A) It is true that, in developed countries, a principal focus of epilepsy research has been on the causes of the disease B) The symptoms of this disease range in severity from mild sensory disruption to recurring seizures and unconsciousness C) In addition, not all cases of epilepsy have been fully studied D) Moreover, proteins as large as insulin have been proposed as neurotransmitters E) On the contrary, a pairing of proteins in neurons may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human epilepsy KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 59 23) The biggest problems affecting the IMF, the World Bank, and other instruments of globalization concern governance. At both the IMF and the World Bank, voting rights are allocated not according to population but according to economic power, and the various countries’ representatives are typically finance ministers or members of central banks, not officials with broader outlooks and concerns. ----. Therefore, the voices of those most affected by globalization are barely audible in discussions about what policies these international bodies should follow. A) It is within these same small, elite circles that most of the debate about reforming the international economic architecture occurs B) IMF policies have always had a lasting impact on the economies of developing countries C) Yet well-managed globalization has enormous potential for improving the lives of people in poor countries D) Traditionally, the World Bank has been reluctant to lend money unless the IMF certifies that the country in question has a solid macro-economic framework E) If we continue with globalization as it has been managed in the past, the future will not be bright 24) Although the European Parliament (EP) can’t initiate legislation, it has been granted increased powers under successive European Union (EU) treaties. ----. Germany has recently proposed strengthening the EP’s hand in budgetary matters. Moreover, corporations and citizens’ groups have been quick to recognize the parliament’s increased powers, especially in environmental and consumer protection, and are dispatching more and more lobbyists to it. A) In 1997, France successfully petitioned the European Court of Justice to block efforts by the Parliament to meet eleven rather than twelve times annually in Strasbourg B) In 1952, Strasbourg was designated the meeting place of the EP’s forerunner, known as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community C) On the other hand, the EP holds at least twelve of its sessions in Strasbourg and the rest in Brussels, which is the headquarters of the EU D) Last year, the US mission to the EU was enlarged, and the American monitoring of the EP’s activities has since increased noticeably E) Thus, it can now approve, amend, or veto eighty per cent of the economic and social regulations generated by the European Commission 25) An independent city close to Berlin, Potsdam has almost 150,000 inhabitants and is the capital of Brandenburg. ----. The town blossomed in the 1600s, during the era of the Great Elector, and then again in the 18th century, when the splendid summer palace, Schloss Sanssouci, was built for Frederick the Great. Potsdam suffered badly in World War II, particularly on April 14 and 15, 1945, when the Allies bombed the town centre. A) The Marmorpalais (Marble Palace) is located on the edge of the lake in the Neuer Garten, a park northeast of Potsdam’s centre B) Despite its wartime losses, Potsdam is today one of Germany’s most attractive towns C) The Schloss Cecilienhof played an important role in history in 1945, when it served as the venue for the Potsdam Conference D) The first documented reference to the town dates from A.D. 993; it was later granted municipal rights in 1317 E) Tourists flock to see the magnificent royal estate, Park Sanssouci, and to stroll in the Neuer Garten 26) ----. For instance, Alpine scenery predominates in the Tatra Mountains to the south, while the north is dominated by lakes. Mountain lovers can make use of the well-developed infrastructure of hostels and shelters, such as those found in the Tatras. The countless lakes of Warmia and Mazuria, collectively known as the Land of a Thousand Lakes, are a haven for water-sports enthusiasts. A) Since 1989, many new luxury hotels have been built in Poland and the majority of them belong to international hotel chains B) Poland’s borders have changed continually with the course of history C) Bordering the Baltic Sea, Poland is one of the largest countries in Central Europe, with a population of around 39 million D) Warsaw, the capital of Poland, is located at the centre of Poland, on the banks of the Vistula River E) Although situated on the plains of Central Europe, Poland has an extremely varied landscape KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 60 27) The Scandinavian countries – Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland – are, arguably, among the least-populated countries in Europe. ----. Away from the main towns and cities lie vast expanses of unspoiled, often wild terrain, from the breathtaking Norwegian fjords to the dense pine forests and clear lakes of Finland. Smaller and largely flat and rural, Denmark shares characteristics with both mainland Europe and Scandinavia proper. A) In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, the majority of the population lives in the south, in affluent, modern cities, which are also rich in history and tradition B) Sweden is Europe’s fifth-largest country, with an area about the size of California C) Finland’s main cities are all served by an efficient railroad system and regular, inexpensive internal flights D) Norway is so long and narrow that, if Oslo remained fixed and the rest were turned upside down, it would stretch all the way to Rome E) Oslo, Norway’s capital, is an attractive city of grand Neoclassical buildings, wide boulevards, and green open spaces 28) With more than 600 species of orchids, Nicaragua is prime territory for one of nature’s most exquisite treasures. The Selva Negra Mountain Resort in the central part of the country boasts at least 140 species in its grounds, with 14 hiking trails that make orchid sightings anything but rare. ----. The best time to visit this particular region is in the dry season, from February to May, when there is little rain and temperatures are cool. A) The dodsoniana, one of these newly identified species, was found just 4 years ago B) Five new species have been discovered in recent years in other parts of the country C) Selva Negra is situated in a cloud forest – an ecosystem ideal for orchids and other air plants D) If an orchid’s growing conditions are gradually modified to acclimatize it to a new location, the plant can make a healthy transition E) In fact, the Stanhopea flower looks like a hovering butterfly, and some are very aromatic, with a fragrance of vanilla or hot chocolate 29) Ballet is theatrical representation in dance form in which music also plays a major part in telling a story or conveying a mood. Some such form of entertainment existed in ancient Greece. ----. From there, it was taken by Caterina de’ Medici in the 16th century to France in the form of a spectacle combining singing, dancing, and speech. During the 18th century, there were major developments in technique, and ballet gradually became divorced from opera, emerging as an art form in its own right. A) Ballet developed in the UK through the influence of Marie Rambert B) But Western ballet as we know it today first appeared in Renaissance Italy, where it was a form of court entertainment C) Ballet developed further in the USA through the work of George Balanchine and the American Ballet Theater D) In fact, it was drama, rather than ballet, which greatly appealed to the Greeks E) In the 20th century, Russian ballet had a vital influence on the classical tradition in the West 30) In finance, interest, which is a sum of money paid by a borrower to a lender in return for the loan, is usually expressed as a percentage per annum. ----. In compound interest, the interest earned over a period of time is added to the principal, so that at the end of the next period, interest is paid on that total. A) Nevertheless, certain problems remain in perennial interest, and these fall into two main groups B) The theory of capital was not a matter of primary concern to economists in the late 20th century C) Simple interest is calculated as a straight percentage of the amount loaned or invested, called the principal D) However, it may be expressed either in money terms or as a rate of payment E) Various theories have been developed to account for and justify interest KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 61 31) Logistics as a business concept began to gain ground in the 1950s, particularly in the US. This was because, as businesses expanded and reached out both to far-flung markets and sources of materials, the need for expert logisticians became imperative. Logisticians applied their own ingenuity to create companies that aimed to deliver the right item in the right quantity at the right time in the right place for the right price. ----. Indeed, with increasing globalization and ever longer and more complex supply chains, logistics companies have become ever more sophisticated and adaptable. A) The US has led the way in the development of efficient logistical systems B) No region in the world requires efficient logistics more urgently than Africa does C) Logistics is considered one of the most important aspects of military campaigns D) The problems of the logistics industry have not been clearly identified yet E) These aims have not changed, but the world has 32) The year 1960 seemed golden and full of promise. Despite nearly constant international tension, everyday life in Europe and North America seemed to be improving. Economies recovered, many standards of living rose, and new forms of culture flourished. The economic horizon looked bright. ----. Western Europeans could no longer be so certain of their prosperity or of their leaders’ ability to provide the sort of life they took for granted. A) Legal changes would not have occurred without women’s movements of the time B) These changes marked a new culture of mass consumption boosted by marketing, advertising, and credit payment C) However, by 1990, most of the familiar landscape had been dramatically transformed D) The civil rights movement in the US had enormous significance for the twentieth century E) The most serious outbreak of student unrest in Europe came in Paris in the spring of 1968 33) St. Petersburg is not just a city of names and movements. It is also a city of bridges, with more of them than any other city in the whole world. With its 101 islands, it is also worthy of the title “city of islands.” Not only that, but it has enough canals to compete with Venice, Amsterdam, and Stockholm. ----. As Dostoevsky’s hero puts it, “It is the most abstract and fantastic city on earth.” A) But most of all St. Petersburg is a city of culture, of literature and poetry in particular B) There are a total of 539 bridges, including 315 in the city centre C) The sports facilities and activities in it cannot go unnoticed D) The people of St. Petersburg are offered various educational opportunities E) A considerable number of painters and sculptors have lived there, too 34) Despite numerous intellectual and literary advances, the longest-lived achievements of the Italian Renaissance were made in the realm of art. Of all the arts, painting was undoubtedly supreme. Although Giotto was the great artistic genius around 1300, it was not until the fifteenth century that Italian painting began to come fully of age. ----. Fifteenth-century artists also experimented with effects of light and shade and, for the first time, carefully studied the anatomy and proportions of the human body. A) From about 1450 until about 1600 Italian thought was dominated by a school of Neo-Platonists, who sought to blend Platonism with Christianity B) One reason for this was that, in the early fifteenth century, the laws of linear perspective were discovered and first employed to give the fullest sense of three dimensions C) Sixteenth-century Italian writers, such as Machiavelli, Ariosto, Tasso, and Sannazaro, were also highly accomplished creators of imaginative prose and verse D) Perhaps the greatest of the Florentine artists was Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most versatile geniuses who ever lived E) Most Venetian painters showed little of the Florentine school’s concerns with philosophical and psychological issues KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 62 35) World War II left Europe a land of wreckage and confusion. Millions of refugees travelled hundreds or thousands of miles on foot to return to their homes while others were forcibly displaced from their lands. ----. Food remained in dangerously short supply, and even a year after the war roughly 100 million people in Europe still lived on less than 1,500 calories per day. A) In some areas housing was practically nonexistent, with no available means to build anew B) The Soviet campaign to control eastern Europe did not go unchallenged C) Historians estimate that in World War II nearly 50 million people died D) Even more than World War I, World War II involved the combined efforts of whole populations E) Since industry was essential to winning the war, centres of industry became vital military targets 36) Western perceptions of the Middle East as a viable tourist destination have been adversely affected by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US, the subsequent war on terrorism, and the war in Iraq. Indeed, the impact of the 9/11 attacks upon the tourist sector in the region has been profound. ----. North Africa in general and Tunisia in particular have fared comparatively well, but Morocco has suffered badly. A) Morocco is already one of the biggest tourist destinations in the Middle East and North Africa, drawing 2.25 million visitors a year B) Especially, the effect on visitor numbers has been decisive although it has varied considerably from country to country C) Morocco has a better developed domestic beach culture than probably anywhere else in the Middle East or North Africa D) The target of 10 million visitors a year by 2010 may have been a little over-optimistic, although Egypt has made huge investments E) Some of the driest parts of Morocco lie on the coast, and so one feasible option is to pipe water there from the Atlas Mountains KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 63 MAYIS DİYALOG 1) Helen : How long have the TV’s nature documentaries been going? Beth : For at least 40 years, I should think. ----Helen : Indeed they have. In one of the latest they actually show a penguin chick developing inside its egg! A) The series explores the limits of animal endurance in hostile environments. B) And over that time they’ve been transformed beyond recognition. C) Moreover, the films grow even more spectacular and sophisticated. D) Some of the world’s leading wildlife camera teams are with the BBC’s national history unit. E) Some remarkable footage has been shot. 2) Brian : The aim of this article, apparently, is to show that Shakespeare isn’t as special as he’s made out to be! Fred : ----Brian : Well; it points out that Shakespeare’s King Lear and Cervantes’ Don Quixote were written in the same year, and then asks which is the best? Fred : Yes. A tricky question. Thought-provoking, too. A) I don’t want to hear any more! B) I shan’t bother to read it! C) How does it manage to do that? D) That’s the fashionable approach at the moment! E) Didn’t Marlowe write his plays? 3) Reg : Have you put your house up for sale yet? Dave : Oh, yes. And I’ve had several offers. The estate agent is urging me to accept the last one. Reg : ----Dave : I’ve noticed that. Mine actually wanted me to accept the initial offer, and that was really low. A) That’s typical. They like to get the sale over as soon as possible. B) Why is that? C) And why is that? Are they really offering a very good price? D) It’s not a buyer’s market at the moment. E) Don’t let him push you into a sale. 4) Matthew : I’ve been looking at this map of the world’s oil. George : Yes. I took a look at that, too. What surprised you most? Matthew : ----George : Yes. I hadn’t realized that either. A) I don’t think anything did. B) I don’t know. But production costs for North Sea Oil are going up. C) The newly discovered oil reserves in West Africa could have proved useful. D) Nothing really. E) The fact that central and South America come second, after the Middle East, for oil reserves. 5) Sam : Don’t forget, “clean coal” means different things to different people. Charles : I know it does. But at least people are beginning to realize that coal can be cleaned and, indeed, should be. Sam : ----Charles : It used to be. But there are now new systems that are far more efficient and far less expensive. A) What’s the big problem, sulpher dioxide? B) Clean coal technologies fall into three categories. C) But isn’t the cleaning of coal an extremely expensive process? D) Coal that has been “aged” gives out more heat and fewer gases. E) Is it really possible to “clean” coal? 6) Sue : Is your computer reasonably modern? Wendy : ----Sue : Then it’s terribly out of date! With computers there are new things happening all the time. Wendy : That may be. But I’m comfortable with mine and have no intention of changing it. A) I suppose so. I’ve never really thought about it. B) Are you trying to sell me a new one? C) Probably not. It’s a bit slow, though, and that can be annoying. D) Oh, yes. I’ve had it about six years, that’s all. E) I don’t know. But it’s been giving me a lot of trouble lately. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 64 7) Cheryl : Did Michelle tell you what happened to her on her vacation in Thailand? Mike : ----Cheryl : Yes, that’s it. She’d booked a hotel room online, and when she arrived the hotel was full. She had to spend four hours in the rain trying to find another place to stay. A) When did she return from her trip? B) She told me all about it. C) No; what happened? D) Thailand? I thought she went to Indonesia for her vacation. E) Wasn’t it something to do with her hotel reservation? 8) Jeff : Are there considerable cultural differences in the way business is conducted between China and Western countries? Neal : Oh yes, there are many differences and you have to be aware of these if you want to succeed in China. Jeff : ----Neal : Well, in Western-style business, we focus on the deal, the possibilities and the risks. In China, top businessmen spend a good deal of time exploring what sort of person you are. Your character is more important than what you do. A) What sort of differences? B) Have you ever done business in China? C) How does one go about making business contacts there? D) What are the advantages of doing business in China? E) Which regions of China are the best for making high profits? 9) Carol : People appreciate the extraordinary beauty of butterflies, but their colours and shapes might also be functional, mightn’t they? Paul : I’ve really no idea. In what way? Carol : ----Paul : Really? That’s interesting. A) This specific chapter is on the evolution of patterns on the wings of butterflies. B) For instance, the markings that resemble eyes on butterflies may help them startle predators and then escape from them. C) This has to do with genetics. One should try to learn more about it. D) This book gives examples of all of this and more. E) Some dark forms of swallowtail butterflies mimic unrelated inedible species. Is that what you are referring to? 10) Helen : I think forensics programmes on TV are giving a distorted view of what forensic science can or cannot do. Mark : ----Helen : But they do. Some attorneys think that these forensics programmes can affect the jurors’ demands and decisions. A) I think most people are responsible enough not to be affected. B) You do? In what way? C) Do you actually watch those programmes? D) Oh, come on. People don’t take those programmes seriously! E) What’s on TV this evening? 11) Meghan : Did you know that the government will reduce the amount of taxes you have to pay this year if your baby is born on or before December 31st? Anna : Well, mine’s due on December 27th. Meghan : ----Anna : Me too. I could really use a bit of extra money for the baby’s things. A) Well, I hope it’s not born after the deadline. B) Oh no, you might miss the deadline if it’s overdue! C) How nice to have a baby born around the New Year. D) What does your daughter think about having a new little brother or sister? E) Well, that’s all right, then. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 65 12) James : Are you planning to attend any of the plays at the Shakespeare festival this year? Allie : ----James : One critic, Harold Bloom, says that it’s because he teaches us more about ourselves than any other writer. Allie : That could be the reason. A) I’d like to, but I’m not sure I’ll have time. Why do you ask? B) No, but did you know that he wasn’t really respected by the public during his own lifetime? It was only a hundred years later that he was taken seriously. C) I’m planning to see all of them. In fact, I’ve already bought a season ticket. D) Do you know, Shakespeare’s really not my favourite thing. E) Yes, of course. I wonder what it is that makes his plays so popular, year after year. 13) Sally : Have you spoken to Bobby’s parents yet? Rose : Yes, I have. But it wasn’t a very satisfactory meeting. Sally : ----Rose : Unfortunately not. They seemed determined to put me in the wrong! A) I don’t know what else I can suggest. B) I can believe that. They are not very cooperative; are they? C) That’s no surprise. Everyone knows how difficult they are. D) That’s a shame. Bobby needs help. E) How was that? 14) Ada : Are you an orchid-lover? Sandra : ----Ada : I feel the same way about them. I prefer something more natural. Sandra : Yes; and more graceful. A) All I know about them is that they thrive in 60 per cent humidity and die off if it drops below 40 per cent. B) Yes I am. Orchids are affected usually by air and temperature and draughts. C) No; but I find the stories about their attributes quite fascinating. D) Not really. I suppose they are too exotic for my taste. What about you? E) I certainly am. But I leave the growing of them to the experts. 15) Anna : Are you in favour of what they now call “educational play”? Alan : ----Anna : I do agree. A child that dislikes school is not likely ever to be successful there. A) How can children learn all they have to learn if they waste so much time playing? B) What exactly is that? C) Yes, I suppose so. As long as it’s not overdone. D) No. I don’t believe in letting children have too much of their own way. E) Yes, I am. It is important to make learning pleasurable. 16) Jane : I don’t think we should go to Venice for our holiday this year. Steve : Have you been reading that disturbing article on how Venice is sinking? Jane : ----Steve : I know. It’s also in danger because sea levels are rising. A) No. Should I? B) Yes, I have. And it’s not simply that Venice is sinking. C) Yes. But I think it grossly over-emphasizes the danger, don’t you? D) Oh, people have been talking about that for years, but it won’t happen, will it? E) Surely they could do something to save the city! KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 66 17) Brian : What is to be learned from the collapse of the viaduct when the tornado hit it? Harry : Perhaps we should simply admit that we can’t as yet build major structures capable of resisting tornadoes. Brian : ----Harry : I suppose it is. But I believe it’s better to be safe than sorry. A) After all, it was an unusually violent tornado. B) Are you sure that we can’t? C) Aren’t you overlooking the fact that the anchorbolt systems had started to corrode? D) Perhaps we can develop ways of doing so. E) Isn’t that being rather defeatist? 18) Gail : Pat and Nigel seem set on selling their house here and starting a new life in France. Rachel : Yes, I know. It seems to be quite the fashion now to make a new start. Gail : ----Rachel : I’m not sure that it does. In fact, I sometimes wonder about making a new start myself. A) Have you ever thought of making a fresh start? B) I couldn’t possibly dig up my roots and start again. C) I imagine that very many people come to regret the move! D) True. But it must take a lot of courage. E) I couldn’t do it myself but I sometimes envy those who do. 19) John : Have you seen the recent report released by the American Rivers Administration? Allen : No, not yet. What’s your opinion? John : ----Allen : So it becomes increasingly urgent for the authorities to put into effect far more efficient measures to improve their condition. Don’t you think? A) I am sure you know that the American Rivers Administration analyzes and studies the condition of the major rivers in the country. B) Most comprehensively prepared. It is very upsetting to know how endangered most of the nation’s rivers are. C) Indeed, as you have just suggested, dams and canals can be harmful to fish and wildlife populations. D) As I recall from previous reports, coal mining operations fill streams with coal and dirt. E) It has always been admitted that the use of rivers as a water supply for domestic and industrial needs causes much depletion. 20) Doctor : Good to see you again. What’s the problem this time? Patient : Upon awakening, I feel pain and tightness on the sides of my face. Doctor : ----Patient : I hope it’s not serious and can be treated easily. A) Sleeping pills may be used occasionally to help people who have trouble sleeping because of pain. B) How interesting! I have always stated that people can take steps to break the habit of tooth grinding. C) I see. Generally, a case like this results from muscle spasms brought on by repeated muscle or tooth clenching and tooth grinding. D) Of course, treatment is needed when a person has jaw pain or trouble moving his jaw. E) People with this condition need to suppress yawns, cut food into small pieces, and eat food that’s easy to chew. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 67 21) Frank : To learn a little bit about how to cope with physical allergies, I’ve done some reading. Celia : Tell me in simple terms what you have learned. Frank : ----Celia : Sounds very sensible, doesn’t it? A) Surely you are aware that photosensitivity, which is an allergy, may also result from concurrent use of certain drugs or substances applied to the skin. B) My suggestion is that people who are very sensitive to sunlight should use sunscreens and minimize sun exposure. C) As far as I am concerned, itching, asthma, or nasal stuffiness are among the most common symptoms of physical allergy. D) The common point everyone agrees on is that the best way to deal with any physical allergy is to prevent it by avoiding whatever tends to cause it. E) As everybody knows, a physical allergy is a condition in which allergic symptoms develop in response to a physical stimulus. 22) Jane : The point is made in this article that we need a reliable source of electricity to meet our needs in the 21st century. Larry : But we also need clean air. Jane : ----Larry : So you mean that nuclear power plants don’t pollute the air. Right? A) Well, with nuclear energy, we can have both. B) Why not? Nuclear energy already generates more than 20 per cent of America’s electricity. C) Year by year there is a growing need for more energy nationwide. D) In other words, the development of new energy sources is very important to America’s energy future. E) I am afraid the world is fast heading towards a huge environmental disaster. 23) Charles : Aircraft manufacturers are doing their best to build ever more efficient, more reliable, less polluting, quieter planes. Colleague : Yes, but there is a long way before absolute reliability can be achieved! Charles : ----Colleague : There’s no doubt about that. Yet every effort must be made for ultimate reliability. A) Let me stress once again that, as the economy develops and per capita income rises, per capita travel rises even faster. B) Considered in technical terms, there have been few dramatic changes in large-aircraft design since the 1960s. C) It is a fact that, by the early 1940s, airplanes had made it possible to cross the Atlantic in one long day of travel. D) On the other hand, in the 1960s, touring families and students could fly from the US to Europe on overnight charter flights. E) Agreed. However, despite occasional horrific crashes, modern airliners are about the safest means of travel ever devised. 24) Lucy : Is it true that China is slightly larger in area than the US? Kate : That’s what I’ve read in a booklet on China. Lucy : ----Kate : A varied topography indeed! Besides, the Yangtze River is the third-longest river in theworld. A) The principal mountain ranges are the Tien Shan, the Kunlun chain, and the Trans-Himalaya. B) Moreover, from the map one can see that the greater part of the country is mountainous, and the Gobi Desert lies in the North. C) I understand it has three great river systems: the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Pearl River. D) The earliest recorded human settlements have been discovered in the Huang Ho basin. E) As you know, in the southwest is Tibet, which China annexed in 1950. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 68 25) Ralph : I’ve learned that there are many details to learn about the maintenance of home aquariums. Dick : ----Ralph : At first glance, it’s true. But do you know that even the decorative materials used in aquariums should be placed properly? Otherwise, for example, they may obstruct the filter pipes. Dick : Really? I hadn’t thought of that before. A) Yes. For example, fish don’t disrupt the cleanliness of the home with messy fur or feathers. B) Right; routine maintenance only requires a few minutes of your attention daily, supplemented by an hour or so once a week. C) Oh, are there? I’ve always thought that looking after an aquarium is very easy. D) Anyone knows that keeping an aquarium is expensive. E) In fact, I am as interested as you are in aquariums. 26) Chris : Did you know that several years ago Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album of Italian pop songs? Robert : No, I didn’t. I wonder what other tenors thought of this. Chris : ----Robert : In which case, I suppose opera fans are also accepting the situation. A) Well, at first they were not in favour of it, but now they are doing the same thing themselves! B) It was at least 20 years ago that his record company asked him to make this album. C) As far as I know, it was the song “Caruso” that made him do it. D) He asked three well-known singers to join him, but for some reason they said no. E) I don’t know. Presumably, they were annoyed. 27) Lee : Do you know about the Iron Age hair gel found on the head of a 2,300-year-old body discovered in Ireland? Ron : Yes. I read that the body was found with its hair gelled unusually high above the head. Also, chemical analysis by scientists shows that the hair gel was made of a vegetable oil mixed with a resin probably imported from France or Spain. Lee : ----Ron : Well, the body has been preserved incredibly well in a peat bog because the bacteria that decompose flesh can’t survive in that oxygenfree environment. Even fingerprints can be seen. A) I can say that it’s a bit like a Mohican style. Do you know what it is made of? B) It seems our ancestors were not so primitive that they didn’t like to take care of themselves. C) I think this indicates he was a wealthy member of Irish society; do you agree? D) Oh, that’s interesting. But how do they know so much about the gel and the body? E) These findings must be important. But what can we learn from them? 28) James : How’s your philosophy course going? Peter : It’s hard to say. It certainly requires a lot of effort. James : ----Peter : No. Quite the opposite. In the main, it consists of learning to look at the old and familiar facts in a new and fresh way. A) Which of the great philosophers are you going to study? B) But are you enjoying it? C) Well, I hope you’re finding it interesting! D) I might take the course next year. E) Why? Are there a lot of facts to learn? KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 69 29) Mary : What I look for in an airline company is a punctual take-off and a punctual landing. June : ----Mary : And why not? June : Think about it! Something as common as bad weather can lead to delays. Would you care to take off in a hurricane? A) What I look for is flight safety. B) But face it; that’s not always possible. C) For long flights they now provide beds in business class. D) However hard they try to please the passengers, I get bored! E) You are hard to please, aren’t you? 30) Sue : Did you know that there are three types of zip and that each is used in a different way? Jane : ----Sue : For instance, chain zips, largely suitable for luggage, have metal teeth and are, therefore, very strong. Jane : I see. I didn’t know that. A) As far as I know, there are chain zips, coil zips and concealed zips. Right? B) What about coil zips? I’ve read something about them; they are lighter and synthetic. C) Really? Can you give me an example and say where it can be used? D) Well, some are ideal for fine fabrics and others are for stronger ones. E) Does that mean that some of them break easily? 31) James : Have you been to the Dali exhibition? Rodney : ----James : Why is that? Rodney : I don’t like being caught up in a crowd when I’m looking at paintings. A) I certainly have. And I hope to go again soon. B) Not yet. I don’t go to such exhibitions till they’ve been going for some time. C) I was there at the opening. What about you? D) Yes. I was surprised at how few large paintings there were. E) Of course. And it was quite an experience. 32) Clare : What’s the matter with you? You’re not your usual self! Kate : I know I’m not. This report I’m doing is getting me down. Clare : ----Kate : No; thank goodness. But the deadline is near. A) So that’s the trouble. Is there still much left to be done? B) The trouble with you is that you’re a perfectionist. C) When are you expected to hand it in? D) Would you like me to go over it for you? E) But it was nearly finished last week, wasn’t it? 33) Fred : Have you read this article on the economies of the Middle Eastern countries? Mike : No, not yet. Anything interesting in it? Fred : ----Mike : That’s to be expected. After all, Iran is the second-largest producer of oil in OPEC. A) Well, Iran’s nuclear aims seem to have increased international tension. B) To my surprise, 50% of Iran’s revenue comes from its oil exports. C) Clearly, the global economy is suffering heavily from the current US economic crisis. D) Just one point: every day, the world spends around $5.5 billion at current price levels on crude oil purchases. E) It seems that China, India, and Japan have become the primary markets for the Middle East’s oil and gas. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 70 34) Steve : According to this latest report on Afghanistan, it’s not safe for aid agencies to work there. Ken : How come? There is a strong NATO force there to provide security. Steve : ----Ken : So, it seems that the NATO-led attempts to bring peace to this country have already failed. A) You know that the aims of the NATO intervention in this country have been clearly defined. B) Indeed, northern Afghanistan remains reasonably peaceful and open to trade. C) Sure, but a large part of the country, especially the troublesome southern parts, are controlled by rebel groups. D) In fact, for this country to achieve peace and security, there is an urgent need for more foreign involvement. E) Actually, several nations have helped to build roads, bridges, and other important facilities. 35) Tim : A recent study has found that, in the oilproducing Arab countries in the Middle East, a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line, defined by the World Bank as earning less than $2 per day. Tony : Unbelievable. Despite record oil profits for those countries? Tim : ----Tony : In that case, one can say that Arab governments have been negligent of their social responsibility. A) Yes, indeed. In fact, this clearly shows that the current oil boom has not benefited the average Arab citizen at all. B) It is true that higher oil prices allow governments to avoid making difficult decisions. C) Moreover, massive infrastructure and housing projects have been undertaken. D) So far, open economies have done much better than the closed ones. E) For instance, in the Gulf states, rising real estate prices have pushed up rents and housing costs. 36) Liz : Do you think the Russian invasion of Georgia will do lasting damage to Russia’s relations with the EU? Brian : In the short term, tensions will be high, but before long things will settle down smoothly again. Liz : How can you be so positive? Brian : ----A) Russia’s decision last year to reduce gas supplies to Europe was based on economic considerations rather than on any political aim. B) Russia has always shown a keen interest in European politics and often tries to influence it to its own advantage. C) The response of France has been to construct several new nuclear power stations. D) If we’re to live side by side, there must be a good measure of trust. E) Very simple. Russia needs European goods and technology as much as Europe needs Russian gas. KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 71 İLGİSİZ CÜMLE 1) (I) It used to be argued that, once there were just two major companies involved in civil-aircraft manufacturing, aircraft prices would rise. (II) There are few engineering tricks left that could give one or other a technological edge. (III) That theory has been thoroughly discredited. (IV) The best indicator of new-aircraft prices – the average price per seat on flights – has been declining for several years. (V) This is due, of course, to the brutal competition between the two rivals. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 2) (I) The most popular talk show on Arab TV is The Opposite Direction. (II) The show is hosted by Faisal al-Kasim, a forty-two-year-old with glasses. (III) The chance to take part in the region’s first experiment with free journalism was one that could not be missed. (IV) Al-Kasim moderates while two guests debate a topic of his choosing; viewers join in by telephone, fax and e-mail. (V) No other Arab television personality is as controversial, as despised or as revered as al-Kasim. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 3) (I) In the past century US life-expectancy climbed from forty-seven to seventy-seven. (II) Similar rises happened in almost every country. (III) And this process shows no sign of stopping. (IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty years of life. (V) According to the United Nations, by 2050 global life expectancy will have increased by another ten years. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 4) (I) Beginning about age 5, the child develops a sense of obligation to follow rules. (II) Indeed, young children change the rules frequently and arbitrarily. (III) He treats them as absolute moral imperatives handed down by some powerful authority. (IV) For him, rules are permanent, sacred and not subject to modification. (V) Obeying them to the letter is more important than any human reason for changing them. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 5) (I) The eruption of Nevada del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and poor evacuation can lead to loss of life. (II) The eruption itself was a small one and didn’t kill anyone. (III) Disaster came later when molten rock melted the ice cap. (IV) This caused mudflows which wiped out 230,000 people. (V) Sometimes there are early signs that an eruption is imminent. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 6) (I) Teachers naturally welcome information about their students that might help them to teach more effectively. (II) For many, results from standardized assessment tests, such as IQ and academic achievement measures, are one useful source of information. (III) Teachers, however, often interpret a child’s quick responses as rude interruptions. (IV) Normally, of course, such tests are designed to be as accurate as possible. (V) There is one famous one, however, that was built around deliberately inaccurate information. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 7) (I) Science is systematic because of the attention it gives to organizing knowledge and making it readily accessible to all who wish to build on its foundation. (II) If the results support the hypothesis, the scientist may use them to generate related hypotheses. (III) In this way science is both a personal and a social endeavour. (IV) In other words, it is beneficial both to the individual and to society at large. (V) Moreover, science contributes a great deal to the improvement and the quality of human life. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 8) (I) As people age, the amount of water in the body decreases. (II) Since many drugs dissolve in water, and since less water is available to dilute them, these drugs reach higher levels of concentration in the elderly. (III) Also, the kidneys are less able to excrete drugs into the urine, and the liver is less able to metabolize many drugs. (IV) For these reasons, many drugs tend to stay in an elderly person’s body much longer than they would in a younger person’s body. (V) People in every civilization in recorded history have used drugs of plant and animal origin to prevent and treat disease. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 9) (I) Many Romantic writers in Europe were preoccupied with the fact and idea of revolution. (II) For instance, in the early period of the French Revolution, all the leading English Romantics were in sympathy with it. (III) In fact, they were among its most fervent adherents. (IV) Through the greater part of the eighteenth century, man had been viewed as a limited being in a strictly ordered and essentially unchanging world. (V) Later, even after the first enthusiastic expectations had been disappointed by the events in France, the younger writers felt that its example still constituted humanity’s best hope. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 72 10) (I) Modern Bergama is a sleepy agricultural market town in the midst of a well-watered plain. (II) There has been a town here since Trojan times. (III) Of Bergama’s four main tourist attractions, only the museum is in the centre of the town. (IV) However, it was during the period between Alexander the Great and the Roman domination that Bergama, then called Pergamum, enjoyed its greatest prosperity. (V) At that time, it became one of the Middle East’s richest and most powerful small kingdoms. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 11) (I) Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through Earth. (II) The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology to compare the intensity of earthquakes. (III) They are recorded on instruments called seismographs. (IV) Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. (V) Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground movements, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 12) (I) In the fall of 2000 and the winter of 2001, Britain was beset by a series of problems. (II) In September 2000, rising oil prices prompted protests by truck drivers and farmers who demanded a reduction in the fuel tax. (III) In November 2000, a series of unusually severe rainstorms and tornadoes caused high flooding and killed 12 people. (IV) In June 2001, Blair won a second landslide victory, with the Labour Party capturing 413 seats in Parliament. (V) In February 2001, foot-and-mouth disease broke out among British livestock, prompting other countries to ban British meat import and forcing the slaughter of thousands of cattle, pigs and sheep. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 13) (I) The governments of the EU, the US, China, India,Japan, Russia and Korea initialled a treaty to build the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the world’s largest fusion machine, in Provence, France. (II) It will take a decade to build and will then run for two further decades, performing tens of thousands of fusion experiments. (III) At the end of that time, say its backers, the world will know once and for all if nuclear fusion is technically viable. (IV) Once this point has been settled, the costs can be taken into consideration. (V) As well as being the largest, the fusion reactor known as JET in Culham, Britain, is, by common consent, the world’s most successful. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 14) (I) In a small firm the manager may perform the role of cost accountant, salesman, personnel officer, stock controller etc. (II) However, as a firm increases in size it can take advantage of specialization of labour. (III) Each managerial role can be allocated to a specialist in that field. (IV) Many firms spend a lot of money on research and development. (V) Furthermore, bigger firms can buy inmanagement services and afford large inhoous salaries to entice and retain the best management. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 15) (I) Many historians were sceptical that King Arthur was a historical figure. (II) The mystique of Camelot, Arthur’s Palace, endures, from Disney films to Broadway musicals to the Kennedy White House. (III) Then, in 1998, scientists unearthed a broken stone at Tintagel Castle on Britain’s Cornish coast, long said to be Arthur’s stronghold. (IV) The stone bore the Latin inscription Pater Coliavificit Artognou, which translates as “Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll, has had this built”. (V) Artognou is pronounced “Arthnou”, lending credence to theories that the legendary king was real. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 16) (I) The road map of South America constantly needs updating. (II) Furthermore, we can expect that it will adversely affect international trade. (III) Hundreds of new bridges, roads and rail lines are turning formerly isolated areas into infrastructure corridors that will accelerate the continent’s economic integration. (IV) This vast undertaking, which has largely escaped media attention, is certain to bring unprecedented economic progress within the continent. (V) But it also poses major risks for some of South America’s most valuable natural areas. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 73 17) (I) Administrative law first came into use in Turkey with the introduction of continental European legal thinking in the 19th century. (II) The most influential model was that of French administrative law. (III) This model developed in the 1890s as a result of the growing influence of Western academic institutions, namely the Law and Political Science Schools in Istanbul. (IV) The model was further developed when a system of administrative courts,modelled on a French pattern, was established by the Republic in 1927. (V) Unlike the German and French Constitutions, the Turkish Constitution does not merely characterize the Republic as a social state. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 18) (I) Patriarchy does not simply mean that men rule. (II) Otherwise, through a process of cultural evolution, societies that adopted this particular social system maximized their population. (III) Indeed, it is a particular value system that not only requires men to marry but to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) It competes with many other male visions of good life, and for that reason alone is prone to come in cycles. (V) Yet before it degenerates, it is a cultural regime that serves to keep birth-rates high among the affluent while also maximizing parents’ investments in their children. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 19) (I) The history of the German occupation of France is dirty, tragic, and sometimes darkly comic. (II) It is also one of the most intensely researched subjects of the past decades. (III) In May of 1940, the Germans attacked France, and in June they entered Paris. (IV) More than 8,000 books and articles have been devoted to this subject. (V) However, Julian Jackson’s recent book, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944, is an exceptional contribution to the already-accumulated knowledge of the occupation. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 20) (I) Academics are smart and fast, and, in nonscientific fields such as law and history, they can be very fluent. (II) They are able to supply plausible commentary at short notice on pretty much any subject that engages the interest of the public. (III) The greater that interest, the greater the outpouring of instant commentary. (IV) But when academics speak unprepared, especially about matters outside their area of expertise, the quality tends to go down. (V) Furthermore, topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism, security, the intricacies of politics and the like have been studied extensively. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 21) (I) Caviar has held a place at the top of Russian menus under czarist, communist, and post-Soviet regimes alike. (II) Until the Russian economic crisis of 1998, even people with modest incomes could afford half a pound or so a month. (III) Caviar has always been treasured in Russia, where people believe that it provides relief from grief and despair. (IV) In Eastern Europe, caviar fetches as much as $700 a pound. (V) It is also prized for medical reasons since it contains lipids, vitamins, and albumen. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 22) (I) When searching for land mines, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from the tin cans, spent cartridges, and other metallic debris that litter a war zone. (II) Fewer than one per cent of all signals from de-miners’ metal detectors actually indicate land mines. (III) Indeed, civilians have frequently been victims of land mines. (IV) Moreover, the technology used in the field has barely advanced since World War II. (V) Therefore, the clearing process is laborious and inefficient, as well as dangerous. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 23) (I) Since the days of ancient Carthage, the area that makes up present-day Tunisia has been an oasis of urbanity, relative prosperity, and stable government. (II) Though lacking the oil and natural gas of their Libyan and Algerian neighbours, Tunisia’s 9.6 million people are by some estimates sixty per cent middle class, with a poverty rate of only six per cent. (III) Yearly economic growth rarely falls below five per cent, and inflation is about three per cent. (IV) “Africa,” originally a Roman term, meant Tunisia long before it meant the continent. (V) Moreover, the World Economic Forum rates Tunisia as the most competitive country in Africa. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 24) (I) El Salvador is a country tectonically so volatile that its capital city has been destroyed ten times in the past four hundred years. (II) In Latin America, El Salvador is not the first country to switch to the dollar, nor is it likely to be the last. (III) At least twelve major earthquakes shook El Salvador during the twentieth century. (IV) And in this century, disaster did not wait long to strike. (V) In early 2001, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale levelled much of the country, killing almost a thousand people. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 74 25) (I) The label homo sapiens was first attached to man by Linnaeus in his classification of the animal kingdom over two hundred years ago. (II) That kingdom is now thought to include over threequarters of a million species. (III) Still, the physiology of the human body parallels, in a host of different ways, that of the animals. (IV) Though very many more species may be discovered, it is not likely that anything will ever shake our conviction that we belong to a very special class. (V) This conviction is quite as strong today as it was in the eighteenth century. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 26) (I) An incoming hurricane might at first seem a powerful photographic subject. (II) But how is a photojournalist to make a decent still image when people are hiding, and when there is only howling wind and spraying water? (III) “That’s why hurricane photography generally documents the aftermath,” says an illustrations editor. (IV) But this image was different enough to catch one’s eye. (V) Uprooted trees and building rubble are mainstays of the genre. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 27) (I) In a rare instance of a vertebrate’s behaviour being revealed by its fossil, a new species of dinosaur was found with its head tucked under a forelimb. (II) It represents the earliest known example of a dinosaur displaying the sleeping posture exhibited by modern-day birds. (III) As a result, though it is not known how the dinosaur died, it probably was killed instantly by a thick deposit of volcanic ash or by volcanic gas followed by a covering of ash and mud. (IV) The “tuck-in” pose would have preserved body heat, suggesting that, like birds, at least some dinosaurs were warmblooded. (V) Delighted palaeontologists named this pigeon-sized dinosaur “Mei long”, meaning “soundly sleeping dragon.” A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 28) (I) Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), born in Galesburg, Illinois, is best known for his poetry. (II) He was, however, also a journalist, an author of children’s books, and a historian. (III) Sandburg’s poetry celebrates the lives of ordinary people. (IV) In “The People, Yes,” he uses the words, style, and rhythms of common speech to celebrate the tall tales of the American people. (V) Indeed, most American poets in the 19th century were concerned with nature and country life. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 29) (I) Izmir owes its famously “special” atmosphere to its turbulent history. (II) What you see today has mostly risen from the ashes of Ottoman Izmir and dates from 1922, when a terrible fire swept across the city. (III) Before that, Izmir was known as “Smyrna” and was the most Westernized and cosmopolitan of Turkish cities. (IV) Nevertheless, famous citizens of ancient Smyrna include the poet Homer, the founder of Western literature, who lived before 700 B.C. (V) It was a city where the Muslims, Christians and Jewish communities lived in harmony and got on well with each other. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 30) (I) We may not know very much about butterflies, but they are certainly very beautiful. (II) For the first time, British scientists have tracked the movements of butterflies. (III) Two types of flight were found in the 30 butterflies monitored. (IV) One was the straight and fast flight used for travel. (V) The other was a slow and looping route to aid foraging. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 31) (I) The brain’s functions are both mysterious and remarkable. (II) From the brain come all thoughts, beliefs, memories, behaviours, and moods. (III) The brain is the site of thinking and the control centre for the rest of the body. (IV) Before performing a physical examination, the doctor interviews the patient to obtain his or her medical history. (V) The brain coordinates the ability to move, touch, smell, hear, and see. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 32) (I) Most episodes of illness with a fever in children are caused by viral infections, although bacterial infections can also produce a fever. (II) The first symptom of a severe eye infection is usually swollen and red eyelids. (III) In fact, it is often hard to distinguish a bacterial infection from a viral infection. (IV) Though bacterial infections can be serious, they usually respond readily to antibiotics. (V) Prompt diagnosis of a bacterial infection is thus important to ensure prompt treatment. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 75 33) (I) Devaluation of the Jamaican dollar made Jamaican products more competitive on the world market, and the country achieved record growth in tourism and agriculture. (II) Jamaica was inhabited by Arawak Indians when Columbus explored it in 1494 and named it St. Iago. (III) It remained under Spanish rule until 1655, when it became a British possession. (IV) In the following decades disease decimated the Arawaks. (V) As a result, slaves were brought from Africa to work on the sugar plantations. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 34) (I) Since 1988, when China delivered intermediaterange ballistic missiles and missile launchers to Saudi Arabia, there has been genuine concern that China may have been trying to buy into the lucrative Gulf arms market. (II) However, there has been no evidence of further significant arms deals between China and the Gulf since that time. (III) On the other hand, since the 1990s, China has enjoyed a healthy trade in military equipment with Iran. (IV) In 2005 Saudi Arabia supplied China with 17% of its imported oil needs. (V) Obviously, this has caused a great deal of worry in the other Gulf states about the military imbalance that exists between themselves and Iran, an imbalance that China has been instrumental in creating. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 35) (I) Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within Earth’s interior that continuously affect its surface. (II) The energy from these forces is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. (III) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. (IV) When this energy is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth, an earthquake results. (V) The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is called the focus of the earthquake, while the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 36) (I) The average salt concentration in the oceans at the present time is around 35 grams per litre of sea water. (II) Geological evidence shows that this figure has remained constant for the last 1.5 billion years. (III) Actually, this means that the oceans must lose nearly three billion tons of salt each year to balance the amount that enters them. (IV) Suggested mechanisms for this process include loss through sea spray, chemical reactions at the sea floor, biological activity, and the formation of salt deposits on land. (V) It is true that floating ice would not change sea levels if it melted. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 76 Engineering is akin to writing or painting in that it is a creative endeavor that begins in the mind’s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. Just as the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use to engineers. Science may be the theater, but engineering is the action on the stage. 1) The writer’s main aim in this passage is to ----. A) show how many different types of creativity there are B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer’s work C) compare and contrast the way poets and painters work D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter’s creativity E) establish the fact that it is the engineers’ scientific knowledge that makes him creative 2) We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ----. A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form B) are only relevant in details concerning safety C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects 3) The point is made in the passage that aesthetic principles ----. A) have no place in an engineer’s design B) are central to the very best works of art C) and creativity are two very different things D) cannot be taught or learnt E) can infuse life into an ill-conceived poem 4) It can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic core of his poem ----. A) the creative process is complete B) he tends to lose interest in it C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them 5) According to the writer of the passage, each act of creativity ----. A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into unknown regions B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge C) arises almost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart in another KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 77 Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. We’ve done it first by establishing a reigning cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn’t be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as “The Road Ahead.” 6) According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ----. A) capitalism, blindness and possessions B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate C) indifference, immorality and selfishness D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality E) disagreements, competition and prejudice 7) In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade ----. A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades 8) The term “Gilded Age” as it is used in the passage means ----. A) to be admired B) golden age C) with moral principles D) with surface shine E) in bad taste 9) We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ----. A) there was a great deal of student unrest B) capitalism again fell into disrepute C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized 10) One point made in the passage is that ----. A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 78 BBC4, a comparatively new TV channel, has a character of its own. From the start it aimed to be “a place to think”, and it was always designed as something “that the commercial market would never do”, says Roly Keating, its controller and formerly head of arts at the BBC. Its first week’s schedule indeed verged on a parody of non-commercial TV, with township opera from South Africa and a performance by a Senegalese singer in a London church hall. A topraate show will typically draw some 50,000 viewers – almost negligible in television terms. Yet that narrow appeal makes BBC4 a model of what a publicly financed broadcaster ought to do. It has roamed into territory where its ratings-driven sister channel, BBC1, seldom dares to tread. Despite a tiny 35m budget, it boasts an intelligent prime-time talk show and a world news programme so internationally minded that its London provenance is barely visible. BBC4 may wear its gravity a little too heavily at times, but it supplies a variety and thoughtfulness unavailable on prime time BBC1. The more the other BBC channels chase the ratings, and the more that BBC4 refuses to be dictated to by them, the more the channel looks like a model for what BBC television could look like. 11) It is clear from the passage that, since BBC4 is publicly financed, it ----. A) has to give viewers the kind of programmes they want B) has a large budget with which to work C) is under no pressure to attract large numbers of viewers D) is under an obligation to offer a great variety of programme E) is often severely criticized for the subjectivity of its news programmes 12) In the passage, BBC1 is described as being “ratings-driven”; this means ----. A) it is obliged to put on popular programmes B) its appeal is a very narrow one C) it sees BBC4 as its greatest rival D) it feels very secure and can take risks E) it never experiments or tries out a new type of Programme 13) Before he took over the running of BBC4, Roly Keating ----. A) was involved in commercial TV enterprises B) was criticized because his programmes were too intellectual and too serious C) was a severe critic of the BBC1 channel D) had taken a firm stand against the trend to let ratings dictate programming E) was arts director at the BBC 14) According to the passage, the programmes BBC4 has to offer ----. A) rarely come up to expectations B) are varied, unusual and thought-provoking C) are mostly news programmes and Londonorientated D) are attracting very large numbers of viewers E) constitute a close rival for BBC1 as regards ratings 15) It is clear that the writer of the passage ----. A) feels BBC4 has not lived up to its aim to be “a place to think” B) regards BBC4’s budget of £35m as excessive C) would like to see the BBC1 channel closed down D) is very impressed by the performance of the BBC4 channel E) was full of admiration for BBC4’s choice of programme for the first week KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 79 The natives of the Lewis Island know wind – sometimes too well. Every winter the Atlantic gales come blasting across the northern tip of Scotland’s Outer Hebrides. The wind hardly slows down even after striking land; in the island’s marshy interior, gusts regularly exceed 160kph. Everyone stays indoors but the sheep. Tourists arrive in summer, lured by mild temperatures and unspoiled countryside; even so, there’s rarely a calm day. “The weather here is changeable”, says Nigel Scott, spokesman for the local government. “But the wind is constant”. The brutal climate could finally be Lewis’s salvation. The place has been growing poorer and more desolate for generations, as young people seek sunnier prospects elsewhere. But now the energy industry has discovered the storm-swept island. The multinationals AMEC and British Energy are talking about plans to erect some 300 outsize wind turbines across a few thousand hectares of moorland. If the 500 million-pound project goes through, the array will be Europe’s largest wind farm, capable of churning out roughly 1 per cent of Britain’s total electrical needs – and generating some badly needed jobs and cash for the people of Lewis. 16) We understand from the passage that, in summer, the island of Lewis ----. A) attracts visitors as nature there has remained unspoiled B) enjoys a warm, wind-free climate C) is one of the most attractive of the islands that make up the Outer Hebrides D) has little to offer its inhabitants by way of a living other than fishing E) can offer its inhabitants even less in the way of a livelihood than it can in the winter 17) It’s clear from the passage that for a long time now the young people of Lewis ----. A) have been looking forward to the establishment of a wind farm on their island B) have been leaving the island intent on finding a better way of life elsewhere C) have realized that the island’s most valuable asset is its climate D) have been reluctant to leave the island on a permanent basis E) feel no sympathy for the old traditions and ways of life of the island 18) According to the passage, Lewis Island ----. A) has the climate and conditions favourable to agriculture B) suffers more than any other island in Scotland’s Outer Hebrides from Atlantic gales C) will undergo many important changes unless a wind farm is established there D) may one day be home to Europe’s largest wind farm E) has an aging population that regards the windfarm scheme with distrust 19) If the energy industry carries out the project described in the passage and sets up 300 wind turbines on Lewis, ----. A) maintenance costs due to the gale force winds could cause financial failure B) the young people will want to leave their much loved island C) there will be a shortage of land for the sheep to graze on D) other windswept coastlines throughout Europe will probably follow suit E) these will provide Britain with roughly of 1 per cent of her total electrical needs 20) According to the passage, if the proposed wind farm is set up on Lewis, ----. A) this could make the island unattractive to summer visitors B) the idea could spread rapidly to neighbouring islands C) this will open up much needed employment opportunities for the islanders D) it will only function efficiently in the winter months E) the costs will be shared equally by AMEC and British Energy KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 80 In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of onceiinhuman-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos. 21) According to the passage, universities are under an obligation to ensure that their students ----. A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking E) all have a good grounding in science and Technology 22) One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is ----. A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the past 23) It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ----. A) will not help to further global awareness B) is largely confined within the universities C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few D) cannot go on advancing at this rate E) is opening up startling new possibilities 24) The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology ----. A) will be accompanied by new problems B) cannot go on much longer C) will bring more harm than good D) are largely concentrated in the field of medicine E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most Countries 25) The phrase, “once-in-human-history progress” is saying ----. A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again E) this is the highest possible peak of progress KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 81 Unlike the older forms of occultism, such as magic and astrology, organized occultism is a modern phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult movements have existed for more than 150 years; some were formed as a belated countermovement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. Today’s occult views are based on the idea that there are events within nature, as well as within one’s spiritual life, which seem mysterious and cannot be explained by science. Examples include extrasensory perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places or people. Believers maintain that these phenomena stem from unknown powers that can often be accessed only by some people with special abilities. 26) We understand from the passage that adherents of occultism claim that certain people ----. A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to have contact with the unknow B) practise magic and explain events by means of astrological signs C) were the pioneers of the anti-Enlightenment movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries D) can tell us what places are haunted and why E) can teach others what extrasensory perceptions are 27) According to the passage, some of the organized occult movements in the past came into being ----. A) as a result of various magical and astrological practices B) since people in the past were seriously concerned about their extrasensory perceptions C) because the public was not satisfied with scientific explanations of events in nature D) due to the assumption that many phenomena in nature were related to man’s spiritual life E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that characterized the Enlightenment 28) As we learn from the passage, occult practices in our time ----. A) are particularly widespread among people who follow rational schools of thought B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of telepathy and telekinesis C) essentially stem from the occult movements of the past D) are concerned with phenomena which are thought to be scientifically inexplicable E) seem to benefit from science in explaining natural phenomena 29) It is implied in the passage that magic and astrology ----. A) have failed as occult practices in explaining extrasensory perceptions B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back into the past C) lost their significance with the rise of rationalism during the Enlightenment D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the Enlightenmen E) have always been used in order to communicate with unknown powers 30) It is obvious from the passage that occultism ----. A) contributes enormously to a more comprehensive understanding of nature B) has gained far more popularity in modern times than in the past C) is an unscientific practice that doesn’t rely on rationality D) can fully explain the spiritual side of humanity E) derives a great deal from magic and astrology KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 82 The assumption that a person’s attitudes determine his or her behaviour is deeply ingrained in Western thinking, and in many instances the assumption holds. However, research has shown that the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is complex. A classic study conducted during the 1930s was the first to question the link. A white professor travelled across the US with a young Chinese couple. At that time, there was quite strong prejudice against Asians, and there were no laws against racial discrimination. The three travellers stopped at over 200 hotels, motels and restaurants, and were served at all the restaurants and all but one of the hotels and motels without problem. Later, a letter was sent to all of the establishments visited, asking them whether or not they would accept a Chinese couple as guests. Of the 128 replies received, 92 per cent said they would not. In other words, these proprietors expressed attitudes that were much more prejudiced than their behaviour. 31) One understands from the passage that the link between attitudes and behaviour ----. A) had already been established before the 1930s B) has always been a major topic of psychological research C) has aroused a great deal of controversy in the US D) is an area which has been neglected and, indeed, deserves fresh study E) is not so definite as has been generally assumed 32) As one concludes from the passage, racial discrimination ----. A) is the way whereby the relationship between attitudes and behaviour can best be assessed B) has always been a major issue in the US and cannot be eradicated C) was a problem of the 1930s in the US, but has now disappeared altogether D) in the US and the rest of the world can be fought most effectively through legislation E) was not practised by a great majority of the proprietors visited by the professor and his Chinese companions 33) It is pointed out in the passage that, during their travels, the professor and the Chinese couple ----. A) were often harassed by the proprietors B) were doing research to find out whether a person’s behaviour affects his or her attitudes C) encountered discriminatory behaviour only on one occasion D) were not upset at all by the proprietors’ racist attitudes E) were extremely surprised by the proprietors’ prejudice against them 34) The point has been made in the passage that the American people ----. A) have always been remarkably hospitable to Asians visiting America B) in the 1930s really did dislike Asians C) have waged war against racial discrimination since the 1930s D) and the Asians have always discriminated against each other E) always do their best to provide comfort for their guests, no matter what their racial background 35) It is clear from the passage that the replies the professor received from the proprietors to whom he sent letters ----. A) revealed a strong attitude of racial discrimination against the Chinese B) could not be regarded as an indication of prevalent racism in the US C) were not concerned with the interrelationship between one’s attitudes and behaviour D) were confined only to a very small part of the US E) clearly showed why one’s attitudes determine one’s behaviour KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 83 When you stay as a guest in someone’s house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same wavelength, you can have a trip more special than money can buy. Some years ago when I went to Auckland, New Zealand, for the first time, my hosts were a couple, about my age, whom I had met while travelling in Europe. They had a full programme lined up for me. They drove me around and showed me their favourite hot springs and also the beach where a popular TV series had once been filmed. At mealtimes, they introduced me to their favourite restaurants, where I sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that don’t get exported, and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but I found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them. I couldn’t have encountered this New Zealand on my own. 36) As we understand from the passage, the narrator ----. A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the couple’s hospitality B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses of his sightseeing in and around Auckland C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests, which made his trip most enjoyable D) was more interested in eating than visiting places E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not the latter part 37) It is suggested in the passage that a person with a sense of independence ----. A) enjoys travelling together with other people B) can make friends easily while travelling C) soon mixes with other people D) wants to be led around by friends who know the territory E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or she travels 38) According to the passage, while the narrator was in New Zealand, he ----. A) tried to find ways whereby he could travel independently B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce unique to the country C) was frustrated with the programme prepared for him by his hosts D) was particularly attracted by the location of a popular TV series E) did not have enough money to see the other parts of the country outside Auckland 39) It is pointed out in the passage that the narrator and his hosts ----. A) knew each other before he travelled to New Zealand B) had made a long journey together across many European countries C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of New Zealand D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large variety of New Zealand’s food and drinks E) were independent people who preferred to be on their own 40) It is implied in the passage that the narrator usually likes ----. A) local food more than nationally popular food B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or anywhere else C) to follow a full programme on his travels D) to see his travels as a challenge E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 84 In Finland now, everything is all right. Fifteen years after one of the worst recessions any European country has seen, triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns feel very content. Their small country of a population of 5 million is the first in the World Economic Forum’s list of the world’s most competitive countries, and the second in its business-competitiveness index. It is also the first in the OECD’s world ranking of educational performance and has the second-highest share of research-and-development spending in the European Union. Moreover, the country is reversing its demographic decline and, hence, its fertility rate is one of the highest in Europe. Perhaps best of all the Finns are facing globalization without paranoia. Theirs is one of the few European countries to have succeeded in businesses in which international prices are falling because of global competition and technological change. In most of Europe public opinion and even business élites seem gloomily resigned to being overwhelmed by India and China. Finland suggests that this fate is not inevitable. 41) We learn from the passage that, in addition to Finland’s recent economic success, ----. A) it is also a popular tourist destination B) it is resigned to being overwhelmed by India C) it also ranks very high in education D) it remains in a deep recession E) its businesses are not globally competitive 42) It is clear from the passage that Finland’s previously weak economy ----. A) was caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union B) had no effect on the country’s standing in the World Economic Forum C) caused the country to spend more on research and development D) improved dramatically fifteen years ago E) became stronger after it began to reverse its demographic decline 43) We understand from the passage that Finland’s population ----. A) resents outside interference in its economy B) is becoming one of the highest in Europe C) is an extremely competitive one when it comes to internal trade D) is now increasing due to a higher birth rate E) is not well-educated by European standards 44) We see from the passage that Finland’s economy ----. A) is by far the strongest in the world B) remains unaffected by technological change C) is still undergoing the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union D) has had a direct effect on its fertility rate E) hasn’t always been stable 45) According to the passage, one indicator of Finland’s economic success is its ----. A) experience with recession B) high ranking within the World Economic Forum C) paranoia regarding globalization D) small population E) public opinion regarding China KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 85 Until the giant American energy company Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman. He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 he merged Houston Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, Mr Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. After Mr Bush entered the White House, Mr Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in frustration. 46) According to the passage, after Mr Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ----. A) turned increasingly to politics B) became involved in the Texan oil industry C) was not offered a cabinet seat D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created 47) It is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ----. A) Kenneth Lay’s increasing interest in politics B) Kenneth Lay’s dream of rising from rags to riches C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned D) Kenneth Lay’s modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesman E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth 48) We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ----. A) worked as a part-time salesman together with his father B) wanted to become a preacher like his father C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas D) contributed to his family’s income by working at part-time jobs E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon 49) We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr Lay ----. A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr Bush’s presidential campaign B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry C) was frustrated with his political life D) had obtained a high level of education, and was therefore quite knowledgeable E) had become very rich through his hard work 50) We see from the passage that Kenneth Lay’s imprisonment was ----. A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-Cheney campaign B) a miscarriage of justice C) due to a crime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush E) implemented at around the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, collapsed KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 86 There seems no question but that the clock dial,which has existed in its present form since the seventeenth century and in earlier forms since ancient times, is on its way out. More and more common are the digital clocks that mark off the hours, minutes, and seconds in ever-changing numbers. This certainly appears to be an advance in technology. You will no longer have to interpret the meaning of “the big hand on the eleven and the little hand on the five.” Your digital clock will tell you at once that it is 4:55. And yet there will be a loss in the conversion of dial to digital, and no one seems to be worrying about it. Actually, when something turns, it can turn in just one of two ways, clockwise or counterclockkwise and we all know which is which. Clockwise is the normal turning direction of the hands of a clock, and counter-clockwise is the opposite of that. Since we all stare at clocks (dial clocks, that is), we have no trouble following directions or descriptions that include those words. But if dial clocks disappear, so will the meaning of those words for anyone who has never stared at anything but digitals. 51) The author maintains that, when dial clocks go out of use and only digitals are used, ----. A) the words “clockwise” and “counter-clockwise” will cease to carry any meaning B) people will continue to use the words “clockwise” and “counter-clockwise” on a regular basis C) it will be quite confusing for everyone to tell the time right away D) most people will wonder about the meanings of the words “clockwise” and “counterclockkwise E) it will certainly be a major technological change unprecedented in the past 52) It is pointed out in the passage that the use of the clock dial ----. A) is no longer practical since one is often confused about the meaning of the words “clockwise” and “counter-clockwise” B) was most popular in the seventeenth century but has since lost its importance C) is still widely used despite the technological progress in the manufacture of digital clocks D) has improved enormously since the seventeenth century due to advances in technology E) has a very long history though at present it is becoming less and less popular 53) In the passage, the author admits that digital clocks, compared with dial clocks, ----. A) have a number of drawbacks which make their use rather restricted B) can, in the long run, be replaced by technologically new and more efficient clocks C) are technologically more advanced and tell time very precisely D) do not seem to have much efficiency and easily break down E) have ceased to be in widespread use due to some inexplicable technological shortcomings 54) The author asserts that people ----. A) are not aware of the fact that in antiquity time was completely disregarded B) do not seem to be concerned about “the loss” that the replacement of dial clocks by digitals will cause C) can also define their position accurately by using digital clocks D) today have a growing interest in dial clocks and value them very much E) have already stopped using the words “clockwise” and “counter-clockwise” to indicate Directions 55) As has been pointed out in the passage, the word “clockwise” ----. A) first came into use in the seventeenth century B) is used only in conjunction with the word “counter-clockwise” C) can also be used with reference to a digital clock D) signifies the direction in which the hands of a dial clock move E) has no meaning unless it is used with reference to a dial clock KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 87 When Mozambique and South Africa ended their internal conflicts in the early 1990s, they enacted widescale amnesties, and in both countries the rule of law quickly improved. In each of them, political leaders opted to move past the violence and injustices of the past and to focus on the tasks of social and political reconstruction. As part of that reconstruction, each country became a multiparty democracy in which the accountability of leaders and other key norms of the rule of law could finally take root. The restoration of public security, meanwhile, allowed the provision of basic services. And though their criminal-justice systems remained woefully underfunded, both were finally able to start providing citizens with basic protections. While the legal, social and political improvements in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 were impressive, in poorer Mozambique, the improvement was smaller but still marked. 56) It is clear from the passage that both South Africa and Mozambique ----. A) underwent a very radical process of social, political and legal transformation over a decade after the mid-1990s B) are still extremely obsessed with their political past and have failed to adapt themselves to the norms of democracy C) are noted for their indifference to the rule of law and have introduced a series of nondemoccrati measures D) have not solved their internal conflicts fully although they have made their criminal-justice systems very efficient through radical reforms E) have resorted to every conceivable means in their efforts to restore public security 57) It is pointed out in the passage that, compared with Mozambique, South Africa has ----. A) never been genuinely enthusiastic about the rule of law in the country and invariably attempted to undermine it B) upgraded their system of criminal justice and, thus, completely eliminated violence and injustice in society C) given priority to the cessation of internal conflicts in the country and the establishment of various political parties D) made enormous progress in the social and political reconstruction of their country E) never been held accountable for the violence and injustices they caused in the past 58) The author points out that, along with the institution of a multiparty democracy, ----. A) both Mozambique and South Africa have focused on their past and begun to bring to justice those who are accountable for the crimes of the past B) the maintenance of the rule of law in Mozambique and South Africa has failed due to a growing rate of political misconduct C) one important change in Mozambique and South Africa in the late 1990s was the new political principle that leaders were to be held accountable for their policies D) violence and injustice in Mozambique have ceased completely while South Africa still struggles with them E) the question of public security has been of little concern for political leaders since they have focused their efforts on party politics 59) It is emphasized in the passage that, in the postamnesties period, ----. A) radical political reforms in Mozambique are the major reason for the impressive improvements in the country’s economic performance B) Mozambique, which is economically underdeveloped, has experienced some striking political improvements C) political improvements in South Africa became the model for political improvements in Mozambique D) Mozambique has excelled South Africa in the improvement of both its economy and political institutions E) Mozambique’s political leaders were concerned not only with political reforms but also, more importantly, with the economic wellbeein of the country 60) It is implied in the passage that the provision of basic services in Mozambique and South Africa in the pre-amnesties period was ----. A) a priority for all the political parties B) far better than it has been in the postamneestie period C) regarded as an important factor in the process of democratization D) out of the question, owing to the absence of public security E) unaffected by serious and recurring economic Problems KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 88 No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By definition, such magical lands can’t be near at hand; they must be remote and inaccessible – destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom, where wise kings, blessed with long life spans, await the day when they will take power over the world, ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdom was called “Shambala,” and its location was believed to be a valley in northern India. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a “mandala,” which is Buddhism’s circular symbol of the unity of all creation. Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19th century, the myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20th century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley. 61) It is clear from the passage that the myth of Shambala ----. A) was originally introduced by those Europeans in the 19th century who were interested in Buddhism and carried out extensive studies in India B) began to be so popular in Europe in the 19th century that, with Madame Blavatsky, it turned into a mystical kind of religion C) had obviously been very popular throughout Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries before it was discovered by the Europeans D) had originally been an Indian myth and was later adopted by Tibetan Buddhists into their own culture E) came to be known widely in Europe only in the last century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky 62) The author claims that a great many people ----. A) yearn for a distant land of absolute health, happiness and goodness B) imagine India as a land of plenty, where people lead a most prosperous and peaceful life C) go on long pilgrimages to very remote places such as Tibet, where the most popular religion is Buddhism D) have a mystical view of life which enables them to cope with the ravages of time and disease E) have a strong desire to make a pilgrimage to the mythical valley of Shambala in order to recover from their sorrows and sufferings 63) According to the passage, ancient Tibetan Buddhists ----. A) preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily accessible for common people B) had a very strong longing for a world in which Buddhist values and ideas were shared by all human beings C) were most gifted writers who idealized life on earth and, in their writings, encouraged people to strive for peace and justice D) often made long pilgrimages and journeys to the valley of Shambala in India in order to have a mystical experience E) believed that a time would come when, under the rule of wise kings, peace and justice would prevail in the world 64) As one understands from the passage, the Russian mystic Madame Blavatsky ----. A) was clearly one of the few Europeans in the 19th century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia B) developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable journeys to the valley of Shambala C) constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efforts to make peace and justice dominant in the world D) helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdom of Shambala E) believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist texts was indispensable for the acquisition and exercise of telepathic skills 65) One learns from the passage that, for Buddhism, ----. A) the wise kings of the valley of Shambala value peace and justice more than any other thing B) man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness C) the valley of Shambala is a sacred place for pilgrimage and worship D) a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future E) everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of mandala KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 89 The late Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, upon being asked whether the French Revolution had been a good thing in world history, was reported to have said: “It is still too early to tell.” Watching the Western media analyze the recent emergence of China as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to rival the historical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even more justified in saying that it is “too soon to tell” what the outcome of the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. Besides China, India is also increasingly mentioned as a new source of large-scale investments in Africa. For the moment, the emergence of the Asian superpowers, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the “marginalisation” into which most African countries have fallen since the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989. 66) It is clear from the passage that, with the growing economic involvement of China and India in Africa, ----. A) the British economic and political interests in the region can only be maintained through more investments by Britain B) the Western superpowers have apparently lost their political influence in the region C) this continent has clearly been gaining in importance D) the Euro-American collaboration in the region will inevitably come to an end E) regional governments have begun to introduce radical measures for the improvement of the economy 67) According to the passage, it is China, more than India, that ----. A) has historically resisted British imperialism in order to safeguard its own interests in Africa B) is in the fore front in Africa as a leading investor and trading partner C) was extremely pleased with the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 D) has attached much importance to the views of the Western media E) has been most influenced in its ideology by the French Revolution 68) The author points out that, historically, Africa ----. A) has always been on good terms with China, especially since the time of Chou-En Lai B) has always played a central role in world politics and economic rivalry C) was completely colonized by Britain but, later, came under the Soviet political influence D) has always been subject to the European and American political hegemony E) has suffered a great deal from British economic exploitation and political hegemony 69) One understands from the passage that the author ----. A) is not yet sure of the possible consequences of China’s economic and political ascendancy in Africa B) is much impressed by the widespread political improvement in Africa that has been ushered in by China C) displays a hostile attitude towards the Euro-American ascendancy in Africa today D) is particularly interested in Chou-En Lai’s ideas and policies with regard to Africa E) is very biased in his assessment of the Chinese and Indian policies concerning the future of Africa 70) It is indicated in the passage that, although China and India have become economically and politically most powerful in Asia, ----. A) they have failed to make an impact on African politics B) their influence throughout the world is confined to Africa C) they were themselves, in fact, colonized and exploited by Britain in the past D) they have still to upgrade themselves in order to be able to contribute to the improvement of life in most African countries E) their rivalry in Africa has undermined their struggle against the Euro-American alliance KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 90 Editors have two primary functions which sometimes overlap: finding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication. Acquisitions editors perform the first chore. The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example, usually originates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editor’s job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive, carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case, the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable in a given area (economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to detail. 71) According to the passage, editors have two primary functions ----. A) one of which is to write publicity announcements about the books which will be published B) the most crucial of them to prepare manuscripts for publication C) which occasionally merge into each other D) both of which are related to the selection of books to be published E) which few publishers can fulfil 72) We learn from the passage that a college text ----. A) usually has its starting point in a lecturer’s notes B) is always assigned to an author by copyeditors C) can only be edited by the original author D) is harder to edit than a trade book E) often has its origin in an editor’s office 73) It is clear from the passage that, the queries and manuscripts sent to an editor’s office ----. A) are meticulously examined with a view to making books B) are rarely of any interest to the editorial staff C) will almost always result in a publication D) seldom receive the attention they deserve E) are of vital importance in the search for a suitable writer for a given text 74) We understand from the passage that an acquisitions editor, working on college texts, will probably ----. A) have far better skills and qualifications than copyeditors B) have started his career in one of the branches of the media C) have taken courses in marketing and advertising D) aim to go on to promote sales E) have a specialized knowledge of one or more Fields 75) It is obvious from the passage that the work of a copyeditor ----. A) is one of the easier ones in the publishing business B) hardly differs from that of the acquisitions editor C) has been constantly underrated D) requires an excellent grasp of the English language and the ability to give precise expression E) combines specialized knowledge with communication skills and the ability to summarize essential points KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 91 Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgotten crisis in the annals of the Cold War. Even most Berliners who lived through the event remember little about it. Yet this crisis over Berlin brought America and the Soviet Union, the two superpowers of the post-World War II period, close to war. In fact, since the very end of World War II, Berlin had been the centrepiece of a struggle between these two superpowers. It was here that World War II ended in 1945 when, following the occupation and defeat of Nazi Germany by the allied armies of the United States, Britain, and France from the west, and the Soviet Union from the east, the city had been captured and divided into the separate zones of East and West Berlin. Soon afterwards Germany had itself split into East and West, and the border between the two had become the dividing line (the socallle “iron curtain”) between Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe and free, capitalist Western Europe. Thus, situated behind this iron curtain and stuck a hundred miles inside Eastern territory, West Berlin was claimed, protected and supplied by the Western powers. In 1948, Stalin imposed a blockade, cutting West Berlin off from its Western suppliers. The United States responded with an airlift, keeping the zone alive for more than 300 days before Allied access was restored. 76) As one learns from the passage, West Berlin ----. A) received so much American aid during the Cold War that its people enjoyed a comfortable life B) was recognized by the Soviet Union during the Cold War as a separate American territory C) was, during the Cold War, far more prosperous and secure than East Berlin D) made an alliance during the Cold War with the United States against a possible Soviet invasion E) was able to survive the Soviet blockade in 1948 through relief provided by the United States 77) It is clear from the passage that the fall of Berlin in 1945 to the Allies and the Soviet Union ----. A) resulted from the establishment of the socallle “iron curtain” between East and West Germany B) was one of a series of political crises, the most serious of which was the one in 1961 C) followed the division of Germany into East and West D) clearly represented the final defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany E) completely undermined Nazi Germany’s political and military ambitions to conquer Europe 78) In the passage, the writer points out that, paradoxically, ----. A) even if America did not want the Soviet Union to capture Berlin completely, it acted fast and moved into West Berlin B) since the Allies and the Soviet Union fought in World War II against Nazi Germany, in fact they cooperated in many respects, including the capture of Berlin C) although the 1961 Berlin crisis almost led to a military confrontation between America and the Soviet Union, for most residents of Berlin today it has lost its significance D) despite their alliance during World War II, the United States, Britain and France each had conflicting policies towards Nazi Germany E) while Berliners experienced many hardships under the Soviet occupation of their city, they did not show any resistance 79) The point is made in the passage that, during the early decades of the Cold War, ----. A) the United States and its allies were totally indifferent to the political implications of the socalled “iron-curtain” B) the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in political conflict over Berlin C) the Soviet Union followed a policy of peace and friendship towards the United States and its allies D) Berliners regarded the Allied and Soviet occupation of their city as a relief from the Nazi regime E) the United States and the Soviet Union reached an agreement on the question of how Germany was to be divided 80) As it is clear from the passage, in the aftermath of World War II, ----. A) Europe was no longer an undivided continent, with Eastern Europe falling under Soviet rule B) the American presence throughout Europe rapidly increased and was strengthened to keep the Soviets under control C) the Eastern European countries willingly joined the Soviet Union and began to enjoy great economic prosperity D) the security of Berlin became so urgent that the western powers took a number of measures to protect it against an invasion E) while the Allied armies left Germany, the Soviet army remained in the country, continuing its occupation KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 92 Narva is a quiet northeastern Estonian town bathed in sea breezes. Though small, with a population of just over 72,000, it occupies a large place in Russian history. It was here in 1700 that, by attacking the Swedes, who were then in control of much of the Baltic coast, Russia launched its final campaign in a centuries-long quest to become a European power. The battle ended in defeat for the Russians, but the war did not; by 1721 Russia had conquered the Baltic territories as far southwest as Riga, the capital of present-day Latvia, and had built a new capital, Saint Petersburg, on the Gulf of Finland. Later in that century, Russia, through a partition agreement with Austria and Prussia, gained control of the rest of the Baltics, and would retain them until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. 81) According to the passage, the Russian conquest of the Baltics ----. A) forced both Austria and Prussia to give up their centuries-old claims on the Baltic territories and sign a treaty B) was finalized in the eighteenth century partly through war and partly through a multi-lateral treaty C) included only the region between Narva in northeastern Estonia and Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland D) was several times resisted by the Swedes, whom the Russians were unable to defeat and drive out of the region E) involved a very long war with the Swedes on the one hand, and with Austria and Prussia on the other 82) As can be understood from the passage, the writer ----. A) points out that Narva is an attractive and wellknown centre for tourism in Estonia B) describes the hardships which the Baltic countries endured under the Russians in the eighteenth century C) stresses how the Russian expansion in the Baltics in the 1720s was prevented by Austria and Prussia D) draws a contrast between the present-day romantic appearance of Narva and its historic significance E) compares Riga with Narva and concludes that the Latvian capital is historically more important 83) As one learns from the passage, it was before 1721 that ----. A) the Russians re-captured Riga from the Swedes and made it the capital of Latvia B) Russia reached an agreement with Austria and Prussia for the partition of the whole Baltic region C) Russia became a major European power which completely dominated the Baltics D) the Swedes and the Russians agreed on their respective control of the Baltic territories E) the city of Saint Petersburg was founded by the Russians on the Gulf of Finland 84) It is pointed out in the passage that ----. A) Russian possession of the Baltic territories lasted until the late twentieth century B) Prussian control of the Baltic territories lasted throughout the eighteenth century and after C) no European power in the eighteenth century was concerned about the Russian invasion of the Baltics D) the Swedes and the Russians were constantly at war with each other for the possession of the Baltics E) the Russian conquest of the Baltic territories has always been a controversial issue in Russian history 85) It is clear from the passage that Russia’s invasion of the Baltics in the early eighteenth century ----. A) put at risk the centuries-long good relations which she had maintained with other European powers B) was a thorough military campaign which lasted for many decades and failed to achieve its aims C) signified the final stage of her efforts towards becoming a European power that had gone on for centuries D) increased enormously the importance of both Narva and Riga as major military centres in the region E) so alarmed other European powers that they immediately made an alliance among themselves KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 93 Set in 1941 in Leningrad, Helen Dunmore’s novel The Siege opens with deceptively gentle scenes of Chekhovian melancholy. After the death of her mother, 23-year-old Anna Levin, the protagonist, gives up her artistic studies to look after her 5-yearold brother and her politically suspect father Abraham, who, as a writer, has fallen out of favour with Stalin’s cultural police. So she jumps at the chance to make a drawing of the retired actress Marina Petrovna, with whom Anna’s father might once have had a romantic relationship. But Anna’s worries about art and romance are soon swept away as the Germans besiege her native city. At this point, Dunmore’s novel transforms abruptly as well, shifting from a romantic narrative into a study of survival under most extreme hardships. Anna’s abundant artistic creativity is put to use providing food and fuel for her helpless family, and her drawing skills are called on to sketch a neighbour’s starved baby so that the grieving mother might remember her lost child. Indeed, the novel presents a striking contrast between the gentle display of human emotions and the rude dictates of survival under the most inhuman circumstances. 86) According to the passage, Helen Dunmore’s novel The Siege is mainly the story of ----. A) how the children of Leningrad in particular suffered extreme hardship when the Germans besieged the city in 1941 B) the famous actress Marina Petrovna, who was living in retirement when the Germans besieged Leningrad in 1941 C) the strong armed resistance that the people of Leningrad put up against the Germans when th city was besieged D) how a young artist, Anna Levin, struggled hard with her family to survive during the German siege of Leningrad in 1941 E) the romantic relationship between the actress Marina Petrovna and the writer Abraham Levin, who was a political activist 87) It is emphasized in the passage that the novel -. A) never loses its romantic tone, even though some of the scenes described can be very depressing and upsetting B) shows how Helen Dunmore differs from the Russian writer Chekhov in her detailed portrayal of characters C) is not only a narrative of romantic scenes, but also the depiction of a cruel reality in which human survival was almost impossible D) primarily focuses on the complexity of human emotions and tries to demonstrate this through the depiction of a wide range of characters E) is embedded with a number of inconsistencies as regards style and characterization, which make Dunmore’s literary creativity rather superficial 88) It is clear from the passage that Anna’s study of art ----. A) was supported by her father, who, as a political writer, often wrote against the cultural policies of Stalin’s regime B) was interrupted as, following her mother’s death, she had to take care of her family C) was carried out under the most favourable circumstances, and her fame as a promising young artist soon spread throughout Leningrad D) was a great achievement for her, despite the fact that her artistic creativity had not been recognized at first E) took so long that, in the end, she gave it up to join the people of Leningrad in their defence of the city against the Germans 89) It is pointed out in the passage that, when the German siege of Leningrad began, ----. A) Anna’s concern about her own artistic future was totally wiped out B) Anna’s father Abraham’s love affair with Marina Petrovna came to an end C) Anna had already become famous because of her portrait of the actress Marina Petrovna D) Stalin’s cultural police arrested Abraham because of his subversive ideas E) the inhabitants made various arrangements to overcome the serious shortage of food and fuel in the city 90) In the passage, the writer draws attention to the fact that, in Leningrad under siege, Anna ----. A) offered care to the mothers who lost their children because of the terrible food shortage B) was especially worried about the fate of children, most of whom starved to death C) helped many people to put up with the most extreme hardships of life D) seriously devoted herself to a study of Chekhov’s literary works E) used her artistic capacity not only to support her family but also to represent human suffering KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 94 Following World War II, European countries largely gave up their colonial possessions and, by the 1950s and 1960s, had already begun to receive growing numbers of immigrants from their former colonies. In many instances, these included the descendants of the slaves in the colonies, who had been forced to work. In this respect, Britain is a case in point. Though in small numbers, Africans and Indians had come to Britain long before the tens of thousands who came as colonial immigrants in the 1960s and thereafter. The first Africans who came to Britain were probably soldiers during the Roman possession of that country in antiquity. In modern times, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, African and Indian princes and scholars visited Britain. Others coming to Britain were in service positions; for instance, in the eighteenth century, black African and Indian young men were fashionable as servants in the homes of the wealthy. Africans and Indians also came to Britain as sailors and traders, and port towns, such as London, Glasgow, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool, developed small black populations in the early nineteenth century, some of which persisted into the twentieth century. Relations between these populations and the native white population were varied, historians citing instances both of hostility and solidarity. 91) It is pointed out in the passage that the black communities living in some British port towns in the early years of the nineteenth century ----. A) were not always treated in a friendly way by the white population B) consisted solely of sailors who came mainly from Britain’s colonies in Africa C) were completely constituted by merchants who were involved in overseas trade with India D) were made up of travellers from Africa and India, who visited Britain for various reasons E) were essentially formed by colonial immigrants from Africa as well as India 92) As one finds out from the passage, it would be wrong to maintain that ----. A) many of the immigrants to Britain came from India and the other colonies B) Africans arrived in Britain for the first time in the twentieth century C) European colonial rule in Africa ended in the post-World War II period D) Britain was occupied and ruled by the Romans E) the domestic staff of the wealthy in Britain often included Africans and Indians 93) It is stressed in the passage that Britain ----. A) was the only colonial power in Europe that objected to the practice of slavery B) was faced soon after World War II with an enormous influx of immigrants C) had already possessed a large community of Africans under Roman rule D) began to receive huge numbers of colonial immigrants from the 1960s onwards E) always welcomed large numbers of immigrants from its colonies in Africa and elsewhere 94) As stated in the passage, many of the immigrants that arrived in Europe after World War II ----. A) were actually fleeing from the slave labour invariably practised in the colonies B) constituted small minorities that became the target of white native hatred C) were the relatives of the former colonial slaves D) were interested in service positions and, hence, were mostly employed as servants E) were in fact the descendants of the slaves especially in India 95) It is pointed out in the passage that, in the past, ----. A) Africans and Indians preferred Britain to other European countries for settlement and employment B) Britain possessed the largest and most densely populated colonies throughout the world C) the European countries rivalled Britain both in trade and in the colonization of Africa D) the European colonial powers, including Britain, refused to accept immigrants from their colonies E) among the early colonial visitors to Britain were students and members of the native nobility from Africa and India KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 95 A couple of months ago NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans to the moon. In doing so, NASA wanted prioritized research objectives for the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations by astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendations made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. The top priority that scientists have recommended is the development of programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is the exploration of the moon’s south pole, which is called “the Aitken basin,” an impact scar mostly on the moon’s back side. Then comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns, scientifically selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits. 96) From the research recommendations summarized in the passage, it becomes clear that ----. A) there is still a lot that has to be learned about the moon B) scientists are extensively familiar with the structure of the moon C) the exploration of the lunar surface is not so urgent as understanding the inner structure of the moon D) the scientific community does not regard NASA’s objectives about the moon as feasible E) NASA is determined to make the moon a new base for space exploration 97) One understands from the passage that NASA ----. A) and scientists have conflicting research objectives about the moon B) has already developed a multi-purpose research programme for the moon C) always consults the scientific community, but seldom takes its advice into consideration D) is planning to send robots to the moon before it sends astronauts E) has been indifferent to various recommendations made by scientists 98) As is clear from the passage, NASA’s purpose in consulting scientists is to ----. A) make sure that its programmes for lunar data analysis are supported by them B) learn whether the moon has water deposited as ice under its poles C) find out about the kind of research which is primarily important for lunar exploration D) encourage them to focus their attention on a full study of the Aitken basin E) give them the opportunity to discuss their research results about the moon 99) According to the passage, one of the recommendations made by the scientific community concerns ----. A) the scientific specification of the locations where robots or astronauts can land B) the problems related to the working of the robots orbiting the moon or landing on the surface C) the analysis of the rock samples that will be taken from the Aitken basin D) the tasks that will be performed by the astronauts when they explore the moon’s south pole E) the question of how NASA can benefit from the results obtained from lunar explorations 100) It is clearly stated in the passage that astronauts ----. A) will use a variety of instruments only to learn about the interior of the moon B) will be sent to the moon to investigate the lunar surface C) will, in the first place, select a suitable spot for landing their craft D) are expected to discover icy deposits under the south pole E) have been trained to perform lunar data analysis KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 96 In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man’s name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted if his name were uttered without first taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread. Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does some good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. Therefore, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, instead of wastefully employing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again. 101) In this passage, the author points out that ----. A) most societies in the world today are still very primitive B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to embody the idea they express C) the unsophisticated are no less intelligent than the sophisticated D) Tibetan peasants should not be regarded as primitive E) the Tibetan peasant does not really believe that the prayer-wheel can do any good 102) As we understand from the passage, an underlying belief behind the Tibetan prayerwhhee is that ----. A) for a prayer to be answered, it must be repeated many times B) man can achieve nothing without the help of stronger powers C) man is powerless against the forces of evil D) human effort can achieve almost anything E) the forces of nature must never be opposed 103) The author uses the example of the Tibetan prayer-wheel to ----. A) show that all religions are fundamentally alike B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive peoples are C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be in primitive societies D) show how inventive primitive peoples are E) show how unique the natives of Tibet are 104) It is clear from the passage that, among primitive societies, it is generally believed that a man’s name ----. A) should be constantly repeated B) has a wholesome effect upon his life C) will bring calamity to those who use it D) should only be spoken under appropriate circumstances E) is of little importance as it is so rarely used 105) We can conclude from the passage that the Tibetan peasant ----. A) is not tolerant of the religious beliefs of others B) bears no resemblance to other primitive peasants C) never calls any member of his family by name D) is not deeply religious and does not treat his religion seriously E) – though primitive – has a very practical attitude towards life KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 97 Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to “give laughter and light” to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, “For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success.” Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he’d meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison’s invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with light and laughter. 106) As we understand from the passage, Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, ----. A) most of which were very expensive and got him into financial difficulties B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long one C) most of which were related to the phonograph D) but the people who knew him encouraged him to keep on trying E) and on many occasions he felt his experiments were pointless 107) It is clear from the passage that, once Edison had invented the electric lamp, ----. A) he lost interest in carrying out experiments B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly given up the project C) he wasn’t at all interested in what people felt about it D) people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it E) he felt discouraged because he had failed to meet the goal he had set himself for the completion of his invention 108) As we understand from the passage, with the phrase, “Failures are stepping stones to success”, Edison meant that ----. A) one should forget one’s failures as soon as possible B) one cannot be successful every time C) success and failure are both a matter of chance D) there are two kinds of failure: those that lead to success and those that don’t E) the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success 109) According to the passage, when Edison was working on an invention, he ----. A) was keen to pass on to others the knowledge he was accumulating B) was very secretive about what he was doing C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure D) avoided friends and detractors alike E) felt embarrassed by periods of no progress 110) It is clear from the passage that, when Edison was working on the electric lamp, ----. A) he worked slowly because he was disheartened B) he knew for certain that he would attain success very quickly C) no one felt that an electric lamp was in any way desirable D) he was hindered by rain and bad weather in general E) people didn’t believe that it was possible at all KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 98 Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. This is one of the most common reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. It is only within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning. If education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a void: our questions raise other questions, social, economic, financial, and political. And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we want in education, we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory of education from our philosophy of life. 111) The main point made in the passage is that education, ----. A) should be isolated from financial issues B) is becoming more and more meaningless C) will improve when the political and economic situation improves D) must be related to the social and political background in which it occurs E) will naturally evolve in accordance with the process of history 112) According to the writer, the present-day unsatisfactory and ineffectual state of education ----. A) can be regarded as a passing phase, and no action need be taken B) is a result of the disordered state of society and the fact that society does not know what it wants C) offers no real cause for concern D) has provoked a great deal of useful discussion about how it relates to the social system E) is receiving a great deal of much-needed Attention 113) The point is made in the passage that each and every system of education ----. A) needs to be tailor-made to fit the specific social system for which it is designed B) will inevitably have shortcomings or faults C) should be constantly updated D) should be designed on the basis of educational theory, not on the opinions of society at large E) has a great deal in common with every other system of education 114) In this passage, the author aims to make us think about not only what we want from education, but also about ----. A) how harmful is the effect it is having on society B) how far we are prepared to support it C) to what extent we have ourselves benefited from it D) whether it really is deteriorating at a great speed E) what we want from life 115) The attitude of the author towards education is ----. A) negative and disinterested B) angry and pessimistic C) critical and constructive D) encouraging and hopeful E) scornful and destructive KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 99 The distinction between “journalism” and “literature” is quite futile, unless we are drawing such a violent contrast as that between Gibbon’s History and today’s paper; and such a contrast itself is too violent to have meaning. You cannot, that is, draw any useful distinction between journalism and literature merely on a scale of literary values, as a difference between the well-written and the supremely wellwritten: a secondraat novel is not journalism, but it certainly is not literature. The term “journalism” has deteriorated, so let us try to recall it to its more permanent sense. To my thinking, the most accurate as well as most comprehensive definition of the term is to be obtained through considering the type of mind, concerned with writing what all would concede to be the best journalism. There’s a type of mind, and I have a very close sympathy with it, which can only turn to writing, or only produce its best writing, under the pressure of an immediate occasion; and it is this type of mind which I propose to treat as the journalist’s. The underlying causes may differ: the cause may be an ardent preoccupation with affairs of the day, or it may be (as with myself) laziness requiring an immediate stimulus, or a habit formed by early necessity of earning small sums quickly. It is not so much that the journalist works on different material from that of other writers, as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive. 116) In this passage, the writer asserts that ----. A) literature is far more valuable than journalism B) the difference between literature and journalism bears little relation to literary qualities C) he has all the qualities of a journalist D) the best stimulus for a journalist is the need for money E) one must be ardently concerned with the events of each day if one wants to be a journalist 117) The writer prefers to define journalism ----. A) through a close study of violently contrasting examples B) while disregarding literary qualities C) by looking at the type of mind that produces good journalism D) after first drawing up a scale of literary values E) in a way that will help journalism to recover the respect it formerly enjoyed 118) It is clear from the passage that the writer ----. A) regards journalism as second-rate literature B) is very critical of the motives of the journalist C) thinks one can best come to an understanding of journalism by contrasting it with literature D) is far more interested in literature than in journalism E) feels great respect for good journalism 119) The point is made in the passage that the journalist does his best writing when ----. A) events in his own life have stimulated him B) there is no pressure upon him C) he is closely involved in the affairs of the time D) under an obligation to do so E) he can choose his own material 120) According to the passage, what characterizes the work of the journalist is ----. A) not the thing he writes about but why he writes about it B) the non-literary style of the writing C) the every-day nature of the material he chooses D) the desire to stimulate people to action E) his obsession for accuracy KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 100 Leonardo da Vinci is a member of a very small class of “transformative geniuses,” not ordinary or common geniuses, who have contributed abundantly to their fields, but rather the ones who have created or defined entire fields. In literature, no one asks, “Who was the greatest writer?” Honest debate can start at Number Two. Shakespeare, the consensus choice as greatest writer, is a member of this class of transformative geniuses. Similarly, Isaac Newton is recognized as the greatest among scientists and mathematicians; Ludwig van Beethoven, and possibly Bach and Mozart, are the transformative geniuses among composers. The most recent transformative genius the world has seen may have been Albert Einstein, a scientist like Newton – and Time Magazine’s “Man of the Century” for the 20th century. In ranking artists, one can start the debate at Number Three – a rank for which Raphael and Rembrandt are candidates, or perhaps one of the great French Impressionists, or the 20th century’s most famous artist, Picasso. The ranks of Number One and Number Two, however, are reserved for Leonardo and Michelangelo, taken in either order. These two are far above all other artists. Michelangelo lived a very long lifetime of eighty-nine years, and was productive to the end. Leonardo, on the other hand, lived sixty-seven years, and left behind just a dozen paintings. And only a half of these are incontrovertibly one hundred per cent by him. In contrast, Rembrandt painted hundreds of paintings, 57 of himself alone; van Gogh created nine hundred paintings in a period of nine years. So how can we put Leonardo at the very pinnacle? The answer is really quite simple: his dozen or so paintings include the Number One and the Number Two most famous paintings in the history of art – The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. 121) The passage is about “transformative geniuses” ----. A) as they have affected the world of literature and science B) but the author feels that the way the public opinion ranks them is faulty C) and the massive changes they have brought to the world D) and instances of them are given in several fields E) and the times in which they lived and produced 122) With the sentence, “Honest debate can start at Number Two”, the writer is really saying ----. A) one cannot expect popular opinion to judge fairly B) people don’t always give their honest opinions C) Shakespeare doesn’t deserve his position at the head of the list D) the relative merits of writers are very controversial E) there can be no doubt about Number 1; that’s definitely Shakespeare’s place 123) According to the passage, when it comes to ranking artists, ----. A) van Gogh comes very high on the list as a result of the great number of his paintings B) at least six artists have a claim to top place C) it is either Leonardo or Michelangelo who is Number One D) the third place definitely goes to Raphael E) 20th-century ones come low on the list 124) We learn from the passage that, although Leonardo left the world only a dozen or so paintings, ----. A) these include the world’s two best-known paintings B) they are all of remarkably high quality C) he actually painted a great many more D) he knew they would keep his name alive to the end of civilization E) they rightly earned him the undisputed position of the world’s Number One artist 125) It is clear from the passage that Michelangelo ----. A) richly deserves his Number One position as the best of the artists B) was a far more productive artist than Leonardo C) had a profound influence upon the next generation of painters D) was jealous of the fame of Leonardo and strove to excel him E) has only been recognized as a great artist in recent times KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 101 The major sciences of the Hellenistic Age were astronomy, mathematics, geography, medicine, and physics. The most renowned of the early Hellenistic astronomers was Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B.C.), sometimes called the “Hellenistic Copernicus.” His primary accomplishment was his deduction that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun. This view was not accepted by his successors because it conflicted with the teachings of Aristotle and also with the Greek conviction that humanity, and therefore the Earth, must be at the centre of the universe. Later, in the second century A.D., Aristarchus’s fame was overshadowed by that of Ptolemy of Alexandria. Although Ptolemy made few original discoveries, he systematized the works of others. His principal writing, The Almagest, based on the view that all heavenly bodies revolve around the Earth, was handed down to medieval Europe as the classic summary of ancient astronomy. 126) According to the passage, it was Ptolemy of Alexandria who ----. A) adequately summarized in his Almagest Aristarchus’s ideas on astronomy B) was greatly inspired by Aristarchus’s heliocentric view of the universe C) fundamentally shaped the European understanding of astronomy for the Middle Ages D) first studied and explained in The Almagest the movements of all the planets E) contributed extensively to the development of astronomy as a science 127) One gathers from the passage that, in the Hellenistic Age, ----. A) Aristotle’s writings and the works of other philosophers were edited and published B) astronomy was the science which received the most attention C) all astronomers held the same views about the Sun and the planets D) astronomy was just one of several sciences to be studied seriously E) it was commonly accepted that Aristarchus’s ideas had mainly derived from Aristotle 128) It is clear from the passage that, with his view of the universe, Aristarchus ----. A) opened the way for the study of astronomy as a science B) was only repeating the traditional Greek idea C) did not differ from other Hellenistic astronomers D) had much influence on his contemporaries E) made an unprecedented breakthrough in astronomy 129) It is pointed out in the passage that the Greeks ----. A) regarded the Earth as the centre of the universe B) were extremely influenced by Aristarchus’s ideas C) were not fully familiar with the teachings of Aristotle D) completely ruled out whatever Ptolemy said about the universe E) knew how the planets revolved around the Sun 130) One understands from the passage that Aristarchus’s reputation as an astronomer ----. A) can be attributed to Copernicus’s study of his work B) never lost its significance in the Middle Ages C) began to grow only after the second century A.D. D) became widespread through Ptolemy’s famous work The Almagest E) has been acknowledged as correct by modern astronomers KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 102 The most significant political change in eastern Europe during the late 1980s was the collapse of communism in East Germany and the unification of East and West Germany. Although long considered the most prosperous of the Soviet satellite countries, East Germany suffered from severe economic stagnation and environmental degradation. Waves of East Germans registered their discontent with worsening conditions by massive illegal emigration to the West. This exodus together with evidence of widespread official corruption led to the resignation of East Germany’s long-time, hard-line premier, Erich Honecker. His successor, Egon Krenz, promised reforms, but he was nevertheless faced with continuing protests and continuing mass emigration. In the end, on 4 November 1989, the government, in a move that acknowledged its powerlessness to hold its citizens captive, opened its border with Czechoslovakia. This move effectively freed East Germans to travel to the West. In a matter of days, the Berlin Wall, which had been the embodiment of the Cold War, the Iron Curtain, and the division of East from West, was demolished by groups of ordinary citizens. Jubilant crowds from both sides walked through the gaping holes that now permitted men, women, and children to take the few steps that symbolized the return to freedom and a chance for national unity. 131) As pointed out in the passage, in the late 1980s, ----. A) Honecker and Krenz were fully committed to the ultimate unification of East and West Germany B) East Germany began to enjoy so much prosperity that the other Soviet satellite states became envious of its economic success C) the East German government, already corrupt and disliked by the people, was no longer able to prevent mass emigration to the West D) Honecker introduced extremely austere economic measures in order to improve worsening conditions and get rid of corruption E) East Germany adopted a policy of cooperation with West Germany so that the effects of the Cold War could be eliminated 132) It is stressed in the passage that the Berlin Wall ----. A) had been built by the East German government in order to prevent any access to West Berlin B) not only divided East and West, but also, more importantly, symbolized the Cold War and the Iron Curtain C) signified both the powerlessness of Honecker’s government and the failure of his economic policies D) would have been demolished even if East Germany had retained communism E) gave rise to a great many ideological controversies between East and West Germany 133) According to the passage, with the collapse of the Berlin Wall, ----. A) the Soviet satellite countries were exposed to Western ideas B) East and West Germany signed a treaty of reunification C) the economic prosperity of East Germany continued to increase D) the East Germans took up their fight against political corruption E) the East German people were, as it were, finally freed from captivity 134) It is stated in the passage that East Germany ----. A) made various attempts to fight corruption in the government, but failed B) had continually tried to be re-unified with West Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall C) had never regarded communism as an acceptable regime until the 1980s D) faced extremely severe economic and environmental problems in the 1980s E) had a considerable economic and political influence on other east European countries 135) It is made clear in the passage that Honecker’s resignation from the government ----. A) led to a serious political crisis in the country, which was finally resolved by the intervention of his successor Egon Krenz B) was inevitable because he had failed to carry out the reforms urgently needed to improve the economy and the environment C) was required by his successor Egon Krenz, who was far more popular with the people and took the necessary precautions to stop illegal emigration D) was demanded because, without having consulted his colleagues, he had opened East Germany’s border with Czechoslovakia E) took place as a result of widespread official corruption and the massive illegal emigration to the West of the people of East Germany KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 103 The causes of World War II were rooted in the peace settlement at Versailles in 1919-1920. The peace had created as many problems as it had solved. The senior Allied heads of state yielded to demands that involved annexing German territory and creating new states out of the eastern European empires. In doing so, the peacemakers created fresh bitterness and conflict. The Versailles treaty and its champions, such as US President Woodrow Wilson, proclaimed the principle of self-determination for the peoples of eastern and southern Europe. Yet the new states created by the treaty crossed ethnic boundaries, involved political compromises, and frustrated many of the expectations they had raised. The unsteady new boundaries would be redrawn by force in the 1930s. The Allied powers also kept up the naval blockade against Germany after the end of World War I. This forced the new German government to accept harsh terms that deprived Germany of its political power in Europe. The blockade and its consequences created grievances that made the German people feel angry and completely humiliated. 136) It is argued in the passage that the Versailles treaty, signed after World War I, ----. A) went into effect soon after the Allied naval blockade against Germany had been lifted B) did not take into consideration Woodrow Wilson’s principle of self-determination C) enabled Germany to regain its territories in eastern Europe and become militarily strong again D) was a total failure, since it ultimately led to World War II E) was accepted with great jubilation by the German government and people 137) As pointed out in the passage, the new states in eastern Europe, created in accordance with the Versailles treaty, ----. A) became the source of many problems in Europe and caused much disillusionment B) were protected by the Allied powers against a possible German invasion C) formed an alliance in order to resist Germany’s territorial demands D) maintained their independence until the start of World War II E) did their best to be on good terms with Germany and so pursued a pro-German policy 138) According to the passage, in the face of the Allied naval blockade, ----. A) Germany openly refused to reach any political compromise with the Allied powers B) the German government gave up its demands for the annexation of the east European countries C) the newly-created east European countries soon began to disregard each other’s boundaries D) the German people strongly opposed Woodrow Wilson’s principle of selfdetermminatio E) Germany had no other choice but to agree to the severe conditions dictated by the Allies 139) It is clear from the passage that, contrary to Allied expectations, ----. A) the Germans were able to overcome the grievances caused by the naval blockade B) the peace deal made at Versailles brought about new hostilities and conflicts C) Germany’s political power in Europe became further strengthened by the Versailles treaty D) President Wilson was worried about the political future of the new states in eastern Europe E) Germany and the new east European states soon realized they had much in common and established good relationships 140) Clearly, the passage ----. A) is a comprehensive assessment of the impact that the Allied naval blockade of Germany had on the Versailles treaty B) is a detailed account of how Germany prepared itself economically and politically for World War II C) focuses directly on the problems that faced the new east European states created after World War I D) is a detailed study of the European importance and consequences of Woodrow Wilson’s principle of self-determination E) summarizes the developments in Europe in the aftermath of the Versailles treaty KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 104 The French Revolution transformed the political and diplomatic landscape of Europe suddenly and dramatically. The transformation of industry came more gradually. By the 1830s or 1840s, however, writers and social thinkers in Europe were increasingly aware of unexpected and extraordinary changes in their economic world. They began to speak of an “industrial revolution,” one that seemed to parallel the revolution in politics. The term has stayed with us. The Industrial Revolution spanned the hundred years after 1780. It represented the first breakthrough from an agricultural and overwhelmingly rural economy to one characterized by large-scale manufacturing, more capital-intensive enterprises, and urbanization. It involved new sources of energy and power, faster transportation, mechanization, higher productivity, and new ways of organizing human labour. It triggered social changes with revolutionary consequences for the West and its relationship with the world. Of all these changes, perhaps the most important one was to be seen in energy. Over the space of two or three generations, a society and an economy that had traditionally drawn on water, wind, and wood for most of its energy needs came to depend on steam engines and coal. In other words, the Industrial Revolution brought the beginnings of “the fossil fuel age.” 141) As one understands from the passage, the term “the Industrial Revolution” ----. A) was only used during the first half of the nineteenth century and has since been replaced by new terms, such as “the fossil fuel age” B) was invented after the Industrial Revolution was completed C) always signified the process of urbanization in Europe, which was closely linked with the migration of rural people to major cities D) was first invented by a group of European social thinkers who recognized that huge changes were occurring in the economic world E) essentially referred to the use of steam power in industry, but has today lost its original meaning completely 142) As pointed out in the passage, compared with the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution ----. A) was so sudden and unexpected that there emerged a desperate need for new sources of energy and more workers B) had no impact at all on the social changes which took place in Europe in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries C) had so much influence on European politics in the nineteenth century that governments had to revise their development plans D) was primarily concerned with social welfare and forced many countries in Europe to introduce new benefits for workers E) was a process of industrial, economic, and social transformation in Europe, which covered hundred years beginning with the late eighteenth century 143) One learns from the passage that, with the Industrial Revolution, ----. A) a great deal of improvement was made in transportation so that goods could be carried in large quantities all over the world B) the usual energy resources, such as wind, water, and wood, began to be used far more efficiently in order to meet growing energy needs C) the traditional rural economy was replaced by a capital-based economy of mass production and labour D) economic affairs came to dominate politics and diplomatic relations in Europe so much that governments adopted policies for more cooperation with each other E) agriculture in Europe was fully modernized and, consequently, much higher productivity was achieved 144) It is clear from the passage that coal-fired steam power ----. A) had not been used as a primary source of energy before the Industrial Revolution B) was only used as a source of energy for industry in the 1830s and 1840s C) quickly lost its importance for industry after the advantages of fossil fuels became apparent D) was not regarded as a feasible source of energy during the Industrial Revolution E) played a minimal role in the transport of goods during the Industrial Revolution 145) As can be seen clearly, the passage ----. A) explains how the Industrial Revolution transformed the landscape of European politics and relations B) gives a detailed account of the ways in which the French Revolution differs from the Industrial Revolution C) extensively outlines the role which various sources of energy equally played in the Industrial Revolution D) mainly deals with the meaning and the economic and social consequences of the Industrial Revolution E) discusses in depth the political and economic causes of both the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution KPDS HAZIRLIK 2011 SONBAHAR www.remzihoca.com 105 The Renaissance originated in Italy for several reasons. The most fundamental reason was that Italy in the later Middle Ages was the most advanced urban society in all of Europe. Unlike aristocrats north of the Alps, Italian aristocrats customarily lived in urban centres rather than in rural castles and consequently became fully involved in urban public affairs. Moreover, since the Italian aristocracy built its palaces in the cities, the aristocratic class was less sharply set off from the class of rich merchants than in other European countries. Hence, whereas in France or Germany most aristocrats lived on the income from their lands while rich town dwellers, called bourgeois in French, gained their living from trade, in Italy so many town-dwelling aristocrats engaged in banking or mercantile enterprises, and so many rich mercantile families imitated the manners of the aristocracy that, by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the aristocracy and upper bourgeoisie were becoming virtually indistinguishable. For instance, the noted Florentine family of the Medici, which had emerged as a family of physicians (as the name suggests), made its fortune in banking and commerce, and rose into the aristocracy in the fifteenth century. Obviously, social mobility as such brought about a great demand for education in the skills of reading and counting necessary to become a successful merchant, but the richest and most prominent families sought above all to find teachers who would impart to their sons the knowledge and skills necessary in politics and public life. 146) It is suggested in the passage that, in the period before the Renaissance, ----. A) the aristocrats in Europe were indifferent to the quality of education offered at schools B) the Medici of Florence had been a poor mercantile family with no skills in politics C) France and Germany had many more aristocratic families than Italy D) European banking was completely monopolized by the rich town-dwellers of France E) no other European country had an urban society as advanced as that of Italy 147) According to the passage, unlike their French or German counterparts, ----. A) medieval Italian aristocrats lived in cities and mixed with the general public B) Italian merchants in the Renaissance period were also engaged in trade north of the Alps C) distinguished Italian families wished their sons to become successful merchants D) the Medici were actively involved in the politics and diplomatic relations of their time E) the Italian upper bourgeoisie were strongly opposed to social mobility 148) It is pointed out in the passage that wealthy medieval Italian merchant families ----. A) deliberately avoided any involvement in the political affairs of their cities B) disliked urban centres and preferred to live in their castles built in rural areas C) never took an interest in the political activities of the aristocracy D) were greatly influenced in their habits and way of life by urban aristocrats E) were far more enterprising in trade than their French and German rivals 149) According to the passage, it was in Italy that ----. A) what the French called bourgeois had the monopoly on banking B) merchants and aristocrats were clearly set apart C) banking developed much faster than trade D) most aristocrats wanted their sons to learn only the skills associated with politics E) the rise of the Renaissance first took place 150) It is clear from the passage that banking and trade ----. A) contributed a great deal to social mobility in Italy in the later Middle Ages B) were far more advanced in France and Germany than in Italy during the Renaissance C) were major enterprises that medieval Italian aristocrats chose to ignore D) first emerged in medieval Italy, but were more professionally practised north of the Alps E) had much impact on the development of education throughout medieval Europe A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 1 1. – 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerleer uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuuz 1. Few Arab governments have any legal ----to monitor arms trade. A) interpretation B) framework C) judgement D) adoption E) obsession 2. European companies are stepping up their investment in the Libyan gas sector, as the Libyan government is increasingly ----to welcome them. A) tentative B) essential C) obvious D) similar E) keen 3. Consumers in the Gulf countries have ----higher real purchasing power because of sustained low inflation. A) inclusively B) pensively C) considerably D) faintly E) bilaterally 4. For the world’s automotive industry, this year’s Dubai Motor Show is a rare opportunity to ----serious business with wealthy customers in the Middle East. A) lift B) purchase C) relate D) conduct E) satisfy 5. The major component of most gallstones is cholesterol, though some are ----of calcium salts. A) swept away B) kept away C) broken down D) looked after E) made up 6. There ----various indications that the current financial crisis ----a damaging effect on technology companies. A) are /is having B) were /will have C) had been /has had D) have been /would have had E) would have been /had had 7. Russia ----earlier this week that it ----all its troops out of Georgia. A) had announced /pulled B) announces /would have pulled C) announced /had pulled D) is announcing /has pulled E) has announced /was pulling A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 2 8. With its superior firepower, NATO ----any battle, but it ----the war in Afghanistan. A) had won /loses B) can win /is losing C) has won /lost D) would have won /had lost E) is winning /was losing 9. About 20 to 40 per cent of pancreatic cancer cases are cured ----chemotherapy followed ----radiation therapy or surgery. A) about /over B) from /to C) with /by D) of /into E) at /through 10. The objective ----a proper diet is to achieve and maintain a desirable body composition and a large capacity ----physical and mental work. A) through /through B) on /within C) at /across D) of /for E) after /between 11. Gang violence is deplorable and cannot be tolerated, ----simply “cracking down” on it is not the solution. A) so that B) whereby C) but D) when E) so long as 12. The Caucasus is a strategically vital region ----could play a critical role in the European Union’s future energy security. A) whereas B) who C) as D) whereby E) that 13. ----inflation and unemployment rise sharply in Europe, the solidarity of the European Union could break down in some damaging ways. A) If B) As if C) Unless D) Until E) Even though 14. In the current financial crisis, Italy is alone among the big European countries in having ----a bank rescue fund ----a stated figure for the sum it is ready to make available. A) more /than B) neither /nor C) such /as D) so /that E) just /as 15. Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems ----air embolism and decompression sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. A) as regards B) as far as C) also D) such as E) just as A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 3 16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. Eritrea was part of the first Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum (16) ----its decline in the 8th century. It came under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, and (17) ----of the Egyptians. The Italians (18) ----the coastal areas in 1885, and the Treaty of Uccialli, signed on 2nd May 1889, gave Italy (19) ----over part of Eritrea. The Italians ruled the colony until World War II. It was made an Ethiopian province in 1962, but a civil war (20) ----against the Ethiopian government led by rebel groups who opposed the union and wanted independence for Eritrea. 16. A) through B) over C) until D) with E) in 17. A) subsequently B) widely C) unanimously D) earnestly E) extensively 18. A) capture B) will capture C) have captured D) captured E) are capturing 19. A) institution B) sovereignty C) treatment D) opposition E) prominence 20. A) broke out B) took off C) set out D) kept on E) went forward 21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the Renaissance. In fact, portraits (21) ----before the Renaissance, of course: (22) ----think of the Pharaohs with their colossal statues, or the busts of the Roman emperors, (23) ----those figures seemed very (24) ----. Renaissance artists, by contrast, sought to create not just a likeness of their subjects, but also (25) ----of their spirit. 21. A) exist B) would exist C) have existed D) would have existed E) had existed 22. A) Just B) Already C) Always D) Usually E) Previously 23. A) whenever B) when C) but D) while E) so far as 24. A) principal B) prospective C) enthusiastic D) recent E) remote 25. A) many B) anything C) something D) any E) few A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 4 26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 26. ----that the basic principle of collective ownership of rural land will remain unchanged. A) In the past, many people in China feared B) The Chinese government had already decided C) Some politicians in China took part in a debate D) The Chinese Prime Minister has stated E) Chinese peasants held a protest meeting last Sunday 27. ----, but it no longer sponsors terrorism. A) North Korea had long wanted to reach an agreement with the US B) North Korea had, until recently, no intention of giving up nuclear weapons C) The North Koreans and the Japanese have had talks on a variety of issues D) Two decades ago, two North Korean agents blew up a South Korean airliner E) North Korea’s regime may be brutal in all sorts of ways 28. Because Brazil’s exports include a wide variety of valuable raw materials, ----. A) the unpredictable exchange rates had damaged the country’s economy a lot B) the government introduced a number of austerity measures to reduce inflation C) the country has had huge earnings in foreign currency over the past few years D) the country’s economy cannot satisfy domestic demand without higher inflation E) most economists agree that a weaker currency will mean higher inflation 29. ----where bones that span six million years of human evolution have been dug up over the last 25 years. A) New archaeological evidence helps us to understand the evolution of primitive humans B) Various fossils have recently been found in an Ethiopian valley C) The history of human evolution can best be traced through the study of fossils D) The new discoveries in Ethiopia significantly expand our knowledge of primitive humans E) In Ethiopia, a wide range of fossils, including teeth, skull, jaw and hand bones, have been discovered 30. When François Mitterrand nationalized France’s banks in 1981, ----. A) he opposed the view that economic liberty had been under attack B) he had already decided to minimize these risks in a short term C) he had tried to avoid populist gestures D) his ultimate aim has been to regulate France’s financial system E) he did so because he thought the state would run them better 31. In the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia became one of the international centres for illegal drug production and trafficking ----. A) because the drug cartels virtually controlled the country B) even though 2 million Colombians have left the country in the past several years C) that the government unsuccessfully attempted to stem the guerrilla violence D) just as the leading drug dealers were offered lenient punishment in exchange for their surrender E) since the country has turned into a battleground with bombs, killings and kidnappings A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 5 32. New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller, outlying islands, which are so scattered ----. A) while the country has been in the forefront in instituting social welfare legislation B) as other inhabited islands include the Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island C) even if the North Island and the South Island are separated by the Cook Strait D) since the Maoris, who consisted of several tribes, were the first inhabitants of the country E) that they range from the tropical to the antarctic 33. Suriname, now a Latin American country, was originally explored by Spain in 1593, ----. A) because the English transferred sovereignty to the Dutch in 1667 B) but by 1602 the Dutch began to settle the land, followed by the English C) since colonization was confined to a narrow coastal strip D) although African slaves made up the workforce for coffee and sugarcane plantations E) while after 1870 plantation workers were mostly imported from British India 34. Some types of breast cancer grow very slowly and spread to other parts of the body ----. A) as an infected breast usually appears red and swollen B) so long as they can be detected C) only after they become very large D) so that the diseased breast may be removed E) because recently two separate genes for breast cancer have been identified 35. The prevalence of schizophrenia worldwide appears to be slightly less than 1 per cent ----. A) if schizophrenia is a relatively serious mental disorder B) since it is regarded as a major public health problem throughout the world C) because schizophrenia and other delusional disorders share certain features D) although areas of higher or lower prevalence have been identified E) unless people with schizophrenia occupy one fourth of all hospital beds 36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. Undernutrition, a deficiency of essential nutrients, can result from inadequate intake because of poor diet or poor absorption from the intestine. A) Temel besin eksikliği olan yetersiz beslenme, az beslenmeden veya bağırsaktaki az emilimden dolayı yeterli gıda alınmamasından kaynaklanabillir B) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim sonucc temel besinlerin yeterli alınamaması nedeniylle beslenme yetersizliği oluşur. C) Temel besin eksikliği olarak anlaşılan beslenme yetersizliği, az beslenme veya bağırsakta az emiili sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. D) Az beslenme veya bağırsaktaki az emilim nedeniiyl yeterli gıda alınamaması, temel besinlerin eksikliğine ve yetersiz beslenmeye yol açmaktadıır E) Temel besinlerin eksikliğine bağlı olarak oluşan beslenme yetersizliğinin kaynağı, az beslenme veya bağırsaktan az emilim olmasıdır. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 6 37. New Zealand was the first country in the world to give women in 1893 the right to vote. A) 1893’te dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı verille ülke Yeni Zelanda’dır. B) Dünyada kadınlara 1893’te ilk seçme hakkını verre ülke Yeni Zelanda olmuştur. C) Yeni Zelanda, dünyada, kadınlara 1893’te seçme hakkı veren ilk ülkeydi. D) Dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı, 1893’te Yeni Zelanda’da verilmiştir. E) Kadınlara 1893’te seçme hakkı verilen dünyadakk ilk ülke, Yeni Zelanda idi. 38. The issue under debate today is whether, for all its flaws, capitalism is the best economic system man has yet invented. A) Bir sürü aksaklıklarına rağmen, kapitalizmin, insanoğğlunu bugüne kadar ortaya koyduğu en iyi iktisadi sistem olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır. B) Bugün tartışılan konu, tüm kusurlarına rağmen, kapitalizmin, insanın şimdiye kadar icat ettiği en iyi iktisadi sistem olup olmadığıdır. C) Eksiklikleri de olsa, insanlığın bugün ortaya koyduuğ en iyi iktisadi sistemin, kapitalizm olup olmaddığ hâlâ tartışılmaktadır. D) İnsanın şimdiye kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistte olan kapitalizmin kusurları, bugün tartışma konusudur. E) İnsanlığın bugüne kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olmasına rağmen, kapitalizmin aksaklıklaar günümüzde tartışılmaktadır. 39. The West needs to keep talking to Russia about many things, notably about efforts to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. A) İran’ın nükleer silahlar üretmesini engelleme girişimlleri Batı’nın Rusya ile konuşmak zorunda olduuğ pek çok konunun içinde özellik taşımaktadıır B) Batı’nın Rusya ile konuşmak zorunda olduğu pek çok konu içinde özellikle İran’ın nükleer silahlar elde etmesini engelleme girişimleri bulunmaktadıır C) Batı’nın, Rusya ile pek çok konu üzerinde, özelliikl İran’ın nükleer silahlar edinmesini engelleme çabaları üzerinde konuşmayı sürdürmesi gerekmekttedir D) Batı, İran’ın nükleer silahlar edinmesini engellemm çabaları dahil, pek çok konuyu özellikle Rusyy ile tartışmak zorundadır. E) Batı, İran’ın nükleer silahlar üretmesini engellemme için yapacağı girişimleri, Rusya ile konuşacaağ pek çok konu ile birlikte ele almak zorundadıır 40. The European Union can help underdeveloped countries, especially those in Africa, by offering financial aid, more open trade arrangements and easier visa conditions. A) Avrupa Birliği’nin, özellikle Afrika’daki az gelişmiş ülkelere yardım edebilmek için, mali yardım, dahh açık ticaret kolaylıkları ve daha uygun vize koşulları sunması gerekir. B) Avrupa Birliği, az gelişmiş ülkelere, özellikle Afrika’dakkilere mali yardım, daha açık ticaret düzenleemeler ve daha kolay vize koşulları sunarak yardım edebilir. C) Az gelişmiş ülkelere mali yardım, daha açık ticarre olanakları ve daha rahat vize kolaylıkları sunna Avrupa Birliği, özellikle Afrika’daki ülkelere yardım edebilir. D) Avrupa Birliği’nin, az gelişmiş ve özellikle ülkelere yardım edebilmesi için, mali yardım ve daha açık ticaret koşullarının yanı sıra, daha uygun vize kolaylıkları da sunması gerekir. E) Avrupa Birliği’nin az gelişmiş ülkelere ve özellikle Afrika ülkelerine yapacağı yardımlar, mali yardıım daha açık ticaret koşulları ve daha uygun vize kolaylıkları olabilir. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 7 41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. Ekonomik kalkınma gibi, siyasi barışıklık, Afganissta için çözümün gerçekten bir parçası olmak zorundadır. A) Political reconciliation, just like economic development, must indeed be regarded as a final settlement in Afghanistan. B) Not only economic development but also political reconciliation has really to be the ultimate settlement in Afghanistan. C) It is essential that, in addition to economic development, political reconciliation must in fact be considered for a lasting solution in Afghanistan. D) As part of a lasting solution in Afghanistan, political reconciliation as well as economic development must indeed be taken into consideration. E) Like economic development, political reconciliation does indeed need to be part of the solution for Afghanistan. 42. Zimbabve’den, insanların açlıktan ölmeye başladıklların ilişkin yürek parçalayıcı haberler sızmakttadır A) Heart-rending news has been filtering out from Zimbabwe that the people are starting to die of starvation. B) One gets heart-rending news out of Zimbabwe that the people there are dying of starvation. C) The news out of Zimbabwe that people are about to die of starvation is heart-rending. D) The heart-rending news that has been leaked out of Zimbabwe is that people have been dying of starvation. E) The news that the people in Zimbabwe have been dying of starvation is extremely heartrendding 43. Kafkaslar, 1991’de Sovyetler Birliği’nin çöküşündde arta kalmış birçok içten içe kaynayan çatışmaay barındırmaktadır. A) After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caucasus has become an area with various simmering conflicts. B) Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there have emerged various tensions in the Caucasus ready to explode into conflicts. C) The Caucasus harbours several simmering conflicts left after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. D) It is in the Caucasus that, following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of issues have risen, ready to explode into conflicts. E) Several regional conflicts have risen in the Caucasus since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. 44. Shakespeare, her ne kadar tüm yaratıcılık enerjisiin öncelikle sahneye odaklamış olsa da, kendisi aynı zamanda çağının en önde gelen lirik şairi idi. A) Even if Shakespeare’s creative energy was primarily focused on the stage, he was indeed the most admired lyric poet of the period. B) For Shakespeare, the stage was the focus of his creative energy, but he was also a leading lyric poet of his time. C) It was on the stage that Shakespeare mainly focused his creative energy, even though he was regarded as the most eminent lyric poet of the period. D) Shakespeare was the most respected lyric poet of his age, although his creative energy was mainly focused on the stage. E) Although Shakespeare focused all his creative energy primarily on the stage, he was as well the foremost lyric poet of his age. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 8 45. Son yıllarda, tarihçiler, üst sınıflar ve onların siyass çatışmalarına ilişkin öykülere daha az, ancak alt sınıf insanlarının yaşamlarını biçimlendiren iktissad ve toplumsal güçlere daha çok vurgu yapmışlaardır A) In recent years, historians have emphasized more the economic and social forces that have an impact on the lives of lower-class people, but less the stories about upper-class political confrontations. B) Stories about the upper classes and their political differences have not received much emphasis from historians in recent years, while more emphasis has been put on the economic and social developments that have affected the lives of lower-class people. C) The economic and social factors that shape the lives of lower-class people have often been emphasized by historians in recent years, since stories about the upper classes and their political quarrels no longer receive any attention. D) In recent years, historians have placed less emphasis on stories about the upper classes and their political conflicts, but more on the economic and social forces that shape the lives of lowercllas people. E) In recent years, historians’ emphasis on the economic and social developments that have shaped the lives of lower-class people rather than on the stories of upper-class political conflicts has received much attention. 46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçadd anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebillece cümleyi bulunuz. 46. Most foreign tourists visiting London come to see the Houses of Parliament. This monumental Gothic building on the River Thames is probably Britain’s best-known landmark. Indeed, the people who come to visit it may know very little and care even less about what happens inside, but they appreciate the place as one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century art. ----. Indeed, the Parliament is a magnificent building. A) Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, King Edward the Confessor established his palace on the site B) Also, most of those who work daily in the building remain awed by its artistic power C) The disaster of the great fire of 1834 destroyed much of the medieval palace D) For security reasons, the Houses of Parliament can no longer be viewed by the general public E) The word “parliament” derives from the French word “parler”, which means “to speak” or “to talk” 47. At the start of the twentieth century, Britain was still the greatest world power. By the middle of the century, although still one of the “Big Three”, Britain was clearly weaker than both the United States and the Soviet Union. ----. Its power had ended as quickly as Spain’s had done in the seventeenth century. One reason for this sudden decline of Britain was the cost and effort of two world wars. A) Indeed, by the end of the 1970s, Britain was no longer even among the richest European powers B) In electronics and technology, Britain is still a world competitor C) No one doubts that Britain is living in an age of uncertainty D) But the most important reason was the basic weaknesses in Britain’s industrial power E) The discovery of oil in the North Sea has given Britain a great deal of economic advantage A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 9 48. During World War II, the Allies had started to think of ways in which a new world order could replace the failed League of Nations. Even before it joined the war against Germany and its allies, the US had agreed on an “Atlantic Charter” with Britain. The basis of this new charter was US President Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from fear, and freedom from want. At the end of the war, the victorious Allies created the United Nations, which expressed the ideas of the Atlantic Charter. ----. A) In the early 1960s, Britain was increasingly interested in joining the newly-formed European Community B) In 1948, the Soviet Union tried to capture West Berlin by stopping all road and rail traffic to it C) Thus, they hoped that the success of the wartime alliance could be carried into peacetime D) All these military and scientific developments drew Britain more closely to the US E) During the post-war period, Britain was seriously concerned about the danger from the Soviet Union 49. Little is known about the life of women in the Middle Ages, but without doubt it was hard. ----. It also spread two very different ideas about women. So, on the one hand, women were regarded as pure and holy, while, on the other, they could not be trusted and were a moral danger to men. Such religious teaching led men both to worship and also to look down on women. A) It is unlikely that love played much of a part in most marriages B) Marriage was always the single most important event in the lives of medieval men and women C) This was because by marriage a family could improve its wealth and social position D) The Church taught that women were always to obey their husbands E) Once married, a woman had to accept her husband as her master 50. Around 1550, the Renaissance in Italy began to decline. The causes of this decline were varied. ----. The French King Charles VIII viewed Italy as an attractive target for his expansive dynastic ambitions. In 1494, he led an army of thirty thousand well-trained troops across the Alps to press his claims to the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples. A) The French invasion of 1494 and the incessant warfare that ensued was one of the major factors B) Renaissance humanists were primarily interested in the study of classical texts C) To the Italian political disasters was added a waning of Italian prosperity D) As Italian wealth diminished, there was less and less of a surplus to support artistic endeavours E) Italy’s virtual monopoly of trade with Asia in the fifteenth century had been an economic support for the Italian Renaissance 51. Our knowledge of the Celts in Britain is slight. As with previous groups of settlers, we do not even know for certain whether the Celts invaded Britain or came peacefully as a result of the lively trade with Europe from about 750 B.C. onwards. At first, most of Celtic Britain seems to have developed in a generally similar way. ----. Consequently, this fall led to serious economic and political differences between the Celts of southeast Britain and those of the northwest. A) The Celts were joined by new arrivals from the European mainland B) The Celtic tribes continued the same kind of agriculture as the Bronze Age people before them C) The Celts knew how to work with iron and could make a variety of weapons D) But from about 500 B.C., trade contact with Europe declined E) During the Celtic period, women may have played an important role in political life A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 10 52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmiş olabilecek sözü bulunuz. 52. A young colleague of yours is worried that the proposal for a paper he has submitted to the scientific committee of an international conference may be rejected due to his lack of advanced research experience. As a senior colleague, well aware of his research capacity and seriousness of purpose, you wish to cheer him up and encourage him by saying: A) I told you that your paper needs to be extensively revised. You may be good at research, but your arguments in the paper are extremely controversial. B) I know how a scientific committee reaches a decision. Chances are slim for your paper to be accepted as it is hardly based on sound research. C) Relax. Though you haven’t got much experience in research, you are a promising scientist, and I am sure they will take that into consideration. D) It is too early for someone like you to be welcomed as a speaker at an international conference. You need to show your seriousness of purpose in your studies. E) As far as I am concerned, you should never have submitted your proposal because I know your research for this paper has been very limited. 53. As a highly respected economist, you have been invited by a group of businessmen to give a talk on the current global crisis. However, on the very day you are expected to speak, you are taken ill, and, upset about missing such a chance, you call the organizers and say: A) Frankly, I have already decided to cancel the talk that you wished me to give on the current consequences of the global crisis. B) Although I am not feeling well today, I would really like to take this opportunity and discuss with you the effects of the economic problems that the world is currently facing. C) Let me first express my apologies for cancelling the talk which I am expected to give today on the global impact of the current economic crisis. D) This is to inform you that, due to my prolonged poor health, I am not going to make my speech today on the global effects of the economic crisis. E) Unfortunately, I am not well at all. I would like to convey my apologies for not being able to share my thoughts with you all on the problems affecting the world today. 54. You are the moderator at a panel on tax reform. The discussion has drifted into a debate on the question of whether indirect taxation needs to be abolished altogether. You feel that, instead of narrowing the panel down to a single issue, the speakers should deal with various other issues that are related to taxation and tax reform in general. So you turn to the speakers and say: A) I think we have to look at tax reform from various angles. So I would like you to discuss many different aspects of the subject rather than focus only on one aspect. B) I can see that you’ll never reach an agreement on tax reform. In this case, there is no use in discussing indirect taxation. C) I am glad to point out that each speaker has dealt with tax reform in detail and come up with a wide range of recommendations that need to be taken into consideration. D) We all know that indirect taxation is widely practised in the world, and so it is important that this taxation must be looked at from different angles. E) All this time, no speaker has yet addressed the problem of indirect taxation. So I would urge every speaker to discuss how this form of taxation can best be reformed. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 11 55. As the head of the department, you have recently noticed that a junior staff member is often late for work. So you wish to find out why and send for him. In talking to him politely, you say: A) I have warned you several times, and you still continue to come late. This is a serious offence that can never be tolerated. So be careful. B) You know very well that you are always late for work and that this is intolerable. Let me warn you once again, and if you insist on being late, I’ll have to take disciplinary action against you. C) I am sure you are aware that it has almost become a habit with you not to get to the office on time. I wonder whether there is something that prevents you from being punctual. D) I’ve been informed by some of your colleagues that every day you seem to be late for work. So I sent for you to talk it over and warn you once again. E) Every day, you apologize for being late for work. I don’t find your excuses very convincing. Unless you show up on time from now on, you’ll be fired right away. 56. A friend of yours, who you think is a fully qualified accountant, has applied for a vacancy in a company, but his application has been turned down by the Human Resources Department of the company. You are surprised. So, on his behalf, you call the director of the department, tell him about this unexpected decision, and ask him politely for an explanation: A) I didn’t expect that my friend would be rejected by your company, since, in my opinion, professionally he is perfect, so I would be grateful if you could kindly give me your reasons for his rejection. B) It is clear that you are biased against my friend, who is a good accountant, and so I want you to tell me frankly why he was not accepted. C) Your rejection of my friend’s application to your company is absolutely unfair, since he is the best accountant I have ever known. So I need to know your reasons why he was not accepted. D) Contrary to my expectations, my friend, who is a professional accountant, has been rejected unfairly by your company. Give me a full account of your reasons for his rejection. E) I am extremely upset that you have turned down my friend’s application for a job in your company. Now I want you to tell me in detail why he failed to qualify. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 12 57. At a literary gathering, you are introduced to a famous and popular novelist whose works you have always read with great pleasure. You wish to express your admiration for his writing and say to him: A) I am really very impressed by the popularity you have earned through your novels, some of which I find enjoyable. B) I know your novels are very popular, but in reading them I sometimes feel that some chapters need to be revised. C) Because your novels have always been admired by the public, you must be very pleased and feel encouraged for better writing. D) It has always been my wish to meet you, since your novels are most admired by the public. E) I would like to tell you how enormously I have always enjoyed reading your novels, which I believe are great works of literature. 58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) Towards the end of the eighteenth century, a vast cultural movement began to sweep across Europe. (II) Within the Romantic movement, a group of composers were inspired by new ideas about national identity. (III) The movement, known as Romanticism, called into question many of the principles of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. (IV) In other words, the Romantics began to question human reason and the uniformity of human nature. (V) Moreover, they emphasized the diversity of humanity, and the importance of spontaneity, creativity, emotion and passion. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59. (I) By the fall of 1933, Germany had become a onepaart state. (II) Soon afterward, the socialist and communist left were crushed by the Nazi regime. (III) Almost all non-Nazi organizations were either abolished or forced to become part of the Nazi system. (IV) At the same time, party propaganda sought to impress citizens with the regime’s ideology. (V) In fact, the 1928 election in Germany was a turning point for the Nazis. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60. (I) The social unrest of the Sixties was international. (II) Its roots lay in the political struggles and social transformations of the postwar period. (III) Mass culture made its most powerful impact in the visual world, especially through film. (IV) Of these, the most important were the anticolonial and civil rights movements. (V) Especially, anticolonial movements reflected a growing racial consciousness and also helped to encourage that consciousness. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 61. (I) Columbus was not the first European to set foot on the American continents. (II) Viking sailors had reached and briefly settled present-day Newfoundland and perhaps New England around the year 1000. (III) But knowledge of these Viking landings had been forgotten throughout Europe for hundreds of years. (IV) It would not be right, therefore, to deny Columbus credit for his accomplishments. (V) In fact, Columbus brought back no Asian spices from his voyages. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 13 62. (I) In 1960, the leading Middle Eastern, African, and Latin American oil producers banded together in a cartel, forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). (II) By the late 1970s, in the aftermath of two Arab-Israeli wars, it appeared that a generation of fighting might come to an end. (III) The aim of this body was primarily to regulate the production and pricing of crude oil. (IV) So, in the following decades, it has played a leading role in the global economy. (V) Its policies have essentially reflected the desire to derive maximum profit from oil production. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 63. (I) The legacies of colonialism weighed heavily on sub-Saharan Africa. (II) Most of the continent’s former colonies came into their independence after World War II, with their basic infrastructures deteriorating after decades of imperial negligence. (III) The Cold War decades brought scant improvement, as governments across the continent were plagued by corruption, poverty and civil war. (IV) By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. (V) Moreover, during the Cold War, these postcolonial states often became the very ground on which the superpower struggle was waged. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battleground in the rivalry between Britain and Russia for control of Central Asia. A) During the 19th century, the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain and Russia led to serious hostilities in Central Asia. B) It was in the 19th century that there emerged hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan, since Central Asia was important for them. C) In the 19th century, both Britain and Russia got into a fierce conflict with each other in Afghanistan in order to dominate Central Asia. D) Throughout the 19th century, the hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan were essentially for the possession of Central Asia. E) In the 19th century, Central Asia was so important for Britain and Russia that they first tried to conquer Afghanistan. 65. Spanish efforts to recover Gibraltar culminated in a referendum in 1967, in which the residents voted overwhelmingly to retain their link with Britain. A) Although Spain’s aim had always been to annex Gibraltar, it was made clear in a referendum in 1967 that the people preferred British rule. B) Spain had always tried hard to reclaim Gibraltar from Britain; however, in a referendum held in 1967, the people of Gibraltar decided by a great majority to stay with Britain. C) A referendum in 1967 showed that, despite Spain’s attempts to annex Gibraltar, in fact the people favoured Britain. D) Spain’s attempts to reconquer Gibraltar failed in 1967 when the people of Gibraltar held a referendum, and showed their loyalty to Britain. E) In a referendum in 1967, the people of Gibraltar rejected Spain’s claim of annexation, and voted in favour of Britain. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 14 66. A drug may affect several functions, even though it’s targeted at only one. A) While a drug may be used for various functions, it becomes effective only if it is taken for a specific function. B) Despite various other uses, a drug usually has a function for a special effect. C) The functions expected of a drug are various even if it is used for a specific disease. D) However effective a drug may be, its functions have to be several. E) A drug is taken for a specific purpose, but it may have a range of other effects. 67. What is certain is that Azerbaijan’s oil-fired economy has been booming in recent years. A) Although Azerbaijan’s economy is largely dependent on oil, in recent years it has entered a period of recession. B) There is no doubt that, over the past few years, Azerbaijan’s economy, which thrives entirely on oil, has been growing fast. C) Since Azerbaijan’s economic prosperity is related to oil, there has been some minor improvement lately. D) It is only in recent years that, because of its oil, Azerbaijan has experienced some economic progress. E) Over the past few years, due to an increase in its oil output, Azerbaijan’s economy has become much stronger. 68. Although Senegal is neither a large nor a strategically-located country, it has nonetheless played a prominent role in African politics since its independence. A) Senegal is a small African country with no strategic importance; however, ever since it gained independence, it has always been in the forefront of African politics. B) As a minor but strategically significant country, Senegal has been very active in the politics of Africa since its independence. C) Once Senegal, which is a major African country with some strategic importance, gained its independence, it began to pay much attention to political developments in Africa at large. D) Despite the fact that Senegal has had much importance in African politics since its independence, its strategic position has been of no significance. E) As an African country, Senegal is so small that it has little strategic importance, and its involvement in African politics has not been notable ever since it gained independence. 69. While the world has been distracted by Iraq and Afghanistan, Iran has come closer to the point where it could build an atomic bomb. A) Contrary to Iraq and Afghanistan, both of which have been the object of international attention, Iran has upgraded its capacity to develop more nuclear arms. B) Both Iraq and Afghanistan continue to preoccupy the world, which has remained indifferent to Iran’s attempts to produce new weapons. C) In developing nuclear arms, Iran pays no attention to international reactions, since the world is wholly concerned with issues in Iraq and Afghanistan. D) Because the world’s attention has been drawn completely to Iraq and Afghanistan, Iran has in the meantime made much progress towards the development of an atomic bomb. E) It is true that Iran has made some advances in developing nuclear weapons, while the circumstances in Iraq and Afghanistan continue to draw international attention. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 15 70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunnuz 70. Richard : -I’ve been reading about the ancient Egyptians lately. Antony : -How interesting! Anything particularly drawing your attention? Richard : -It is claimed by some linguists that the early Egyptian language might represent the survival of a “root” language from which the other languages of the Afro-Asiatic group evolved in the past. Antony : -----A) Possible. In fact, the language of the ancient Egyptians has for long been a matter of debate among linguists. B) Actually, as you may remember, the first known permanent settlement in Egypt dates back to approximately 4750 B.C. C) You know that the patterns of development in ancient Egypt differed greatly from those of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. D) It is true that, due to the Nile, ancient Egypt was able to forge a cultural and political unity. E) You must recall that the Egyptian system of pictographic writing, called hieroglyphs, has always fascinated modern scholars. 71. Judy : -What do you know about John Stuart Mill? Tom : -As far as I can recall, he was the most committed and influential defender of personal liberty in Victorian Britain in the 19th century. Judy : -----Tom : -Indeed, he was. He wrote many essays on women’s political rights. A) Agreed. In his On Liberty, he defended individual freedom in the face of the state and “the tyranny of the majority.” B) I know his On Liberty became one of the defining texts of Western liberalism. C) He strongly argued that human freedom was essential to social progress. D) Yet, for me, more importantly, he was a dedicated supporter of suffrage for women. E) Historically, the Reform Bill of 1867 in Britain marked the high point of British liberalism. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 16 72. John : -By the way, can you tell me what the expression “the scramble for Africa” means? Harry : -Oh, I thought you knew it, since you are seriously interested in the history of Africa. John : -----Harry : -Well, it is about the colonization of Africa. It indicates the scope and speed with which the major European powers, excited by stories of rubber forests and rich diamond mines, conquered and colonized Africa in the 19th century. A) For instance, I know that in 1884 a conference, attended by the representatives of the European colonial powers, was held in Berlin to settle the matter of control over the Congo River basin. B) It has been pointed out that by the 1830s the French had created a general government of their possessions in Algeria. C) I am afraid I don’t. I came across it in an article I was reading yesterday. There was no explanation given. D) Actually, the colonial powers’ partition of Africa in the 19th century was the most striking instance of European imperialism. E) According to some eyewitness reports, in the colonies, Africans worked in appalling conditions, with no medicine or sanitation and too little food. 73. Liz : -I am puzzled about why declining birth rates in the West have been accompanied by growing populations of older adults. Susan : -You are right. Actually, it is a very complicated issue, and there is a wide range of reasons for it. Liz : -----Susan : -I don’t know where to start. I think one obvious reason is improved standards of health care. A) Thank you so much. I’ll take your advice and do some research on the subject. B) Exactly. You can perhaps outline some of them for me. C) I believe a new type of demographic crisis different from this confronts Western governments. D) One can definitely see that globalization has a serious impact on the world’s population. E) Especially Asia’s population as a whole has increased nearly four times over since 1900. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 17 74. Harriet : -I am writing an article about the Cold War period. There is a great deal of material I have to deal with. Ares : -I suggest you focus on a specific topic rather than giving a general account. Harriet : -----Ares : -So, your article will, I am sure, arouse a great deal of interest in academic and political circles. A) Right. I will demonstrate how the Cold War has given way to more complex global relations. B) You know the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union. C) Especially the Soviet Union’s increasingly severe domestic problems led to mounting protests in Russia in 1991. D) Everyone knows that the Iron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. E) In my opinion, since the end of the Cold War, adapting to change has been difficult throughout Eastern Europe. 75. Isabel : -Here is an interesting article on Byzantine learning. Have you seen it? Fred : -Let me have a look. No, I haven’t, but it does seem interesting. Isabel : -----Fred : -Well, we know from history that, in education, Byzantine schools based their instruction on classical Greek literature. A) In fact, Byzantine achievements in art and architecture have always been admired. B) Evidently, Byzantine scholars were very interested in the politics of ancient Greece. C) As it has been argued by most historians, religion dominated Byzantine life. D) One can point out that inventiveness was highly prized in Byzantine culture. E) It gives a full account of the Byzantine interest in classical Greek literature. A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 18 76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The 16th century in England is generally known as the Tudor period, which historically lasted from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I. In fact, the early years of the Tudor period were marked by significant changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made commercial treaties with European countries. Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by now manufacturing and exporting significant amounts of cloth. As lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a larger scale, people were driven off the land to the cities, and London grew into a metropolitan market with sophisticated commercial institutions. These changes had an impact on the traditional feudal social order, which also began to decline; also, due to the introduction of cannons and firearms, the feudal system of warfare became obsolete. Yet, it would be a mistake to imagine these changes as sudden and dramatic. In fact, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern state. 76. According to the passage, it was during the Tudor period that ----. A) England’s overseas trade was adversely affected by ongoing wars in Europe B) feudalism in England was further strengthened C) England’s exports to European countries were significantly in decline D) sheep-raising was introduced into England, which had large areas of grazing E) London was transformed into a major trade centre 77. It is pointed out in the passage that the changes that took place in Tudor England ----. A) were fundamentally inspired by the social and economic developments already being witnessed in Europe B) had far-reaching effects on social and economic life C) were mainly confined to social life and improved the efficiency of the feudal social order D) initially resulted from a revision of the traditional arts of war that had depended on the use of cannons and firearms E) greatly reduced all the political and legal powers that English sovereigns had traditionally enjoyed and used 78. One understands from the passage that the Tudor dynasty in England ----. A) was best represented by Henry VIII, who followed a policy of friendship with other countries B) introduced a number of military reforms in order to build the strongest army in Europe C) focused its main attention on the improvement of agriculture in the country D) was represented by powerful sovereigns, who played a leading role in European politics E) came to power in the late fifteenth century and ruled the country over a century A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 19 79. It is clear from the passage that, due to developments in cloth-making in Tudor England, ----. A) most farming lands were turned into grazing fields for the sheep B) English merchants began to look for new markets in order to export more goods C) rural people gave up farming and migrated to London in search of employment D) the economic prosperity of the people increased enormously E) many cities, including London, competed with each other for economic prosperity 80. On the basis of the passage, one can state that, during the Tudor period, England ----. A) earned large amounts of revenue from its exports B) took little interest in the affairs of continental Europe C) experienced a long process of social and economic transformation D) emerged as a major sheep-raising country in Europe E) remained totally indifferent to the economic and political changes in Europe A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 20 81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In the last third of the 19th century, new technologies transformed the face of manufacturing in Europe, leading to new levels of economic growth and complex realignments among industry, labour and national governments. Like Europe’s first industrial revolution, which began in the late 18th century and centred on coal, steam and iron, this “second” industrial revolution relied on innovation in three key areas: steel, electricity, and chemicals. For instance, steel, which was harder, stronger and more malleable than iron, had long been used as a construction material. But until the mid-nineteenth century, producing steel cheaply and in large quantities was impossible. That changed between the 1850s and 1870s, as new and different processes for refining and mass-producing alloy steel revolutionized the metallurgical industry. Although iron did not disappear overnight, it was soon eclipsed by soaring steel production. So, steel began to be used for various purposes. In Britain, for example, shipbuilders made a quick and profitable switch to steel construction, and thus kept their lead in the industry. Germany and the US, however, dominated the rest of the steel industry. By 1901, Germany was producing almost half as much steel as Britain and was able to build a massive national and industrial infrastructure. 81. It is stated in the passage that, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ----. A) the steel industry in Europe surpassed all the other industries, including those of electricity and chemicals B) governments in Britain and Germany took severe measures to prevent radical labour movements C) the US produced so much steel that it began to manipulate the world steel market D) Britain’s use of steel in the shipbuilding industry strengthened its dominant position in this sector E) the use of iron and steel as construction materials was wholly confined to shipbuilding 82. According to the passage, the first industrial revolution ----. A) caused so much labour unrest in Europe that the steel industry did not develop adequately B) came into being during the later decades of the eighteenth century C) originally began in Britain and, then, spread to Germany and other European countries D) led to the manufacture of a wide variety of goods, ranging from construction materials to chemicals E) did not last long, since it did not lead to the development of new technologies 83. One understands from the passage that, before the mid-nineteenth century, ----. A) steel production had been costly and did not amount to much quantity B) the “second” industrial revolution had spread all over Europe C) Germany and Britain had been in fierce competition in developing shipbuilding technologies D) Germany and the US collaborated against Britain for research in chemistry E) the manufacturing industry in Europe had benefited a great deal from new technologies A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 21 84. According to the passage, in the second half of the nineteenth century, the metallurgical industry underwent a radical transformation ----. A) although some countries, like Germany and the US, were still using obsolete methods of production B) due to Germany’s lead in the development of new steel production technologies C) because Britain’s shipbuilders had discovered new ways to build bigger but less expensive ships D) when alloy steel began to be refined and massprodduce through the introduction of innovative processes E) owing to new discoveries and technological progress in the fields of electricity and chemistry 85. It is suggested in the passage that, in the nineteenth century, innovative developments in the areas of steel, electricity, and chemicals ----. A) led to a lasting rivalry in shipping between Germany and Britain B) turned Germany into the strongest and most prosperous country in Europe C) brought about the “second” industrial revolution D) greatly contributed to the improvement of Britain’s infrastructure E) became the main concern of national governments in Europe A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 22 86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In 1764, there was a serious quarrel over taxation between the British government and its colonies in America. The British government continued to think of the colonists as British subjects. In 1700, there had been only 200.000 colonists, but by 1770 this number rose to 2.5 million. Obviously, such large numbers needed to be dealt with carefully. Some American colonists decided that it was not lawful for the British government to tax them without their agreement. Political opinion in Britain was divided. Some felt that the tax was fair because the money would be used to pay for the defence of the American colonies against French attack. But several important politicians agreed with the colonists that there should be “no taxation without representation”. Hence, in 1773, at the port of Boston, a group of colonists threw a shipload of tea into the sea rather than pay tax on it. The event became known as “the Boston Tea Party”. The British government responded by closing the port. But the colonists then decided to prevent British goods from entering America until the port was opened again. The colonists’ action was regarded as a rebellion, and the British government decided to defeat it by force. Thus, the American War of Independence got underway. The war lasted from 1775 until 1783. The British government had no respect for the colonists’ fighting ability. The result was a disastrous defeat for the British forces. At the end of the war, Britain lost all the American colonies except Canada. 86. It is clear from the passage that, since the American colonists were not represented in the British Parliament, ----. A) some politicians argued that Boston should be exempted from all kinds of taxation B) they refused to pay the tax required of them by the British government C) it was much easier for them to start a war of independence against Britain D) they did not have a standing army and, therefore, were unable to defeat the British forces E) they were not subject to the laws of Britain and felt free to take action against Britain 87. It is pointed out in the passage that not every politician in Britain ----. A) supported the British government’s decision to tax the American colonists against their will B) believed that the French would dare to invade the American colonies C) agreed that “the Boston Tea Party” jeopardized trade with the colonies D) was convinced that the British forces in America were strong enough to defeat the colonists E) was of the opinion that the American colonists would ever dream of independence 88. It is stated in the passage that, within a period of almost three quarters of a century, ----. A) Britain and France got into a fierce competition in order to colonize a very large part of America B) Britain lost the war against the American colonies and had to grant their independence C) Canada grew demographically well ahead of the other American colonies D) Britain’s trade with the American colonies reached a level well above all expectations E) the population of the American colonies increased to more than ten times the original number A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 23 89. One understands from the passage that, because of the tax crisis, ----. A) the American colonists imposed sanctions on British goods B) the port of Boston was closed for over half a century C) Britain took urgent precautions in order to increase its military capacity in America D) the import of tea into the American colonies came under the British monopoly E) France expressed its willingness to aid the American colonies against Britain 90. It is stressed in the passage that, for the British government, ----. A) the port of Boston was of vital political importance for relations with the American colonies B) the political representation of the American colonies was fully dependent on their payment of taxes C) France’s political aims in America had to be countered by the colonies themselves D) the people living in the American colonies were always considered to be British subjects E) a defence agreement with the American colonies had to be reached urgently against France A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 24 91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Mississippi is one of the world’s great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa, or the Volga in Europe. Its waters are gathered from two-thirds of the US and, together with the Missouri, which is its chief western branch, the Mississippi flows some 6.400 kilometres from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the world’s longest waterways. The Mississippi has been called the “father of waters”. Through all its lower course, it wanders along, appearing lazy and harmless. But people who know the river are not deceived by its benign appearance, for they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. They have had to learn that nothing is to be gained by fighting against the rages of the mighty stream. To control it, Americans have had to accept some of the river’s own terms and to undertake the patient work of conserving and rebuilding soil, grasslands and forests, far back where the waters begin to gather. 91. It is clear from the passage that the sources of the Mississippi’s waters ----. A) are so limited that the river seldom causes flooding along its banks B) are not as many as those of other continental rivers in the world C) need to be conserved to protect the river from environmental pollution D) are spread over a great part of the US E) cannot be ascertained, since the Rocky Mountains have not been explored fully 92. It is pointed out in the passage that, although in its lower course the Mississippi looks quiet and harmless, ----. A) most people believe that it may one day overflow its banks B) the people living along it are not aware of this C) actually it has caused much devastation D) people have always been indifferent to the threats it poses E) in its upper course it is extremely violent and destructive 93. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that the Mississippi’s waters can best be controlled ----. A) if environmental measures are taken around its northern sources B) so long as its northern sources are definitely identified C) provided that Americans know how to struggle with them D) only if the people living along its course are evacuated E) in the same way that the world’s other big rivers have been controlled A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 25 94. One understands from the passage that the Mississippi ----. A) has far more branches for the gathering of its waters than the Congo in Africa and the Volga in Europe B) differs from the Amazon in South America and the other continental rivers in the world largely because its waters are much shallower C) is far more navigable than the other continental rivers in the world and, therefore, becomes a commercially profitable waterway in the US D) flows so fast throughout its course that, despite the long distance, it does not take long for its waters to get to the Gulf of Mexico E) cuts across the US from the Rocky Mountains in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south 95. It is suggested in the passage that the American people ----. A) have in the end learned how to get along with the Mississippi B) always boast of having the world’s longest river in their country C) have a very strong sense of the environment and, therefore, conserve their forests D) think that, without the Missouri, the Mississippi would have been just a mere stream E) regard the Mississippi as “the father of waters” because it is fully navigable A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 26 96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Copernican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we still await its grand finale: the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain that there are other Earthliik settings. In our own solar system, Mars’s distance from the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, many are looking there for the first signs of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new contender has emerged, and surprisingly it is from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiter’s moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is now believed to have water in a liquid state, even though it is so far from the Sun. Thus, the possibility of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter. 96. One clearly understands from the passage that, until Copernicus in the sixteenth century, ----. A) Mars had generally been regarded as the planet with life on it B) the search for life elsewhere in the solar system had been futile C) it had been commonly believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth D) there had been many attempts to understand the outer solar system E) the planets in the solar system had all been discovered and studied 97. According to the passage, the discovery of Earthliik settings in other parts of the universe ----. A) is definitely out of question, since the universe is extremely vast B) would no longer make the Earth seem like the only planet with life on it C) seems possible, but it would be very costly and dangerous to attempt it D) has been an obsession for scientists ever since the time of Copernicus E) was what Galileo was primarily interested in in the early seventeenth century 98. It is pointed out in the passage that, in recent years, ----. A) some scientists have come to regard Copernicus’s contribution to astronomy as negligible B) scientists have come to understand the reasons for Galileo’s discovery of Europa C) astronomers have focused on an in-depth study of the outer solar system D) there has been much controversy about the geological features of Mars E) it has been suggested that Jupiter’s moon Europa may have liquid water on it A 2009 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 27 99. It is stated in the passage that currently Mars ----. A) has been established as the only planet with a vast amount of water under its surface B) is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth C) has been partially studied, and so it still maintains its mystery as a planet D) has been the main focus of the scientific search for extraterrestrial life E) and Europa provide a great deal of evidence for a better understanding of the solar system 100. According to the passage, it is hoped that ----. A) the amount of liquid water on Mars will be sufficient for life on the planet B) in the future only Europa will become man’s new home in the universe C) one day Earth-like life will be discovered outside our own planet D) living beings will be found on one of Jupiter’s satellites E) the search for extraterrestrial life in the universe will never be disrupted TEST BİTTİ. CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ. KAMU PERSONELİ YABANCI DİL BİLGİSİ SEVİYE TESPİT SINAVI (KPDS) 03 MAYIS 2009 İNGİLİZCE A KİTAPÇIĞI 1. B 2. E 3. C 4. D 5. E 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. E 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. A 21. E 22. A 23. C 24. E 25. C 26. D 27. E 28. C 29. B 30. E 31. A 32. E 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. C 40. B 41. E 42. A 43. C 44. E 45. D 46. B 47. A 48. C 49. D 50. A 51. D 52. C 53. E 54. A 55. C 56. A 57. E 58. B 59. E 60. C 61. E 62. B 63. D 64. C 65. B 66. E 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. A 71. D 72. C 73. B 74. A 75. E 76. E 77. B 78. E 79. A 80. C 81. D 82. B 83. A 84. D 85. C 86. B 87. A 88. E 89. A 90. D 91. D 92. C 93. A 94. E 95. A 96. C 97. B 98. E 99. D 100. C A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 1 1. – 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerleer uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuuz 1. Many cell phones now have the same ----as personal computers. A) functionality B) ambition C) care D) worry E) attentiveness 2. During the 1970s, the West African state of Niger’s economy flourished from uranium production, but when uranium prices fell in the 1980s, its ----period of prosperity ended. A) unpredictable B) various C) brief D) excessive E) successive 3. ----poor after World War II, Crete is now thriving from tourism. A) Necessarily B) Adequately C) Accurately D) Tentatively E) Desperately 4. Cities in China are growing fast as millions of people ----to urban areas. A) gather B) migrate C) occupy D) issue E) increase 5. Located in Central Europe, Germany is ----of the North German Plain, the Central German Uplands, and the Southern German Highlands. A) spread out B) brought together C) held out D) made up E) taken down 6. Recent excavations in Algeria ----that Homo erectus ----there between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago. A) have indicated /resided B) had indicated /has resided C) indicated /would reside D) could have indicated /had been residing E) indicate /had resided 7. German Chancellor Merkel is under pressure from power companies, which ----to invest in new power generation projects unless they ----exempt from tough emission requirements. A) refused /have been B) refuse /are C) have refused /had been D) had refused /will be E) were refusing /are to be A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 2 8. Although she ----properly yet, the recipient of the world’s first face transplant ----well, according to the first scientific report of the operation. A) hadn’t smiled /would have done B) didn’t smile /will do C) doesn’t smile /may have done D) couldn’t have smiled /does E) can’t smile /is doing 9. To protect whales and dolphins ----the coast of Hawaii, a court in California has temporarily banned the US navy from using powerful sonar equipment ----a military exercise in the area. A) at /over B) in /on C) before /through D) off /during E) within /with 10. As it had in World War I, Argentina proclaimed neutrality ----the outbreak of World War II, but in the closing phase it declared war ----the Axis powers. A) over /after B) for /with C) at /on D) about /through E) from /above 11. During the wars ----followed the French Revolution, Belgium was occupied by France and later annexed. A) whether B) who C) when D) that E) as 12. The private sector in the Gulf states employs mostly expatriate workers, ----the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection. A) so that B) just as C) while D) unless E) in case 13. A series of gas discoveries in recent years in the Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of new export projects must be developed ----the country is to make full use of its new reserves. A) lest B) although C) after D) as if E) if 14. Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into the coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront of ----12,000 miles. A) more than B) just as C) the same as D) so far as E) as well as 15. Made out of metal so that it conducts the charge, the lightning rod is usually located ----high ----possible because of lightning’s tendency to strike the nearest object to it. A) so /as B) as /as C) more /than D) both /and E) not only /but also A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 3 16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. Ever since Lord Curzon, a member of Britain’s World War I cabinet, (16)----that the Allies “had floated to victory on a sea of oil,” major industrialized powers have sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia resulted (17)----the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour. The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the Soviet Union into Afghanistan, and led to Saddam Hussein’s (18)----of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of the Union speech, US President Jimmy Carter made clear America’s own oil-security policy (19)----he described what would become known as the Carter Doctrine: “Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the (20)----interests of the United States of America.” 16. A) declares B) declared C) has declared D) would have declared E) would declare 17. A) in B) within C) on D) below E) of 18. A) purchase B) exclusion C) invasion D) negotiation E) illusion 19. A) in case B) although C) even if D) when E) so far as 20. A) tedious B) irrelevant C) redundant D) vague E) vital 21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (21)----the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The probe’s main (22)----in its planned 74 orbits is to gather detailed images of the second largest planet in our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings, (23)----span (24)----272,000 kilometres. So far, the probe (25)----some of the best images we have of Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of new data. 21. A) under B) in C) with D) through E) over 22. A) stage B) objection C) assumption D) controversy E) aim 23. A) whatever B) where C) who D) which E) whereas 24. A) completely B) almost C) largely D) adversely E) slightly 25. A) is capturing B) captures C) has captured D) had captured E) will capture A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 4 26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 26. If the cost of health benefits for working people in a country rises, ----. A) soaring health costs are one of the big factors that have crippled the economy B) usually employers cut wages or pass on the costs as higher prices to customers C) firms should, in fact, be indifferent to whether they pay employees cash wages or benefits D) those costs have nearly doubled this decade alone in many industrialized countries E) the current economic difficulties have forced politicians to focus on health reform 27. ----that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark. A) A group of students are experimenting B) Scientists had wondered C) A great deal of evidence needs to be gathered D) It’s long been known E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned 28. ----, while just 1.7 tonnes of corn yields the same result. A) A team of scientists has claimed that the traditional methods of production in plastics are extremely costly and have an adverse impact on the environment B) It has been announced that a company in China, sponsored by the government, is planning to harvest plastics from crops of corn C) Eight tonnes of crude oil are currently needed to create one tonne of polyol, which is an alcoholic substance used in a number of plastics D) Scientists are now using a new type of microscope that lets them view internal structures of materials in greater detail than ever before E) The device the company’s scientists use utilizes X-ray analysis technology and reveals chemical compositions of objects being studied 29. ----, but it failed to halt the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi war machine. A) During World War II, France was split into a German-occupied north and an unoccupied south B) Following World War II, France turned its attention to its African colonies, where there was a growing demand from the natives for independence C) After a series of extremely savage battles, Allied armies liberated France in August 1944 from the German occupation D) In May 1940, the Germans marched into an undefended Paris, and in the following month the French government signed an armistice E) Beginning in 1919, French foreign policy aimed at keeping Germany weak through a system of alliances 30. Although there were plenty of sceptics when Mauritius tried a decade ago to become an offshore financial centre, ----. A) it has partly attained its goal, since it now hosts 19 national and international banks B) it has built a textile industry that has made the country relatively prosperous C) last month it brought in a new labour law, making it easier to hire and fire D) it imports most of its food and energy as rising world prices are pushing up inflation E) much of the economy remains concentrated in the hands of a few local magnates 31. In his opinion, poetry is essentially an effort to elude facts, ----. A) since he had been regarded as a promising young poet B) whereas prose is essentially a means of unearthing and exhibiting them C) but his poems have been published in respectable literary journals D) because many critics share the view that poets should be concerned with politics E) if many prose writers enjoy writing about social and cultural issues A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 5 32. Missions to the Moon’s previously unvisited mountains and polar regions will aid the search for water, ----. A) since the first crewed mission will be planned for the far side of the Moon B) whereby test landings are scheduled to begin in 2010 C) which is vital to any future lunar base to be set up by NASA D) even if the mission aims to land astronauts on the surface of the Moon by 2015 E) even though dense clouds of interstellar dust conceal the heart of our galaxy 33. New radiocarbon dating of fossils suggests ----. A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and wild horses 10,000 years ago were caused by natural climate shifts B) whether humans were to blame for extensive destruction in the natural world and also for the pollution of the oceans C) how scientists began to understand clearly what dinosaurs ate and why they disappeared from the face of the Earth D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of years in volcanic ash could have revealed the fate of the great Minoan civilization on the Greek island of Thera E) when it was scientifically established that dinosaurs belonged to a large group of reptiles called archosauria 34. ----, it would be regarded as a disaster at home and abroad. A) Since power generation in China fell by 7% last year B) As India had enjoyed a big economic advantage over China C) Because unrest and even insurgency are widespread in many countries D) If China’s growth rate were to fall to 5% or less E) While India is considered to be a major economic power 35. In the early years of the global warming debate, there was great controversy over ----. A) while China has been blamed for the climate crisis today B) although scientists have concluded that this warming is dangerous C) since the details of future forecasts about warming remain unclear D) that warming would be a significant problem in the decades ahead E) whether the planet was indeed warming A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 6 36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. Despite the rapid industrialization of countries such as China and India, climate change is neither any one country’s fault nor any one country’s responsibility. A) Çin ve Hindistan’ın hızlı sanayileşmesi nedeniyle oluşan iklim değişikliği, kesinlikle başka bir ülkenni suçu veya sorumluluğu değildir. B) Çin ve Hindistan gibi ülkelerin hızlı sanayileşmelerrin rağmen, iklim değişikliği, ne herhangi tek bir ülkenin hatasıdır, ne de herhangi tek bir ülkenni sorumluluğudur. C) Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayilleşmes sonucu ortaya çıkan iklim değişikliği, herhangi bir ülkenin suçu olmadığı gibi, sorumluluuğ da değildir. D) Tek bir ülkenin suçu veya sorumluluğu olmayan iklim değişikliği, Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. E) Çin ve Hindistan’ın yanı sıra, çeşitli ülkelerin hızla sanayileşmesi, iklim değişikliğine yol açmŭı olup, tek bir ülke suçlu veya sorumlu değilldir 37. America’s conventional military superiority has pushed its enemies inevitably towards insurgency to achieve their objectives. A) Amerika’nın klasik askerî üstünlüğü, düşmanları1nı amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek için, kaçınılmaz olarak ayaklanmaya itmiştir. B) Klasik askerî gücü nedeniyle, Amerika’nın düşmanlları hedeflerine ulaşabilmek için, hiç çekinmeede ayaklanma yolunu seçmişlerdir. C) Amerika’nın klasik askerî gücünü bilen düşmanlaarı amaçlarında başarılı olmak için, ister istemme ayaklanma yoluna gitmişlerdir. D) Amerika’nın klasik askerî üstünlüğünün sonucu olarak, düşmanları, ayaklanma yoluna giderek, amaçlarına ulaşmayı benimsemişlerdir. E) Amerika’nın klasik askerî gücünden çekinen düşmanları, ancak ayaklanma yoluyla hedeflerrin ulaşabileceklerini fark etmişlerdir. 38. Deprived of the moderating effects of the oceans, much of Central Asia experiences bitterly cold winters and boiling hot summers. A) Orta Asya çoğunlukla okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, burada kışlar çok soğuk ve yazlar oldukça sıcak olur. B) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, pek çok bölgede kışlar oldukça sert ve yazlar da son derece sıcak geçer. C) Orta Asya’nın pek çok bölgesinde kışların çok sert ve yazların çok sıcak geçmesi, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinin burada bulunmamasındandıır D) Okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden yoksun olan Orta Asya’nın büyük bölümü, çok sert soğuk kışlar ve son derece sıcak yazlar yaşar. E) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden tamamiyle yoksundur ve dolayısıyla bu bölgede kışlar olabildiğince soğuk, yazlar ise dayanılmaz derecede sıcak geçer. 39. There are still places in the world where one can go to dive and see very little indication of human impact. A) Hâlâ dünyanın pek çok yerinde dalış yapılabilir ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilir. B) Dünyada hâlâ öyle yerler vardır ki dalış yapmak için buralara gidilebilir ve buralarda insan etkisinni çok az belirtisi görülebilir. C) Dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin çok az görülebileceği yerleri dünyada hâlâ bulmma mümkündür. D) Dünyada, insan etkisinin çok az olduğu ve dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek hâlâ pek çok yer bulunmakttadır E) Dünyada, dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve inssa etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilecek yerler hâlâ mevcuttur. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 7 40. The Democratic Republic of Congo’s government set up a special commission last week to review at least 60 mining contracts signed in the last ten years. A) Son on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madenccili sözleşmesi, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeet hükûmetinin geçen hafta oluşturmuş olduğu özel bir komisyonca incelenecektir. B) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmetince geççe hafta kurulan özel komisyon, öncelikle son on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madencilli sözleşmesini inceleyecektir. C) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmeti, son on yılda imzalanmış olan en az 60 madencilik sözleşmmesin gözden geçirmek için, geçen hafta özel bir komisyon kurmuştur. D) Son on yılda imzalanmış olan yaklaşık 60 madenccili sözleşmesinin gözden geçirilmesi amacıyyla Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmeti, özel bir komisyonu geçen hafta oluşturmuştur. E) Geçen hafta Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmeetinc kurulan özel komisyonun amacı, son on yılda imzalanmış bulunan 60 kadar madencilli sözleşmesini değerlendirmektir. 41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. Tüm AB devletleri, Ekonomi ve Para Birliği’nin parçası olmalarına rağmen, AB ülkelerinin tümü, Avro bölgesinin parçası değildir. A) Since the Economic and Monetary Union consists of all the EU states, the inclusion in the euro area of every EU country is not out of place. B) Although all EU states are part of the Economic and Monetary Union, not all EU countries are part of the euro area. C) Even if EU states all make up the Economic and Monetary Union, the euro area does not include every EU country. D) Even though every EU country is not included in the euro area, the Economic and Monetary Union is made up of all the EU states. E) It is unlikely that every EU country, which is part of the Economic and Monetary Union, will also be part of the EU area. 42. Çoğu bilim insanı, yıllarca, gezegenimizdeki ekolooji sistemlerin dengesinin gerçekten ne denli hassas olduğunun önemini kavramamıştır. A) For years, most scientists have underestimated just how delicate the balance of the ecological systems on our planet really is. B) The question as to whether the ecological systems on our planet have a delicate balance has in fact been overlooked for years by many scientists. C) The ecological systems on our planet are so delicate that, for years, most scientists have not really taken them into account. D) Our planet’s ecological systems, which are really extremely delicate, have been neglected for years by various scientists. E) Many scientists have failed for years to understand that our planet’s ecological systems are indeed very delicate. 43. Mevcut küresel kriz nedeniyle uluslararası ticaretti çökmesi, kalkınma iktisatçılarını, ticareti, bir büyüme motoru olarak görme konusunda kuşkulandırrmıştır A) The fact that trade is an engine of growth has been dismissed by development economists, since the current global crisis has caused the collapse of international trade. B) The current global crisis has undermined international trade, and this has led development economists to scepticism about trade as a means of growth. C) In view of the current global crisis and its adverse impact on international trade, many development economists have come to disregard trade as an engine of growth. D) Due to the current global crisis and the decline of international trade, development economists doubt whether trade can be regarded as an effective means of growth. E) The collapse of international trade due to the current global crisis has made development economists sceptical about regarding trade as an engine of growth. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 8 44. Her yabancı yazarın Çin’e bakış açısı, içinde büyüddüğ ülke ile biçimlenir. A) For a foreign writer, in order to have an opinion of China, he should first know his own country where he has grown up. B) A foreign writer’s attitude towards the Chinese is essentially inspired by the country in which he has grown up. C) How a foreign writer understands China depends a great deal on the country he originally comes from. D) Every foreign writer’s perspective on China is shaped by the country, in which he grew up. E) Before a foreign writer can understand China, he ought to focus in the first place on his own country in which he was born. 45. OPEC’in ikinci en büyük petrol ihracatçısı olarak, İran, halkının artan enerji gereksinimlerini karşılamma amacıyla, sadece nükleer yakıt elde etmek için uranyumu zenginleştirmek istediğini iddia etmekttedir A) Although Iran is the second largest oil exporting country in OPEC, it still continues to enrich uranium for the production of nuclear fuel and, thus, solve the rising energy crisis faced by its people. B) Iran, which is OPEC’s second largest oil exporter, is resolved to enrich uranium and, thus, make nuclear fuel so that the desperate energy needs of its people can be met. C) As OPEC’s second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wants to enrich uranium only to make nuclear fuel to meet the growing energy needs of its people. D) By enriching uranium, Iran, the second largest oil exporting OPEC member, intends to produce nuclear fuel in order to meet its people’s increasing energy needs. E) Still OPEC’s second largest oil exporter, Iran claims that it wishes to produce nuclear fuel by enriching uranium for the growing energy needs of its people. 46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçadd anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebillece cümleyi bulunuz. 46. The Africans who go abroad to work usually send money back home to pay for their relatives’ medical care, education, and housing. Today, most African countries get the largest part of their foreign exchange earnings from such remittances. ----Without this subsidy, Africa’s dictators would have to face the political consequences of an angry population. A) In Africa, foreign aid goes mostly to those governments that have mismanaged their economies. B) There are over three million Nigerians in the US and another one million in Britain. C) From a quarter to almost 50% of universityeduccate graduates from Ghana, Uganda, and Kenya leave their countries to work in the West. D) Ironically, African citizens abroad subsidize state corruption. E) About three million middle-class Zimbabweans have migrated to South Africa since 1999. 47. The United States and its allies cannot remain in Afghanistan indefinitely. For them, building a capable Afghan security force and a credible Afghan government is the fastest and most responsible exit strategy. ----On the other hand, a security force can only be as good as its government, and the Afghan government has been crippled by corruption. However, national elections scheduled for this year provide an incentive for the Afghan government to continue to improve. A) Afghans’ greatest concerns are access to electricity, jobs, water, and education. B) Indeed, more US troops are absolutely necessary to defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. C) It is a clear fact that Pakistan is connected to the Afghan insurgency. D) The Pakistani army remains primarily focused on the perceived threat from India. E) However, US efforts so far to reach a decision for a complete withdrawal have been mixed. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 9 48. After more than 30 years without building a nuclear plant, US power companies are seeking licences for over 30 new reactors. In addition, more than 300 reactors have been proposed worldwide. Countries such as Egypt, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela have serious plans to build their first nuclear plant. ----A) In other parts of the world, some 40 reactors are already under construction, though many have been underway for decades with no end in sight. B) Annual emissions of greenhouse gases are expected to double by 2050, from a current 7 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year to more than 14 billion tonnes. C) According to a recent report, nuclear power is a major solution to the West’s growing electricity needs, and increased nuclear use can substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. D) On the contrary, a country’s use of nuclear power has much to do with government intervention, whether through state loans or streamlined regulations. E) Therefore, global electricity demand is estimated to nearly double by 2030, with nuclear power currently accounting for about 15 per cent of global use. 49. For decades, China has been content to let the invisible hand of the market work its magic on the country’s economy. But there’s one area where the government wants to reassert state control: healthcare. ----Today, nearly 40 per cent of the population can’t afford to see a doctor. The average hospital stay for a Chinese citizen costs nearly as much as an individual’s annual per capita income in the country. Healthcare grievances have been at the heart of thousands of organized protests countrywide in recent years. A) Some hospitals have had to hire security personnel to protect medical staff from angry mobs. B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per cent of their medical spending out of pocket. C) So the government has recently developed a strategy to provide affordable medical insurance to 90 per cent of its population by 2010. D) In fact, the free market reforms in China were first initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s. E) The Chinese government has already met many of its economic goals and is now beginning to address scientific and technological development. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 10 50. The African Union is well aware that, although Africa has enormous agricultural potential, it still remains a major food importer. The majority of Africans live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihood; but the performance of the agricultural sector has been dismal. In addition to internal and structural problems that each African country faces, external setbacks such as climate change and global economic instability have made the conditions worse for growth and development in all sectors, including agriculture. ----A) The vision of the African Union is to achieve an integrated, prosperous, well-governed, and peaceful United States of Africa. B) These are some of the most serious issues that the African Union is determined to address as efficiently as possible. C) Africa seeks to promote existing and agreeduppo shared values across the continent at individual, national, regional, and international levels. D) All the African countries wish to eliminate ongoing conflicts and prevent the occurrence of new ones in order to achieve development and integration. E) Some of the values cherished and upheld by each African nation are good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, accountability, and transparency. 51. Turkey offers much for the naturalist, with rich marine ecosystems, abundant birdlife, and elusive larger mammals. Especially the rugged eastern provinces and also the regions with thick forests harbour a large variety of these mammals. ----The tulip is perhaps the most famous of these. The great diversity of plants stems not only from the variety of habitats, which include arid plains as well as mountains and temperate woodlands, but also from Turkey’s position as a “biological watershed” at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. A) There are huge tracts of unspoiled countryside, some of which have been set aside as national parks. B) Unfortunately, Turkish wetlands are under threat from dams, drainage, pollution, and climatic change. C) The country’s position on the migratory flyways makes it a paradise for birdwatchers. D) The country is also floristically rich, with more than 11,000 plant species recorded. E) In winter, the country’s lakes and wetlands hold thousands of wintering wildfowl. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 11 52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmmi olabilecek sözü bulunuz. 52. A colleague of yours seems worried that the paper he is going to present at an international conference contains a great deal of radical argument and that it may provoke the participants into strong objections and protests against his views. So you wish to lend your support for his views and encourage him to speak out confidently. You say: A) I suggest you get rid of all these provocative ideas, since many people at the conference will oppose you vehemently and try to silence you. B) Your views may be provocative and, therefore, displease others, but I know they are sound. So don’t be discouraged. C) It is incomprehensible to me why you should always attempt to provoke other people and, in a way, subvert the conference. D) Everybody knows that you are a radical and always cause trouble at international academic gatherings. So I advise you to be careful. E) This conference you are going to attend is not the right occasion for you to express your provocative views. I would advise you not to get involved in a row. 53. As a literary critic, you are asked to express briefly your opinion of a novel recently published. You have read the novel and noticed some structural and stylistic defects in it. So you say: A) I am fully convinced that, like me, other critics will be much impressed by the novel as it deals with serious issues. B) In my opinion, it will take a long time before the novel really draws the attention of the reading public. C) With regard to the novel, I should stress in the first place that the author’s portrayal of the characters is very disappointing indeed. D) Although the author of the novel has a great deal of capacity for creativity, he is so much under the influence of other novelists that he lacks originality. E) As far as I am concerned, it is not a very successful novel, as it lacks clarity and has certain plot problems. 54. As the chairman of a committee, you must call the members to an unscheduled but urgent meeting. So you phone them each and, with your apologies, inform them about the meeting. You say: A) I am wondering whether all the committee members will be available to attend a meeting later today. B) This is your chairman calling. We are going to have a meeting, which I want you to attend without any excuse. C) As a committee, we have to come together immediately. I am sorry about this, as it is contrary to our usual practice. D) Our committee needs to meet as soon as possible. I am sure you have no objection whatsoever. E) I am asking you and the other members to come to my office right away for a meeting. No one must be absent. 55. You have been invited to give a talk on the current global economic crisis. Yet you feel that, following your talk, there will be questions which may get you involved in a domestic political debate. Since you don’t wish to be part of such a debate, you decide to decline the invitation. So you say: A) I am afraid my talk on the current crisis in the world economy may in the end turn into a controversy over domestic politics, which is not what I want. So you will have to excuse me from giving the talk. B) Before I can accept your invitation for a talk on the world economy, you must assure me that there will be no questions concerning domestic politics. C) I know out of experience that such issues as the current economic crisis in the world are extremely controversial, and I am absolutely sure that questions will be asked about domestic policies. D) There is no doubt that the world economic crisis has its adverse impact on domestic policies, which I wouldn’t like to touch on in my talk. E) I have decided mainly to focus in my talk on the global effects of the current economic crisis, but I am also prepared to answer questions concerning domestic political issues. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 12 56. You’ve lent a friend of yours one of the reference books in your own personal library, which you often use for your own research. Although he promised you to return it soon, he hasn’t done so, and you need the book urgently. You are upset and say to him: A) Should you need other books for reference, you just let me know, and you needn’t worry about returning the book soon, which I have already lent you. B) I hope the book I gave you has been most useful for your research; you can give it back to me when you don’t need it any longer. C) Since you haven’t kept your word about the book you borrowed from me, I am really angry; it is an indispensable source for my research, and I need it now. D) Since my library has a number of reference books, you can borrow them whenever you need them, and you needn’t hurry to return the one I’ve lent you. E) You said you would return the reference book I lent you. It is alright; I am using other sources for my research. 57. You are lecturing on the Industrial Revolution and the economic changes it brought about in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. You conclude your lecture by saying: A) So, to wrap up, the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century and thereafter altered not only the foundations of the economy but also the very assumptions with which people approached economics. B) Moreover, one can suggest that Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries had ample supplies of coal and a well-developed network of canals, all of which proved important for industrialization. C) In fact, by the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century, London had become the leading centre for international trade and a headquarters for the transfer of raw materials, capital, and manufactured products throughout the world. D) Actually, the Industrial Revolution began with dramatic technological leaps in a few industries towards the end of the 18th century and the early 19th century, the first of which was cotton textiles. E) Undoubtedly, at the end of the 18th century and during the early decades of the 19th century, expanding networks of trade and finance in Britain created new markets for goods and new sources of raw materials. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 13 58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) Although about 1,400 seed banks exist worldwide, Norway’s massive Svalbard Global Seed Vault dwarfs them all and aims to safeguard duplicates of the seeds. (II) Stored seeds are frequently lost because of natural disasters, war, and warm temperatures. (III) However, the United Nations predicts that 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050. (IV) So, Svalbard was built to withstand these challenges. (V) The facility is remote, located 1,000 kilometres beyond mainland Norway’s northernmost tip. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59. (I) On 26 July 1956, Egypt seized the Suez Canal. (II) Egypt’s president at the time, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company. (III) His main aim was to provide funding for the construction of the Aswan High Dam. (IV) Violence is endemic in the Middle East even as the geopolitical landscape is changing rapidly. (V) His unilateral decision led to the invasion of the Canal area by a joint British and French force. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60. (I) In 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union signed a historic treaty reducing their stockpiles of nuclear warheads by about a third. (II) The Obama administration has not “lost its way” despite the myriad problems left behind by the previous administration. (III) The treaty, known as “START” (The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), was signed in Moscow by US President George Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. (IV) At a joint news conference after the signing ceremony, both Mr Bush and Mr Gorbachev strongly and enthusiastically praised the treaty. (V) Especially, Mr Bush described it as “a significant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust.” A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 61. (I) When we exercise, our body naturally produces heat. (II) Exercising in extreme temperatures therefore provides an added stress on our body to cool down. (III) In fact, our body cools down by redirecting the flow of blood to the skin, so the evaporation of sweat can dissipate heat from the blood. (IV) Unfortunately, individuals who take part in outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, or running are at greater risk of physical injury. (V) However, when the climate is humid, sweat cannot evaporate from the skin, and the body struggles to cool down. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 62. (I) Ancient Lycia lay in the mountainous area between modern Fethiye and Antalya. (II) It wasn’t a single country, but a federation of 19 independent cities. (III) The people of Lycia must have regarded burials as an important aspect of their religion, for they cut hundreds of tombs into cliff faces and crags that can be seen throughout the area today. (IV) These tombs were probably copies of domestic architecture, intended as houses for the dead. (V) Not much is known about the early history of Patara, although it was an influential member of the Lycian League. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 63. (I) Sprawling across a vast plain at an altitude of almost 2,000 metres and ringed by mountains, Erzurum is one of Turkey’s coldest cities. (II) It is also by far the most developed city in the region. (III) Erzincan’s history has been marked by earthquakes, notably those of 1939 and 1992. (IV) Because it was located astride the main caravan route from India to Europe and controlled the passage between the Caucasus and Anatolia, Erzurum was fought over and ruled by many peoples from the Byzantines to the Ottomans. (V) Yet its most famous sights date from Seljuk times. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 14 64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. At the end of World War II, Algerian nationalists called on the Allies to recognize Algeria’s independence in return for their good service during the war. A) When World War II ended, Algerian nationalists, claiming that Algeria had made a useful contribution during the war, appealed to the Allies to acknowledge as right the independence of their country. B) As soon as World War II ended, the Allies were approached by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to Algeria, since they had benefited from the resources of the country. C) Algerian nationalists had served the Allies so well during World War II that, as soon as the war ended, they expected them to grant full independence. D) Following World War II, in which Algeria had played a useful part, the Allies were required by Algerian nationalists to grant independence to their country. E) Since Algeria had offered the Allies various services during World War II, Algerian nationalists were keen to secure with Allied support the independence of their country. 65. The increasing wealth of late medieval Europe transformed the social structure of European society. A) Europe in the Middle Ages accumulated much wealth, and this was due to new developments in European social life. B) In the late Middle Ages, Europe became increasingly rich, and this led to a structural change in society. C) The social changes witnessed in Europe towards the end of the Middle Ages were wholly related to contemporary economic prosperity. D) European society in the late Middle Ages underwent a process of change due to the rise of wealthy classes. E) It was at the close of the Middle Ages that Europe experienced a major social and economic transformation. 66. The eighteenth century witnessed the last phase of Baroque music and had two of the greatest composers of all time: Bach and Handel. A) The eighteenth century was noted for its interest in Baroque music, and at the time both Bach and Handel were the most notable representatives of this music. B) It was in the eighteenth century that Baroque music became most popular and that Bach and Handel were recognized as the most famous composers of the time. C) Bach and Handel were so admired in the eighteenth century that they were regarded as the greatest composers of Baroque music. D) Baroque music reached its final stage of development in the eighteenth century, which also produced Bach and Handel, regarded as the greatest composers ever. E) The development of Baroque music reached its climax in the eighteenth century when, as the greatest Baroque composers, Bach and Handel created the best of their music. 67. The attack on the World Trade Center in 2001 gave the term “globalization” a new and frightening meaning. A) When the World Trade Center was attacked in 2001, the meaning of the term “globalization” changed completely. B) Because of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, the term “globalization” has acquired a meaning which is both horrific and unusual. C) The usual meaning of the term “globalization” was further broadened by the terrifying attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. D) The term “globalization” has lost its usual meaning in the aftermath of the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center. E) Following the attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center, further meanings have been given to the term “globalization.” A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 15 68. The city of Port Elizabeth lies in one of South Africa’s poorest provinces, a region burdened with 40 per cent unemployment. A) The city of Port Elizabeth is situated in a province in South Africa that is one of the poorest, suffering from an unemployment rate of 40 per cent. B) The province in which lies the city of Port Elizabeth is completely underdeveloped due to a 40 per cent rate of unemployment. C) The city of Port Elizabeth is so poor that the province in which it is situated has an unemployment rate of 40 per cent. D) One of the least prosperous provinces in South Africa is that of Port Elizabeth, where unemployment has risen to 40 per cent. E) South Africa has several least developed provinces, in one of which lies the city of Port Elizabeth, with a rate of 40 per cent unemployment. 69. With an economic growth over the past decade of nearly 50 per cent, Ireland enjoys a level of prosperity greater than that of Britain. A) Unlike Britain, Ireland has much prosperity since it has done its best over the past decade to achieve an economic growth of 50 per cent. B) Ireland’s prosperity, which is much higher than that of Britain, has led to a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the past decade. C) Both Britain and Ireland enjoy a high level of prosperity, which has resulted from a 50 per cent rate of economic growth over the last ten years. D) Ireland’s economic growth over the past decade has been just 50 per cent, and this has led the country to a level of prosperity which is comparable to that of Britain. E) During the past ten years, Ireland achieved almost 50 per cent economic growth, which has enabled it to become more prosperous than Britain. 70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunnuz 70. Susan: -Do you know that every year 130 million tonnes of America’s trash ends up in landfills? Harry: -Oh, yes, I certainly do, and more than that. Susan: -----Harry: -Well, together all these landfills emit more of the greenhouse gas methane than any other human-related source. A) Is it true that some American building companies use inorganic refuse such as metals in roadbeds and heavy construction? B) Do you mean engineers have developed an efficient way of dealing with trash? C) What do you mean exactly? You seem to be implying something. D) America produces more trash than any other country in the world, doesn’t it? E) Don’t you think such a huge volume of trash can be processed to produce electricity? A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 16 71. John: -For our investments, we should consider tourism as a new area. Edmund: -Agreed. In fact, tourism has now become the world’s biggest industry. John: -----Edmund: -I certainly think so. Therefore, it is of vital importance for the economies of many of the world’s poorest nations. A) Moreover, travel enriches one’s life. Don’t you agree? B) Actually, it fuels economic growth, doesn’t it? C) Do you believe that travelling broadens our experience of the world? D) Furthermore, tourism enables people to explore other cultures and geographies. Right? E) Yes, true. Yet, worldwide mobility because of tourism has its drawbacks. Do you agree? 72. Bill: -As a firm, we are doing our best for fuel improvement. Bob: -Indeed, we must develop new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of gasoline and diesel. Bill: -----Bob: -Yes, of course. Also you know we have already developed an innovative formula designed to help reduce fuel consumption. A) Have other firms been investing in long-term solutions like hydrogen fuel? B) Can you tell me how we can produce fuels from lots of different sources in order to meet the growing demand? C) Don’t you think the solution is a combination of cleaner fuels and cleaner engines? D) How can we produce lead-free and low-sulphur fuels? E) Is the burning of coal and gas for lighting, heating, and cooking one of the causes of local air pollution? 73. Mary: -The other day I was reading an interesting article on “the Black Death.” Tony: -You mean the terrible plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century? Mary: -----Tony: -Also throughout villages, towns and cities. As a result, the population of Europe was cut nearly in half. A) Right. I didn’t know that its effects were worst in confined places like hospitals, prisons, and monasteries. B) According to a contemporary account, the city of Florence lost 96,000 people between March and October of 1348. C) European men and women were convinced that the plague had been sent as a divine punishment. D) However, as one learns from the article, the plague did not last long, but actually began to dissipate by 1351. E) I feel that more study must be made of the social and political impact the plague had on medieval Europe in general. A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 17 74. Malcolm: -I believe a great deal of research needs to be made of Martin Luther King and his ideas. Jacob: -I fully agree with you, since he was the preeminent figure in the civil rights movements started by blacks in the United States during the 1960s. Malcolm: -----Jacob: -On the contrary. Fundamentally, he aspired to a fully integrated nation of all the Americans. A) Before King, various civil rights groups in America had started to organize boycotts and demonstrations to condemn racial discrimination against blacks in all walks of life. B) Unfortunately, his inspiring career as a defender of civil rights in America was tragically ended by assassination in 1968. C) In fact, civil rights laws passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s did bring American blacks some measure of equality with regard to voting rights. D) Yes, of course. Yet, he’s been accused of seeking complete independence from white society. E) As you know, the civil rights movements of the 1960s in America clearly showed the chasm between the egalitarian promises of American democracy and the real inequalities at the core of American social and political life. 75. Winston: -What does the term “global village” really mean? Stanley: -Oh, well, it is essentially related to the global flow of information. Winston: -----Stanley: -Alright, I will try. Beginning in the 1990s, increasingly sophisticated computers have brought people into instant communication over the internet with each other across continents in new cultural and political settings, and this has had a great impact on the everyday lives of men and women around the world. A) In other words, are you suggesting that advances in electronic technologies have provided new worldwide platforms and connections for commercial interests? B) Do you mean the wide-ranging effects of information technologies on political struggles around the globe? C) Are you saying that electronic systems and devices designed to create, store and share information have become more powerful and accessible? D) Are you claiming that embattled ethnic minorities have found worldwide audiences through on-line campaign sites? E) What does that exactly mean? Can you be more specific? A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 18 76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. A key feature of globalization has been the transformation of the world economy, highlighted by the rapid integration of markets since 1970. In a series of historic changes, the international agreements that had regulated the movement of people, goods, and money since World War II were overturned. To begin with, the postwar economic arrangements sealed by various treaties steadily eroded in the late 1960s, as Western industrial nations faced a double burden of inflation and economic stagnation. A crucial shift in monetary policy occurred in 1971, when the United States abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely. As a result, formal regulations on currencies, international banking, and lending among states faded away. They were replaced with an informal network of arrangements managed autonomously by large private lenders, their political friends in leading Western states, and independent financial agencies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The economists and administrators who dominated these new networks steered away from the interventionist policies that had shaped postwar planning and recovery. Instead, they relied on a broad range of market-driven models termed “neoliberalism.” 76. It is indicated in the passage that the economic performance in the postwar period ----. A) totally eliminated the economic stagnation experienced by Western industrial nations B) primarily depended on policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund C) was mainly based on policies that allowed state intervention D) was so good that leading industrial states remained indifferent to neoliberalism E) had a positive impact on the development of international banking 77. As clearly stressed in the passage, the world economy ----. A) underwent a process of radical change after 1970, with markets quickly intergrating B) has never recovered from the adverse effects of inflation since World War II C) is now fully managed only by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank D) was affected by globalization for only a relatively short period after 1970 E) is constantly manipulated by the United States and other leading Western countries 78. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the United States’ decision in 1971 to give up the postwar gold standard ----. A) greatly undermined the process of globalization in the following decades and has since led the world economy into a serious crisis B) has been the primary cause of the chronic inflation and economic stagnation faced by the rest of the world C) was essentially inspired by new economic models based on free-market policies and neoliberal practices D) was extremely important, since it overturned international currency and banking regulations E) was the natural outcome of the wide range of economic arrangements made in the postwar period in the West A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 19 79. As can be understood from the passage, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank ----. A) have always been regarded with suspicion by industrialized Western nations B) develop policies that give priority to state intervention in the management of the economy C) have always introduced new formal regulations for currencies and international banking D) recruit only those economists who strongly support interventionist economic policies E) are financial bodies that are free from any intervention by an outside authority 80. It is suggested in the passage that neoliberalism ----. A) signifies the economic policies that have been practised by the West since World War II B) is a term that refers to widely different models of the market economy C) has always been disregarded by World Bank economists and administrators D) is primarily concerned with the free movement of people and goods in the world E) has been more dominant in the United States than in any of the other industrial nations A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 20 81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to seize its southern oil fields. Iran counterattacked. The result was a murderous eightyeea conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with Iran’s defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term, their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism. Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately have come from within, from a new generation of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed much since the days of the shah. 81. According to the passage, the Iranian regime ----. A) has always been aware of the need to grant to the people their democratic rights B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power C) has introduced radical economic policies to increase its oil revenues D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the people in the country E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country, who are inspired by nationalism 82. It is clear from the passage that Iraq’s invasion of Iran ----. A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue of the southern oil fields B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose C) significantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet government of the time E) provoked Iranian students and workers into antireggim demonstrations 83. As can be seen from the passage, the war between Iran and Iraq ----. A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal of bloodshed B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for either side C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian people D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use all its oil revenues for weapons E) was fought on both sides with weapons provided by the Soviets A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 21 84. It is stressed in the passage that, with the money earned from oil exports, Iran ----. A) financed a series of projects to strengthen nationalism among young radicals B) made huge investments to upgrade the capacity of its southern oil fields C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist the Iraqi invasion D) carried out economic reforms to improve the living standards of its people E) sponsored radical political movements in other countries 85. According to the passage, some segments of Iranian society have ultimately become aware of the fact that ----. A) the Iran-Iraq war resulted from the Iranian regime’s failure to cooperate with Iraq B) the Iranian government is wasting the country’s oil revenues on unfeasible projects C) the new Iranian regime has not met their economic and political expectations D) the future of the regime in the country fundamentally depends on young radicals E) the power of the mullahs in the country is not so strong as has generally been assumed A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 22 86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Until the late thirteenth century, European maritime commerce had been divided between a Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world. Starting around 1270, however, Italian merchants began to sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the woolprodducin regions of England and the Netherlands. This was the essential first step in the extension of Mediterranean commerce and colonization into the Atlantic Ocean. The second step was the discovery by Genoese sailors, during the fourteenth century, of the Atlantic island chains known as the Canaries and the Azores. Efforts to colonize the Canary Islands and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began almost immediately. But an effective conquest of the Canary Islands did not begin until the fifteenth century, when it was undertaken by Portugal and completed by Spain. The Canaries, in turn, became the base from which further Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa proceeded. They were also the “jumping-off point” from which Christopher Columbus would sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean in hopes of reaching Asia. 86. It is clear from the passage that the European discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ----. A) actually had no commercial and maritime significance, but became the major cause of rivalry between Portugal and Spain B) strategically paved the way for further explorations along coastal West Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean C) could have been prevented if the natives had been politically united to resist conversion and colonization D) caused so much excitement across Europe that especially Italian merchants were keen to use the islands as their commercial base E) had an adverse impact on the Netherlands’ maritime trade with England and other countries in northern Europe 87. As suggested in the passage, in medieval Europe before 1270, ----. A) Spanish and Portuguese sailors had attempted to explore the west coast of Africa and enslave the natives B) only Italian merchants had had the monopoly to import wool from England and the Netherlands C) some daring attempts had been made to conquer and colonize the Canaries and the Azores D) there had been two major zones for maritime trade: the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic E) there had been continual efforts especially by the Portuguese to convert West African natives to Christianity 88. It is asserted in the passage that, in the late thirteenth century, ----. A) Italian merchants were first able to carry their Mediterranean trade into England and the Netherlands B) the Strait of Gibraltar gained so much strategic importance that it became a territorial issue between Spain and Portugal C) the Europeans soon realized that there was a great deal of profit to be made by slave trade across the Atlantic D) both England and the Netherlands emerged as the only major colonizing powers in the North Atlantic E) the Italians absolutely dominated the trade in the Mediterranean and strongly opposed other nations’ attempts to benefit from it A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 23 89. As stated in the passage, the Canary Islands ----. A) were more densely populated than the Azores, which played no part in transatlantic trade B) had already been Christianized before they were discovered and colonized C) were not so important as the Azores in the increase of trade along the West African coast D) did not interest Christopher Columbus at all in his voyages across the Atlantic E) were subjected to colonization soon after they were discovered by the Genoese 90. As can be inferred from the passage, Christopher Columbus ----. A) hoped that his westward voyage across the Atlantic would ultimately take him to Asia B) learned much from Genoese sailors about the locations of the Canaries and the Azores C) had taken part earlier in Portuguese voyages down the west coast of Africa D) paid little attention to the strategic and economic importance of the Canary Islands E) always dreamed of completely controlling all the maritime commerce with Asia A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 24 91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, the Romans took slavery for granted. Nothing in Rome’s earlier experience had prepared it, however, for the huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its western and eastern conquests. In 146 B.C., fifty-five thousand Carthaginians were enslaved after the destruction of their city; not long before, one hundred and fifty thousand Greek prisoners of war had met the same fate. By the end of the second century B.C., there were a million slaves in Italy alone, making Roman Italy one of the most slave-based economies known to history. The majority of these slaves worked as agricultural labourers on the vast estates of the Roman aristocracy. Some of these estates were the result of earlier Roman conquests within Italy itself. But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up the land holdings of thousands of small farmers who found themselves unable to compete with the great estate-owners in producing grain for the market. 91. It is pointed out in the passage that, in ancient Rome, ----. A) aristocrats always had the right to determine grain prices for the market B) most aristocrats preferred small farmers to slaves as labourers on their farms C) the production of grain was solely the responsibility of large numbers of small farmers D) it was aristocrats that owned huge amounts of farming lands E) aristocrats were so hostile to small farmers that they drove them off their lands 92. It is suggested in the passage that, in their view of slavery, the Romans ----. A) attached a great deal of importance to the military value of slaves B) had largely been inspired by the Greeks and some eastern peoples C) were not so sophisticated as the other peoples of the ancient world D) began to follow a different policy only after they had enslaved the Carthaginians E) did not differ much from other ancient peoples 93. It is implied in the passage that the early Romans ----. A) had no notion of slavery and knew nothing about it B) were not interested in farming and, therefore, imported their grain C) were so opposed to aristocrats that they protected small farmers against them D) had one political goal: to conquer all the other peoples east and west E) had always been on friendly terms with all the peoples of the ancient world A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 25 94. It is clear from the passage that, when the Romans began to extend their conquests, ----. A) they were seriously resisted by the Greeks, who had no fear of them B) their immediate aim was to conquer and enslave the Carthaginians C) it led to an enormous increase in the number of slaves D) they depended heavily on slaves for their military campaigns E) it greatly pleased the Roman aristocracy, since they were able to own new estates 95. As emphasized in the passage, slaves in ancient Rome ----. A) were totally of Greek and Carthaginian origin B) made up the backbone of the Roman economy C) formed what the author calls “small farmers” D) were so great in number that aristocrats were uneasy about them E) knew farming so well that they produced grain in huge amounts A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 26 96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in İstanbul, constructed by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. Evidently, its structural design was something altogether new in the history of architecture. The central feature of the design was the application of the dome principle to a building of square shape. The church was designed in the form of a cross, with a magnificent dome over its central square. The main problem for the architects was how to fit the circumference of the dome to the square area it was supposed to cover. The solution was to have four great arches spring from pillars at the four corners of the square. The rim of the dome was then made to rest on the keystones of the arches, with the curved triangular spaces between the arches filled with masonry. The result was an architectural framework of marvellous strength, which at the same time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and delicacy. The dome itself has a diametre of 107 feet and rises to a height of nearly 180 feet from the floor. So many windows are placed around its rim that the dome appears to have no support at all but to be suspended in midair. 96. As emphasized in the passage, the design of the church of Saint Sophia in İstanbul ensured that ----. A) it would serve as a model for the design of new churches in the future B) Emperor Justinian was greatly pleased by its structure and grandeur C) the rim of the dome had to have many windows to let sunlight in D) the weight of the dome had to be reduced by four great pillars E) architecturally its structure was unique and entirely unprecedented 97. According to the passage, the harmony of the dome and the square base on which the dome rested ----. A) had been a common feature of Byzantine architecture before Saint Sophia B) was made possible by the use of four great arches C) was never regarded as a crucial issue in the construction of Saint Sophia D) was not adequately taken into consideration during the design of Saint Sophia E) has always been a major problem throughout the history of architecture 98. It is claimed in the passage that Byzantine architecture ----. A) was still in its early stage during the reign of Emperor Justinian B) began to improve and further develop after the construction of Saint Sophia C) was greatly influenced by the architecture that preceded the sixth century D) is best represented and exemplified by the church of Saint Sophia E) always made use of masonry in the construction of buildings with grandeur A 2009 -KPDS Sonbahar /İNG Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. 27 99. As suggested in the passage, the perfect combination of the dome and the arches in Saint Sophia ----. A) seemed to the architects to be precarious since the dome, with a diametre of 107 feet, was of an immense size and weight B) was somewhat spoiled by the curved triangular spaces that could be seen between the arches C) gave it not only amazing strength but also impressive magnificence and gracefulness D) enabled the architects to design and construct the whole structure in the form of a cross E) gave the architects themselves the impression that the dome was suspended in midair, with no support whatsoever 100. It is clear that the passage ----. A) is a concise description of Saint Sophia’s architectural features and overall excellence B) mainly focuses on the distinctive aspects of Byzantine architecture in the sixth century C) gives a detailed account of Emperor Justinian’s support for the construction of Saint Sophia D) discusses how Byzantine architects came to use the dome as a major structural element E) explains the reasons why Saint Sophia was designed in the form of a cross TEST BİTTİ. CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ. KAMU PERSONELİ YABANCI DİL BİLGİSİ SEVİYE TESPİT SINAVI (KPDS) 22 KASIM 2009 İNGİLİZCE A KİTAPÇIĞI 1. A 2. C 3. E 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. E 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. E 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. E 21. A 22. E 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. E 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. E 36. B 37. A 38. D 39. E 40. C 41. B 42. A 43. E 44. D 45. C 46. D 47. E 48. A 49. C 50. B 51. D 52. B 53. E 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. C 59. D 60. B 61. D 62. E 63. C 64. A 65. B 66. D 67. B 68. A 69. E 70. C 71. B 72. C 73. A 74. D 75. E 76. C 77. A 78. D 79. E 80. B 81. D 82. B 83. A 84. E 85. C 86. B 87. D 88. A 89. E 90. A 91. D 92. E 93. A 94. C 95. B 96. E 97. B 98. D 99. C 100. A 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 1 1. – 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerleer uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuuz 1. The body loses large amounts of iron when red blood cells are lost through bleeding, and this causes a ----of iron. A) deficiency B) display C) failure D) supplement E) recurrence 2. With the Soviet Union in decline in 1990, the United States emerged as the ----superpower. A) excessive B) accurate C) sole D) initial E) adequate 3. The economies of most oil-producing nations in the Middle East rely ----on exporting oil, just as the economy of the West, particularly that of the United States, depends on petroleum imports. A) reluctantly B) prosperously C) brutally D) previously E) heavily 4. No achievement can please Islamic extremists more than a break with what they ----as the Christian West. A) exclude B) confirm C) abolish D) view E) establish 5. After World War II, the United States began to ----Britain’s role as the leading foreign player in Iranian politics. A) take over B) hold up C) put off D) keep out E) look after 6. More than 50 years ago, six European nations ----to submit their coal and steel industries to common management, so that no single country ----the weapons of war to be used against another. A) have agreed /had fabricated B) agreed /could fabricate C) had agreed /have fabricated D) agree /will fabricate E) may have agreed /had been fabricating 7. North Korea still ----a vast police state that ----a network of concentration camps spanning the country. A) was maintaining /has included B) had maintained /would include C) is maintaining /had included D) maintains /includes E) maintained /will include 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 2 8. Most anthropologists think man ----South America around 12,000 years ago, although some ----it much earlier. A) has settled /may have put B) settles /are putting C) had settled /were putting D) was settling /had put E) settled /have put 9. ----some cancers, the best therapy is a combination ----surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A) With /through B) About /in C) For /of D) At /within E) On /to 10. The modern era of Shakespeare scholarship has been marked ----an enormous amount of investigation ----the authorship, text, and chronology of his plays. A) from /at B) by /into C) down /over D) out /of E) in /for 11. Soil pollution is caused by the presence of toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents ----enter the soil through industrial waste and pesticides. A) when B) whereby C) just as D) while E) that 12. The search for new sources of energy is a continuing one, ----the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out. A) since B) so that C) even if D) unless E) whenever 13. In the Renaissance period, there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ----some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek. A) so long as B) before C) whether D) in case E) but 14. China’s art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing ----at the expense of America and Britain. A) so B) as well C) as such D) just in case E) almost 15. In art history, primitivism is a notion crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ----a specific movement or group of artists. A) in that B) instead of C) the same as D) rather than E) whereas 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 3 16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. People who (16)----in malaria-infested areas or who travel to them can take certain (17)----. They can use long-lasting insecticide sprays in homes and outbuildings, place screens (18)----doors and windows, use mosquito netting over their beds, and apply mosquito repellents on their skin. They can (19)----wear enough clothing, (20)----after sundown, to protect as much of the skin as possible against mosquito bites. 16. A) reduce B) live C) discharge D) expose E) persist 17. A) precautions B) supplements C) occurrences D) setbacks E) levels 18. A) beyond B) of C) with D) on E) till 19. A) either B) more than C) also D) as such E) as well as 20. A) similarly B) extraordinarily C) commonly D) fairly E) particularly 21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. (21)----there are dozens of indigenous languages spoken throughout South America, this is, with the (22)----of Portuguese-speaking Brazil, a Spanishspeaakin continent. However, the Spanish one hears in South America does not always conform (23)----what one has learned in the classroom or heard on a cassette, and even competent Spanish-speakers find it takes a bit of getting used to. (24)----the odd differences in pronunciation, words from native languages as well as various European languages (25)----the different dialects of South American Spanish, giving them each their own unique character. 21. A) If B) Although C) When D) Whereas E) Just as 22. A) exception B) contribution C) involvement D) partition E) convention 23. A) up B) at C) by D) in E) to 24. A) In case of B) So far as C) In addition to D) By means of E) In accordance with 25. A) would infiltrate B) had infiltrated C) infiltrated D) have infiltrated E) were infiltrating 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 4 26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 26. ----, but they provide a wonderful way to see the countryside and the wildlife. A) Hitchhiking is still fairly common in some European countries B) There are several ferry services between France and Britain C) One of the finest ways to get a taste of life in Finland is to go boating on a lake D) Cycling is certainly a most enjoyable way of seeing parts of central France E) Trains in Argentina are much less frequent and efficient than buses 27. ----, even though the number of paintings he produced wasn’t large. A) It is true that Leonardo da Vinci lived in Milan until 1499 when the city was captured by the French forces B) Leonardo da Vinci was born in or near the small town of Vinci, a day’s journey from Florence C) Leonardo da Vinci’s writings on painting were first published in 1651 in Paris from his scattered notes as Treatise on Painting D) Leonardo da Vinci is one of the very few artists whose reputation has from his own time onwards always remained at the highest level E) When Leonardo da Vinci came to Florence as a young man, he became the Florentine painter Verrocchio’s apprentice 28. ----that either depend on those hormones or are inhibited by them. A) Hormone therapies raise or lower levels of certain hormones to limit the growth of cancers B) In the opinion of most physicians, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy play definite roles in treating tumours C) Unfortunately, some tumours, such as those in the stomach, pancreas, or kidney, respond only partially to radiation therapy D) Progress in cancer therapy has come with better combinations of drugs, altered dosages, and better coordination with radiation therapy E) Almost everyone who receives chemotherapy or radiation therapy experiences certain side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, 29. ----, just as his sister represented female excellence. A) Homer’s epic The Iliad, in which the Olympian gods are portrayed, refers to Apollo as the god who sends disease with his arrows B) Apollo was one of the twelve gods of Olympus and, during the Trojan War, he supported the Trojans against the Greeks C) In mythology, Apollo, who was the twin brother of Artemis, known also as Diana, was considered to represent masculine physical perfection D) Among the ancient Greeks, Apollo was worshipped not only as the god of poetic and musical inspiration but also as the god of the sun E) In antiquity, Apollo’s temple at Delphi was often visited by large crowds because it was a major centre for prophesies 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 5 30. ----because the Byzantine empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman state. A) A new period in the history of Western civilizations began in the seventh century B) It is impossible to date the beginning of Byzantine history with any precision C) The history of Western civilizations is largely a story of rivalries and interactions D) In medieval Italy, commerce and cities continued to flourish due to trade with the East E) By 650 the Arabs had taken most of the Byzantine territories, including Jerusalem 31. Our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited ----. A) that, by the sixth century B.C., the Etruscans had established a confederation of independent citystaate B) while Etruscan women enjoyed a comparatively elevated place in society C) whether the Etruscans shared with the Greeks a religion based on the worship of gods in human form D) just as it appears that Etruscan settlements in Italy go back to the late Bronze Age E) since their language, although written in a Greek alphabet, has not yet been fully deciphered 32. In the late 1920s, many politicians were cautiously optimistic ----. A) if the Nazis tried to eliminate the influences of American popular culture, which they regarded as an example of cultural degeneracy B) in case the Nazis, like other authoritarian governments, had used mass media as an efficient means of indoctrination and control C) that the economic troubles and political turmoil, which had been brought about by World War I, could easily be overcome D) just as one powerful influence on the artists and intellectuals of the time was neither social nor political, but scientific E) so that artists might continue to focus on subjective experiences, multiplicities of meaning, and personal expression 33. ----, the Vietnam War, which relied on a disproportionate number of black soldiers, magnified racial inequality in the United States. A) When President Johnson began the strategic bombing of North Vietnam B) As Martin Luther King, Jr., pointed out in the 1960s C) Although the South Vietnamese government resisted efforts at reform D) Even if the peace talks in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam failed E) Since the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into North and South 34. Following World War II, Japan emerged as a major industrial power because large state subsidies supported the success of Japanese firms, ----. A) if the Japanese government launched a series of austere economic measures to reduce unemployment B) unless the firms themselves concentrated on the efficiency and technical reliability of their products C) even though every Japanese government regarded the creation of prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty D) while a well-funded programme of technical education aided research and the development of new goods E) whereas Japan, as a fully industrialized country, not only led the way but also became the most influential model of success 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 6 35. Galileo observed sunspots, ----. A) which he sketched and documented as real irregularities on the surface of the sun B) since he claimed that the craters of the moon were the features of its landscape C) even if, with the support of the Medici family, he was able to pursue his work on astronomy D) so long as his ideas on astronomy brought him into conflict with powerful opponents E) whether he was already a famous mathematician at the University of Padua 36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. Kepler believed that everything in creation, from human souls to the orbits of the planets, had been created according to mathematical laws. A) Kepler’in de inandığı gibi, insan ruhu ve gezegenlleri yörüngeleri de dahil, dünyadaki her şey, matematik yasalarıyla uyumlu olarak yaratılmıştıır B) Kepler’in inancına göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenleeri yörüngeleri dahil her şey, matematik yasalarıın uygun olarak yaratılmıştır. C) Kepler’e göre, insan ruhu ve gezegenlerin yörüngeller de dahil her şey, matematik yasalarıyla tam bir uyum içinde yaratılmıştır. D) Kepler, her şeyin, matematik yasalarına uygun yaratıldığına ve buna, insan ruhu ile gezegenlerri yörüngelerinin de dahil olduğuna inanıyordu. E) Kepler, insan ruhundan gezegenlerin yörüngeleriin kadar, yaratılmış olan her şeyin, matematik yasalarına göre yaratılmış olduğuna inanıyordu. 37. Renaissance humanism played some role in the growing fascination with the intricate mechanisms at work in the universe. A) Karmaşık bir şekilde işleyen mekanizmaların oluşturduğu evrene hayranlık duyulmasında, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol önemliddir B) Evrenin karmaşık mekanizmalardan oluştuğuna ilişkin düşüncenin giderek gelişmesinde, Rönesaan hümanizmasının oynadığı rol hayranlık vericiidir C) Rönesans hümanizması, evreni oluşturan karmašşı mekanizmaların işleyişine duyulan hayranllıkt önemli rol oynamıştır. D) Rönesans hümanizması, evrende işleyen karmaşşı mekanizmalara ilişkin giderek artan hayranlı1kt biraz rol oynamıştır. E) Evrende karmaşık mekanizmaların işleyişine ilişkki duyulan hayranlığın artmasında, Rönesans hümanizmasının oynadığı rol oldukça önemlidir. 38. Music in Western Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries reached such a high point of development that, like painting and sculpture, it constituted one of the most brilliant aspects of the era. A) Batı Avrupa’da müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaşmış olup, resim ve heykelin yanı sıra, döneminin parlla bir yönünü ortaya koymuştur. B) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’ da müzik, öylesine yüksek bir gelişme noktasına ulaştı ki, resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin en parlak yönlerinden birini oluşturmuştur. C) Müzik, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda, resim ve heykele benzer yüksek bir gelişme göstermiş ve döneminin parlak bir yönünü oluşturmuştur. D) On beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’ da yüksek bir gelişme gösteren müzik, tıpkı ressi ve heykel gibi, döneminin en parlak yönünü temsil etmektedir. E) Müziğin, on beşinci ve on altıncı yüzyıllarda Batı Avrupa’da yüksek bir gelişme düzeyine ulaşmış olması, tıpkı resim ve heykel gibi, dönemin çok parlak bir yönünü ortaya koymaktadır. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 7 39. In the 1960s, organized terrorist tactics became an important part of political conflict in the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America. A) Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’daki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir yönü olan örgütlü terörist taktikleri, 1960’larda ortaya çıkmıştır. B) Örgütlü teröristlere özgü taktikler, 1960’ların Ortt Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’sındaki siyasal çatışmaların önemli bir boyutunu oluşturmuştur. C) 1960’larda, örgütlü terörist taktikler, Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’da siyasal çatışmanın önemli bir parçası olmuştur. D) Örgütlü teröristlerin taktikleri, 1960’larda Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’daki siyasal mücadelelerde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. E) Orta Doğu, Avrupa ve Latin Amerika’da 1960’ lardaki siyasal mücadelelerin temelini, önemli ölçüde, örgütlü teröristlerin kullandığı taktikler oluşturmuştur. 40. Most historians have argued that the causes and outcomes of the French Revolution should be understood in terms of class interests. A) Çoğu tarihçi, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlaşılmaas gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. B) Hemen hemen tüm tarihçiler, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, sınıf çıkarları ile bağlanntıl olarak anlamak gerektiğini vurgulamışlardıır C) Pek çok tarihçi, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerinin ve sonuçlarının anlaşılabilmesi için, sınıf çıkarları1nı esas alınması gerektiğini belirtmiştir. D) Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını anlayabbilme için, tarihçilerin çoğu, sınıf çıkarlarını temel alma gereği duymuştur. E) Tarihçilerin çoğu, Fransız İhtilali’nin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını, sınıf çıkarları bağlamında anlama gereği duymuştur. 41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. On üç bin yıl kadar önce, buzullar yavaş yavaş çekilirken, Akdeniz’in doğu ucunda, bataklıklar, otlaklar ve evcil hayvanlardan oluşan yeni bir ekolojik alan ortaya çıkmıştır. A) When glaciers receded over a period of thirteen thousand years, marshes, grasslands and domestic animals made up a new ecological area at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. B) It was exactly thirteen thousand years ago that, as glaciers began to slowly disappear, there emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea a new ecological area, which consisted of marshes, arable lands, and domesticated animals. C) As glaciers slowly disappeared thirteen thousand years ago, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea turned into a new ecological area that accommodated marshes, arable lands, and domestic animals. D) As glaciers began to recede slowly, the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea witnessed, about thirteen thousand years ago, the development of a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domesticated animals. E) About thirteen thousand years ago, when glaciers slowly receded, a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domestic animals emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 8 42. 1870’lerden itibaren, pazar, mal ve nüfuz arayışı, Avrupalı sanayileşmiş ülkelerin emperyalist yayılışşın körüklemiş ve sonuçta onları çoğu kez birbirleeriyl karşı karşıya getirmiştir. A) From the 1870s on, search for markets, goods, and influence fuelled the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries and, consequently, often put them at odds with each other. B) During the decades following the 1870s, the imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries was mainly characterized through search for markets, goods, and influence, which frequently led these countries into hostilities. C) As of 1870, the industrialized countries of Europe got into a search for markets, goods, and influence and were, therefore, involved in imperial expansion that made them hostile to each other. D) The imperial expansion of the European industrialized countries gained much momentum after the 1870s as they were in search of markets, goods, and influence and, consequently, acted most aggressively against each other. E) Search by the European industrialized countries in the 1870s for markets, goods, and influence led to imperial expansion and brought them into serious hostilities. 43. Pek çok başka insan gibi, 1920’lerde ve 1930’lardd romancılar, şairler ve oyun yazarları, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın insanlık dışı koşullarından ve zaferin, vaatlerini yerine getirememesinden düş kırıklığınn uğramışlardır. A) It was because of the unbearable conditions of World War I that, in the 1920s and 1930s, novelists, poets, and dramatists as well as many other people felt disillusioned and did not believe that victory would fulfil its promises. B) Like many other people, novelists, poets and dramatists in the 1920s and 1930s were disillusioned by the inhuman conditions of World War I and by the failure of victory to fulfil its promises. C) In the 1920s and 1930s, not only novelists, poets and dramatists, but also many other people were so disillusioned by the harsh facts of World War I that, for them, the promises of victory could not be fulfilled. D) Besides the inhuman circumstances of World War I, the failure of victory to fulfil its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and many other people in the 1920s and 1930s extremely disillusioned. E) The brute circumstances of World War I and the failure of victory to fulfil its promises made novelists, poets, dramatists and various other people feel very disillusioned in the 1920s and 1930s. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 9 44. Dadaist sanatçılar, eserlerinin anlamsız ve gayriciidd olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir, ancak eleştirmennler farklı düşünüyor ve onların eserlerini bilinçaaltını ifadeleri olarak görüyorlardı. A) Upon dadaist artists’ claim that their works were devoid of any meaning or serious purpose, critics objected and asserted that dadaist works essentially represented the subconscious. B) Although, for dadaist artists, their works had no meaning or serious purpose, critics differed from them and claimed that dadaist works represented the subconscious. C) Despite the fact that dadaist artists regarded their works as meaningless and playful, critics had a completely different view and argued that dadaist works were actually concerned with the subconscious. D) Dadaist artists claimed that their works were meaningless and playful, but critics thought otherwise and regarded their works as expressions of the subconscious. E) Contrary to the dadaist artists’ claim that in their works there was no meaning or serious purpose, critics maintained that dadaist works were all expressions of the subconscious. 45. Tüm zamanların en büyük düşünürlerinden biri kabul edilen Einstein, yirminci yüzyılın başlarındda bizzat geleneksel fiziğin temellerini sorgulamaay başlamıştır. A) In the early years of the twentieth century, Einstein, who had begun to question traditional physics and its fundamentals, was regarded as the greatest intellect of his time. B) Einstein, who has long been considered to be one of the great thinkers of our age, was seriously concerned with traditional physics, which he began to question in the early years of the twentieth century. C) It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that Einstein, commonly regarded as a great intellect of his time, began to ask questions about the fundamentals of traditional physics. D) As one of the greatest scientists of all time, Einstein began in the early years of the twentieth century to be concerned with the fundamentals of traditional physics. E) Recognized as one of the greatest intellects of all time, Einstein began to question the very foundations of traditional physics early in the twentieth century. 46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçadd anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebillece cümleyi bulunuz. 46. One of the causes of World War II was the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security in Europe in particular and in the world at large. Diplomats spent the 1920s, trying to restore such standards. Some put their faith in the legal and moral authority of the League of Nations. ----Throughout the decade, a number of leading European statesmen tried to reach a set of agreements that would stabilize the peace and prevent rearmament. A) Despite the good faith of many statesmen involved, none of these agreements carried any real weight. B) Economic conditions in Europe were another important cause of renewed conflict. C) Others saw disarmament as the most promising means of guaranteeing peace. D) Politicians feared international relations would be undermined by the growing imbalance of power in Europe. E) Moreover, the economic depression of the 1930s contributed in several ways to the coming of the war. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 10 47. Youth culture in America in the 1950s and 1960s owed much to the hybrid musical style known as “rock and roll.” During the 1930s and 1940s, the synthesis of music produced by whites and African Americans in the American South found its way into northern cities. Indeed, from the 1950s onwards, black rhythm and blues musicians and white Southern performers found much wider audiences through the use of new technology, such as electric guitars, better equipment for studio recording, and wide-band radio stations in large cities. The blend of styles and sounds and the cultural daring of white teenagers came to create rock and roll. ----A) This new music was exciting, sometimes aggressive, but full of energy and with great appeal for young listeners. B) Much of the new “mass culture” of the 1960s depended on the spending habits and desires of the new generation. C) The postwar desire to break with the past created further impetus for change in every sense, including politics. D) In the 1950s, governments rather than markets determined how consumer goods would be distributed. E) By the mid-1950s portable radios were being sold in the United States and Europe. 48. ----Like the French Revolution, they brought down not only a regime, but an empire. Like the French Revolution, they gave way to violence. And again like the French Revolution, they had sweeping international consequences. These revolutions and the fall of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War, which had structured international politics and shaped the everyday lives of millions of people since the end of World War II. A) The Iron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. B) The Eastern European revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union were a revolutionary turning point. C) The collapse of the Soviet Union opened up both Russia and its former imperial dominions. D) In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern European nations faced serious financial difficulties. E) The Czechs staged demonstrations against Soviet domination towards the end of 1988. 49. Nineteenth-century liberals had confidence in science. Not only did science deliver technological and material progress, but it also confirmed liberals’ faith in the power of human reason to uncover and command the laws of nature. ----Evolutionary theory, psychology and social sciences all introduced visions of humanity that were sharply at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the same time, artists and intellectuals mounted their own revolt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all established values and assumptions were under question. A) Geologists have always challenged the Biblical account of creation. B) These upheavals in the world of ideas unsettled older conceptions of individuality. C) Towards the end of the century, however, scientific developments defied these expectations. D) The scientists of the time held the view that the world had been formed over millions of years. E) The implications of Darwin’s writings went far beyond the domain of the evolutionary sciences. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 11 50. In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ----The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native Egyptians. A) There can be little doubt that the massive investment of labour and wealth required to build the great pyramids put grave strains on Egyptian society. B) The pyramids were in fact raised by tens of thousands of peasant workers, who most probably participated willingly in the building projects. C) Governmental control over the lives of individual Egyptians was very strict, and the number of administrative officials employed by the state was quite high. D) Potters, weavers, masons, bricklayers, brewers, merchants, and schoolteachers also enjoyed a higher standard of living. E) Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than they were among the elites. 51. In antiquity, Miletus was a centre for speculative thinking and philosophy. Beginning in the sixth century B.C., a series of thinkers known as “the pre-Socratics” raised serious questions about the relationship between the natural world, the gods, and men. The most famous of the pre-Socratics were Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, who represented the so-called Milesian School. They seem to have been remarkably familiar with Babylonian astronomy. ----In other words, through their observations, they began to formulate rational theories to explain the physical universe. A) The Milesians were very active in Egypt, where they founded many colonies which became their main trading outposts. B) Stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of their city, they also began to rethink their place in the human world. C) Calculating and observing the movements of the heavens, they sought physical explanations for what they saw. D) After the Persian conquest of Anatolia, many of the Milesian philosophers fled to Sicily and southern Italy. E) Miletus had long been a part of the Greek world, but Babylonian influences also shaped Milesian culture in important ways. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 12 52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmmi olabilecek sözü bulunuz. 52. One of the research assistants in your department has written an abstract for a paper, which he wishes to submit at an international conference. He asks you to have a look at it and advise him. You’ve read the abstract and are impressed by the originality of the topic. You say to him: A) In dealing with this topic, is it your purpose to provoke the conference participants? B) As far as I am concerned, the way you present the topic is rather dull and flat. C) I wonder why you have decided to choose such a controversial topic for your paper. D) I find your topic most unusual, and it will certainly arouse much interest. E) The abstract needs to have more clarity although the topic itself is a common one. 53. At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is under discussion. One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents significantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So you intervene by saying to this historian: A) I don’t think any of us has had the opportunity to see these documents, which obviously contain much evidence about the issue under discussion. B) The documents you have presented as evidence throw much light on the issue we have been discussing. C) As one can see from the documents you have presented, you must have carried out a great deal of careful research on the issue. D) Like my colleagues here, I have much respect for the quality of your research and have no objection to the evidence you have presented here. E) I am afraid the evidence you have presented through these documents is contradictory and has nothing to do with the issue under discussion. 54. As a specialist on Middle Eastern affairs, you are being interviewed by a journalist and are asked about Western governments’ attitude towards the Middle East. You think for a while and then state in general terms: A) Well, let me see. All I can say is that Western governments have always treated the Middle East as a vital strategic centre of gravity because of its rich oil reserves. B) I can tell you right away that the West’s needs for oil have encouraged international corporations to seek concessions from Middle Eastern states. C) Your question involves various issues. However, let me say this: in the Middle East, processes of modernization and globalization have produced an anti-Western attitude. D) Certainly, the oil boom brought about by the increasing Western demand in the 1980s and 1990s has ultimately led to fierce competition among Middle Eastern producer states. E) It is a fact that Western powers are always prepared to intervene by force if the stability of oil production is jeopardized. 55. Your new book on Shakespeare has been much acclaimed by critics. So you have often been invited to give talks, but now you feel that these talks are very tiring and need to be limited. You discuss this with your wife and say: A) Because critics have praised my book on Shakespeare, I have been overwhelmed by a flood of invitations to give talks, which I indeed find very thrilling. B) Since Shakespeare has been my major academic interest, dear, I am glad that I have finally written a comprehensive book on him, which has brought me much popularity. C) My dear, I would never refrain from giving talks on Shakespeare although they can be extremely exhausting and take all my free time. D) Dear, much has already been written on Shakespeare, but my recent book, which has made me famous, is actually the product of long and painstaking research. E) The publication of my book on Shakespeare has put me in the limelight, and I am constantly being invited to give talks. But I find this exhausting; so, dear, I’m going to turn down most invitations. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 13 56. A graduate student of yours is doing research on Napoleon’s imperial aims. You wish to give him a guideline so that his research might not drift into other matters about Napoleon. So you say to him: A) One can suggest that the main moral cause of Napoleon’s fall as an emperor was his unmasterable ambition. B) I think the essence of Napoleon’s imperialism was to reconstitute Europe as a new Roman empire, ruled from Paris. C) Like the Roman emperors, Napoleon erected triumphal columns and arches to commemorate his victories. D) It is true that Napoleon made his brothers and sisters the monarchs of his newly created kingdoms. E) In military terms, Napoleon was a master of welltimmed well-directed shock attacks on the battlefield. 57. At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in marketing. However, your little boy is suddenly taken ill and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend the meeting. So you call the director and ask him to excuse you, proposing that you submit the report at the next meeting. You say: A) Unfortunately, my little one is not well, and my apologies for not being able to attend the meeting. I should be grateful if you could excuse me, and I can present my marketing report at the next meeting. B) I am afraid you will have to excuse me today since my little one is very ill. As for the report about marketing, I can present it any time you wish me to. C) I am calling you to tell you that I cannot present my marketing report today at the meeting because my boy is seriously ill. I can definitely present the report at the next meeting. D) Let me tell you right away that I won’t be at the meeting today because of my boy’s illness. My report on marketing is ready and can be presented at the next meeting. E) Since my little boy is not feeling well, I have decided not to attend the meeting today. However, if you agree, I can present the report at the meeting next week. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 14 58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) British dominance of the slave trade in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries gave it decisive economic advantages over other nations. (II) As one Englishman wrote in 1749, the slave trade had provided “an inexhaustible fund of wealth to this nation.” (III) But even apart from the slave trade, the value of colonial commerce was increasing dramatically during the eighteenth century. (IV) Like the Spanish colonies, the French colonies in the New World were established and administered as direct crown enterprises. (V) For instance, British foreign trade increased in value from £10 million in the 1730s to £40 million in the 1750s. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59. (I) Between 1800 and the middle of the twentieth century, the worldwide population roughly tripled, rising from 1 to 3 billion. (II) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (III) Between 1960 and 2000, however, the population doubled again, to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60. (I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha. (II) Indeed, Cervantes was fully aware of the developments of the novel as a new literary form. (III) In the novel, Don Quixote is fifty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics. (IV) His mind is filled with all kinds of fantastic adventures. (V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 61. (I) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political rebellions, and economic crises. (II) Hence, confidence in traditional structures of social, religious, and political authority was undermined. (III) The result was fear, scepticism, and a search for new, more certain foundations on which to rebuild the social, political, and religious order of Europe. (IV) However, for artists and intellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe. (V) Like Shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that life’s journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of one’s human shortcomings. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 62. (I) During the Late Bronze Age, trade became an increasingly important aspect of international relations. (II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states. (III) The great coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean became wealthy entrepôts for the exchange of a bewildering variety of goods. (IV) Bronze Age Greece was an important and wellinteggrate part of the Mediterranean world. (V) At the same time, the great states of the region continued to exploit their control of overland trade routes, relying more than ever on moving goods to an international market. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 63. (I) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia. (II) Although closely connected with various Turkishspeaakin peoples with whom they frequently intermarried, the Mongols spoke their own distinctive language and had their own homeland to the north of the Gobi Desert in present-day Mongolia. (III) In fact, it was not until the late thirteenth century that Europeans began to establish direct trading connections with India, China, and the “Spice Islands” of the Indonesian archipelago. (IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south. (V) It was in part to control such raiding from Mongolia that the Chinese built the famous Great Wall. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 15 64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. Historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry because these provided most of the surplus wealth that supported the state. A) There is a general consensus among historians that the economic importance of trade and industry in the Byzantine empire cannot be ignored. B) According to historians, in the Byzantine empire, trade and industry played a relatively important role in the economy. C) As far as historians are concerned, the economic prosperity of the Byzantine state depended, to some extent, on commercial and industrial activities. D) It is commonly recognized by historians that the Byzantine state could not have survived without the economic contributions of trade and industry. E) Since the Byzantine state largely depended on the revenues generated by trade and industry, historians attach much importance to them. 65. No sooner did Israel declare its independence in May 1948 than its five neighbouring states invaded it. A) As soon as Israel declared its independence in May 1948, it was invaded by the five countries bordering it. B) The invasion of Israel by its five neighbours had already been decided before its independence was declared in May 1948. C) It was in May 1948 that, following its declaration of independence, Israel faced an invasion by its five neighbours. D) When Israel declared its independence in May 1948, its five neighbours decided to invade it. E) Upon Israel’s declaration of independence in May 1948, the five states that bordered it jointly invaded it. 66. The very term “postcolonial” underlines the fact that colonialism’s legacies have endured in former colonies even after independence. A) As can be understood from the term “postcolonial,” the independence of former colonies has been undermined by the continuation of colonial practices. B) Although former colonies have gained their independence, it is true that, as the term “postcolonial” itself indicates, they still feel the impact of colonialism. C) What is meant by the term “postcolonial” is that former colonies, which are now independent, have failed to preserve their colonial institutions. D) The fact that former colonies, which have all gained their independence, have got rid of their colonial past is indicated by the term “postcolonial.” E) Since the independence of former colonies has enabled them to be aware of their colonial past, this is best defined by the term “postcolonial.” 67. The global demand for oil increased enormously during the postwar era and has accelerated since. A) In the decades following World War II, there was a dramatic increase in the demand for oil throughout the world, and this has continued at an even faster rate. B) There was a serious increase in the demand for oil after World War II, and in fact the demand has never slowed down. C) The worldwide demand for oil, which has never stopped, was particularly high in the years following World War II. D) Soon after World War II, the demand for oil in the world was quite high and has seldom fallen. E) Following World War II, oil became so important that there was an increasing demand for it, and today the demand for oil is still very high. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 16 68. Though the Germans were not the most enthusiastic colonialists, they were still fascinated by other European powers’ imperial policies. A) The imperial policies put into effect by other European powers exceedingly exasperated the Germans who were themselves utterly indifferent to colonialism. B) The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers. C) Since colonialism did not appeal to the Germans, their interest in the imperial policies of other European powers was rather superficial. D) The Germans, for whom colonialism did not matter much, were fully aware of the imperial policies that other European powers were pursuing. E) While the Germans refused to practise colonialism, other European powers developed imperial policies that caught the German attention. 69. The persistent fears in connection with such terrorist groups as al Qaeda have to do with the chemical, biological, and also nuclear weapons that they might use. A) The possibility that terrorist groups such as al Qaeda might resort to chemical, biological and even nuclear weapons gives rise to continuing fears. B) The use by al Qaeda and other terrorist groups of such weapons as chemical, biological and also nuclear causes a great deal of widespread fear. C) It is just possible that al Qaeda and other similar terrorist groups might get hold of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, and this is the main reason why they are feared. D) So long as al Qaeda and other terrorist groups have the opportunity to have access to chemical, biological and also nuclear weapons, there can be no end to the prevailing fears. E) If terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, come to possess chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, this will certainly give rise to much fear. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 17 70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunnuz 70. John: -Good morning, Christine. By the way, have you seen this article on North Korea? Christine: -I’ve just come to the office. You know mornings are always a rush. Tell me what the main argument is. John: -----Christine: -Besides that, there may also be other hidden reasons such as the provision of nuclear weapons to international terrorist groups. A) Let me tell you this: historically, at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the northern part of the Korean peninsula, while the Americans held the south. B) You know that, after the loss in 1991 of Soviet patronage, the isolated North Korean government faced a very serious economic disaster, with verified reports of local starvation in some regions of the country. C) It emphasizes that the North Korean government has pursued the development of a nuclear arsenal not for self-defence, but as a bargaining chip against Japan and the United States. D) As you may recall, in June 1950, the communist North Korean troops attacked across the border that divided the Korean peninsula and crushed resistance in the south. E) Agreed. Yet Japan and the Western states have always feared that North Korea may be secretly helping Iran and other rogue states to develop nuclear weapons. 71. Terence: -It is a fact that the overseas maritime explorations in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries improved our knowledge of geography tremendously. Jim: -Well, we all know it. Why do you bring it up? Terence: -----Jim: -Naturally, the same view was held by the Church and also the crusaders. A) Ancient geographers divided the earth into five climatic zones that are still recognized today. B) Actually, in antiquity, geography owed most of its development to the Hellenistic astronomer Eratosthenes. C) The amazing thing is that, by means of sundials placed some hundreds of miles apart, the astronomer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth. D) For the simple reason that the world was understood differently and wrongly in the Middle Ages. For instance, medieval geographers regarded Jerusalem as the centre of the earth. E) In fact, it was the Hellenistic astronomer and geographer Eratosthenes that first suggested the possibility of reaching eastern Asia by sailing west. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 18 72. George: -Recently I have been much interested in the social history of the marketplace in medieval England, on which I plan to write a book. Juliet: -The social history of the marketplace? It is rather a dull subject, isn’t it? George: -----Juliet: -Really? Then I take back what I’ve just said. I’ll be keenly interested in what you write about it. A) Well, in a way, yes. In the past and today, the marketplace was just a site for the buying and selling of commodities. B) On the contrary. In fact, the heart of the matter is that the marketplace served as a place to socialize and a forum for interaction among people from all walks of life. C) At first glance, it would seem that there are many differences between the marketplaces of the past and the marketplaces of today. D) Unfortunately, the stock and commodities exchanges and malls have none of the spirit of the traditional marketplace. E) Exactly. It is hard to define the purpose and goal of the marketplace not only in England but also in the rest of Europe. 73. Fred: -I have been doing some research for a paper on the emergence of fascism in Italy. There is a vast amount of material that I have to consult. A tough job. Colleague: -I agree. Not an easy one. You know, like many European nations, Italy emerged from World War I at a heavy cost, but surely there were various causes for the rise of fascism in the country. Fred: -----Colleague: -I am sure, as I gather from what you are saying, your paper will provide us with a full account of how Italy turned to fascism. A) Under Mussolini, the Italian economy was placed under the management of twenty-two corporations, each responsible for a major industrial enterprise. B) In fact, I will mainly focus on how Italy was divided into a prosperous industrialized north and a poor agrarian south. C) To tell you the truth, World War I had cost Italy nearly seven hundred thousand lives and over $15 billion. D) In my opinion, you are mistaken when you claim that the Italian fascist movement depended heavily on Mussolini’s leadership. E) Undoubtedly. Among them can be mentioned political corruption, weaknesses of parliamentary democracy, high inflation, rising unemployment, and nationwide strikes. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 19 74. Harry: -Today, at the conference, two professors were involved in a fierce debate about the Marshall Plan. They really got on each other’s nerves. Janet: -Sorry, dear. I know nothing about the Marshall Plan. You must first tell me about it. Harry: -----Janet: -I see. Since it was certainly to the benefit of Europe, I can’t understand why the two professors should quarrel about it. A) As far as I am concerned, among the most striking aspects of World War II’s aftermath was the speed with which Germany was reintegrated into Europe. B) Indeed, the United States countered the expansion of Soviet power and kept communist movements based in Europe. C) It was an American programme that started in 1948 and provided $13 billion in aid for the industrial redevelopment and economic recovery of Europe. D) The American government forced certain terms on the countries participating in the Marshall Plan such as decontrol of prices, restraints on wages, and balanced budgets. E) On the other hand, the Soviets viewed the Marshall Plan as the United States’ deliberate intervention in Europe’s affairs and, therefore, strongly objected to it. 75. Philip: -I see that you are reading Homer’s great epic The Iliad? By the way, have you ever heard about Heinrich Schliemann? Edward: -Yes, I have. He was an amateur German archaeologist, who lived in the nineteenth century. Philip: -----Edward: -How come? I wonder what details in The Iliad must have led him to such a discovery. A) As an amateur archaeologist, many of Schliemann’s perceptions of Bronze Age Greece were mistaken and superficial. B) What else? Let me tell you the most intriguing thing about him. By using The Iliad as his guide, he found the site of Troy near the coast of northwest Anatolia. C) Since the ancient Greeks treasured many legends about their heroic and distant past, Homer’s epics appealed to them a great deal. D) Actually, Schliemann was right in believing that the legendary king Agamemnon was buried with a gold mask. E) In Homer’s epics, it is the Mycenaean civilization of Bronze Age Greece that is represented, but this civilization came to an end around the end of the twelfth century B.C. 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 20 76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The heroic myths and epics of a society teach its members the appropriate attitudes, behaviour, and values of that culture. These myths are of particular interest and value to us. Not only are they exciting adventure stories, but in these myths we see ourselves, drawn larger and grander than we are, yet with our human weaknesses as well as our strengths. As for heroes, they are the models of human behaviour for their society. They earn lasting fame by performing great deeds that help their community, and they inspire others to emulate them. Heroes are forced by circumstance to make critical choices where they must balance one set of values against competing values. They achieve heroic stature in part from their accomplishments and in part because they emerge from their trials as more sensitive and thoughtful human beings. Yet heroes are not the same throughout the world. They come from cultures where individuals may earn fame in a variety of ways. This permits them to express their individuality. However, in spite of their extraordinary abilities, no hero is perfect. Yet their human weaknesses are often as instructive as their heroic qualities. Their imperfections allow ordinary people to identify with them and to like them, since everyone has similar psychological needs and conflicts. 76. It is suggested in the passage that the trials that heroes undergo ----. A) are usually the outcome of conflicting values in society and can therefore be most painful B) make up the contents of those myths and epics which have survived to our time C) can be described in a variety of ways, although they are mainly related to their needs D) have a positive impact on their character whereby they attain a high moral status E) enable a society to become aware of its weaknesses and find ways to get rid of them 77. As stressed in the passage, heroic myths and epics ----. A) can be understood from various angles since they are the products of different cultures B) represent different attitudes that heroes adopt during the course of their adventures C) illustrate various sets of values that are always contrary to each other D) essentially show why heroes’ moral imperfections become the cause of their downfall E) are morally useful because one learns from them how to conduct oneself properly 78. One understands from the passage that myths ----. A) are not as instructive as epics, which in fact describe heroes that, from a moral point of view, are absolutely perfect B) appeal to very few people because they are mere fictions that contain nothing but only adventures C) are a kind of mirror through which are reflected not only our virtues but also our shortcomings D) are so concerned with human weaknesses that even ordinary people do not identify themselves with mythical heroes E) represent only universal values and attitudes, as they do not belong to a specific society or culture 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 21 79. It is pointed out in the passage that a hero’s fame ----. A) derives from his achievements that are for the good of his people B) does not last long, since he is easily overcome by his weaknesses C) is recognized throughout the world because of his extraordinary abilities D) encourages ordinary people to identify themselves with him E) depends on his ability to accomplish the impossible 80. As asserted in the passage, we can learn ----. A) from myths why and how heroes perform great deeds B) both from heroes’ imperfections and from their heroic qualities C) from heroes’ adventures that there are various ways to understand our weaknesses D) the history of a community through a close study of its heroic past E) from epics whether every hero earns lasting fame in the same way 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 22 81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Our knowledge of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece is based primarily upon what archaeologists have been able to discover. Fortunately, they have located and studied the ruins of a number of important Mycenaean sites both in Greece and in Troy, the site of Homer’s “Ilium” in Turkey. The material available to archaeologists is very limited, due to the ravages of time, weather, fire, and theft. The materials that have survived include objects such as jewelry, pottery, metal utensils, and various kinds of weapons. In addition, archaeologists have found a large number of clay tablets, inscribed with a language called “Linear B,” which they can read. It now becomes clear that the Mycenaean civilization in full bloom far surpassed in complexity and wealth many of the Greek civilizations that followed it. The Mycenaeans were an aggressive people who loved fighting, hunting, and athletic contests. Their land was mountainous and their soil rocky and dry. Therefore, they took to the sea and became fearsome raiders of other communities. In this way they acquired extraordinary wealth. 81. As clearly stated in the passage, the Mycenaean economy ----. A) is best represented by various objects discovered by archaeologists B) can be fully understood from archaeological excavations C) depended not so much on agriculture as on piracy and plunder D) was so strong that people invested heavily in jewelry and weapons E) has been a major concern of investigation among archaeologists 82. According to the passage, the geography of the Mycenaean civilization ----. A) has caused a great deal of controversy among archaeologists B) was defined only after the Linear B clay tablets were deciphered C) was unknown to Homer, who was interested in Troy alone D) made up only a very small portion of Greece E) was not limited to Greece only 83. It is clear from the passage that the Mycenaean civilization ----. A) was culturally and economically very complicated and, therefore, little known B) reached its climax when the Linear B language was introduced into Greece C) can best be studied through Homer’s descriptions of it D) was far more advanced and powerful than many other Greek civilizations E) did not last long because of the raids made upon it by other communities 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 23 84. As asserted in the passage, the Mycenaeans ----. A) seem to have been very skilled in the art of jewelry B) were noted for their warlike character C) attacked Troy, which Homer refers to as “Ilium” D) surpassed all the other Greek peoples in athletic contests E) were much advanced in the making of all kinds of weapons 85. As stated in the passage, archaeological discoveries ----. A) are the primary source of information on the Mycenaean civilization B) have provided us with plenty of evidence about the Mycenaean arts C) have thrown much light on the structure of the Linear B language D) show that Troy was an extremely prosperous city E) clearly indicate that the Mycenaeans were the founders of various Greek cities 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 24 86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide exceeds the land mass of the European Union. Animal and plant species are disappearing. Overfishing has depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely vulnerable to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europe’s forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity. 86. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very small percentage of the forests in Europe ----. A) seem to have been over-exploited and, therefore, ecologically damaged B) have been reserved for animal and plant species C) have been used for urbanization and exploited D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity E) have remained untouched by human exploitation 87. According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe ----. A) is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices B) owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species C) is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged D) has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal E) has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization 88. As clearly stressed in the passage, the biodiversity in the world ----. A) has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage B) can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally D) is declining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways E) can best be observed in tropical forests, which also contain large areas of wetlands 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 25 89. It is claimed in the passage that the depletion of global fish stocks ----. A) has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents B) has an adverse impact on the world’s biodiversity C) has caused much damage to Europe’s ecosystems in particular D) is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide 90. It is clear that the passage ----. A) is primarily concerned with the over-exploitation of resources in the world and its damaging effects on global biodiversity B) is a detailed discussion of the range of measures that need to be taken in order to sustain the current state of global biodiversity C) describes in detail how, due to the spread of urbanization, the area of the forests in Europe has been reduced enormously D) is a full account of the major causes of soil depletion and puts forward a number of suggestions for prevention E) essentially focuses on the causes as well as the consequences of the loss of biodiversity in the world in general and in Europe in particular 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 26 91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) was barely known in the early nineteenth century. His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive. As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era. His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in order to be able to work as a lawyer. Marx studied law briefly at the University of Berlin before turning instead to philosophy and particularly to the ideas of Hegel. With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel’s concepts for his radical politics. His radicalism made it impossible for him to get a post in the university. He became a journalist and, from 1842 to 1843, edited the Rheinische Zeitung (Rhineland Gazette). The paper’s criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London. 91. As clearly pointed out in the passage, while Marx was studying in Berlin, ----. A) it was not in law, but in philosophy, that his interests lay B) he discovered that Germany’s university system was largely inspired by Hegel’s ideas C) the Young Hegelians began to demand radical reforms in the German university system D) he turned to journalism and constantly criticized the government’s repression of radicalism E) he noticed that there was a great deal of antisemiitis among the Young Hegelians 92. One understands from the passage that, because Marx’s paper opposed the policies of the Prussian government, ----. A) he was completely deprived of his legal rights B) it faced much political repression before it was finally closed down C) he was denied the right to apply for a post at the University of Berlin D) he was punished by exile out of Germany E) it was no longer allowed to publish political debates 93. According to the passage, Marx’s novel idea of history ----. A) was wholly based on his experiences of life and politics in Trier where he grew up B) ruled out the former socialist view that it was possible to reorganize industrial society peacefully C) was most effectively spread through the newspaper that he edited in 1842 and 1843 D) was strongly opposed by the Young Hegelians who hated radicalism and revolutions E) did not have much impact on the rise and development of modern socialism 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 27 94. It is implied in the passage that, in his radicalism, Marx was ----. A) so much ahead of his contemporaries that he was often misunderstood by them B) primarily inspired by the debates and revolutionary movements of earlier socialists C) never influenced by the revolutions and violent confrontations of 1848 D) so inspired by the rebellions of the Young Hegelians that he actively took part in them E) originally influenced by his family that took much interest in radical politics 95. It is clear from the passage that, since Marx’s father was Jewish, ----. A) he was allowed to work as a lawyer only in Trier, but not in any other region of Germany B) he was constantly harassed and intimidated by the Prussian government C) it was impossible for him to practise law in Germany unless he became a Protestant D) there was much discrimination against him at the University of Berlin, where he studied law E) he and his family preferred to live in Trier, where there was no political repression at all 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 28 96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Oil has provided humanity with many benefits, including affordable energy to reduce our workloads and improve our mobility. Because oil is such an important and visible part of our daily lives, and because it is exceptionally open to political manipulations, it often receives an enormous amount of attention. This is especially true whenever its price increases sharply, and experts immediately get to work to diagnose the cause and consequences of the price increase. In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution. And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources. 96. According to the passage, warnings were first given almost a century ago that ----. A) there would be a sharp decline in oil consumption throughout the world as alternative energy resources became available B) there could be serious disruptions of global oil supply in the future owing to political manipulations and conflicts C) the consequences of soaring prices for oil would be extremely unbearable unless new economic measures were put into effect D) oil would cease to be a vital source of energy in the near future because of the growing rate of pollution E) oil consumption would continue to increase enormously and that the resources for oil were not infinite 97. As suggested in the passage, oil ----. A) was so manipulated politically a century ago that its production was often disrupted B) has unfortunately lost its economic value due to the fact that the oil age has come to an end C) has been the major cause of political instability in the world for nearly a century D) has always been a major source of affordable energy and had a positive impact on our lives E) is produced currently in enormous amounts in order to meet the soaring global demand for cleaner energy 98. In the passage, ----. A) the writer makes a strong defence of the oil industry and does not consider it to be responsible for any wrongdoing B) the main emphasis has been put on the indispensable uses of oil for man’s comfort and prosperity C) there is much concern expressed about the consequences of current oil consumption in the world D) some hope is expressed about the improvement and increasing efficiency of global energy resources E) much attention has been given to the importance of experts’ work in diagnosing the cause of increasing oil prices 2010 -KPDS İlkbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 29 99. As can be understood from the passage, the writer does not believe that, ----. A) in view of limited energy resources, the amount of oil consumed yearly will have to be restricted B) despite volatile oil prices, there will be a noticeable increase in current oil production C) contrary to ongoing discussions today, the age of oil has drawn to a close D) similar to other industries, the oil industry is to be blamed for political manipulations in the world E) like other sources of energy, oil can be regarded as a major cause of environmental pollution 100. It is stressed in the passage that the production of oil ----. A) is no longer important since much cleaner energy resources are available today B) must be absolutely free from any kind of political manipulation C) has changed very little in amount and price over a century D) has been adversely affected by currently volatile prices E) will certainly be carried out in a cleaner and more efficient manner in the future TEST BİTTİ. CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ. KAMU PERSONELİ YABANCI DİL BİLGİSİ SEVİYE TESPİT SINAVI (KPDS) 2 MAYIS 2010 İNGİLİZCE A KİTAPÇIĞI 1. A 2. C 3. E 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. E 9. C 10. B 11. E 12. A 13. E 14. A 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. E 21. B 22. A 23. E 24. C 25. D 26. E 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. E 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. E 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. A 41. E 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. E 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. C 50. D 51. C 52. D 53. E 54. A 55. E 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. B 61. E 62. D 63. C 64. E 65. A 66. B 67. A 68. B 69. A 70. C 71. D 72. B 73. E 74. C 75. B 76. D 77. E 78. C 79. A 80. B 81. C 82. E 83. D 84. B 85. A 86. E 87. C 88. D 89. B 90. E 91. A 92. D 93. B 94. E 95. C 96. E 97. D 98. B 99. C 100. E ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 1 1. – 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerleer uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuuz 1. Skin has a rich blood supply that delivers oxygen to all its ----. A) symptoms B) shifts C) nutrients D) layers E) supplements 2. Through the ages, drugs have been enormously ----in relieving suffering and in preventing and treating diseases. A) current B) persistent C) beneficial D) excessive E) profound 3. The average life expectancy has increased ----in most developed countries, especially in the United States. A) severely B) appropriately C) defectively D) accurately E) dramatically 4. To achieve and ----fitness, a person needs to exercise only 30 minutes three times a week. A) maintain B) determine C) include D) demonstrate E) train 5. Often thought of as the smallest unit of living organisms, a cell is ----of many even smaller parts, each with its own function. A) broken down B) made up C) run out D) taken after E) turned up 6. To the astronomers of the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy ----Aristotle and Ptolemy, since both ----frameworks that explained the whole universe. A) had been /created B) are /have created C) were /had created D) have been /create E) may have been /were creating 7. Though warfare ----a characteristic feature of international relations in the Late Bronze Age, the most powerful states of the time in the Mediterranean basin ----a balance of power that stabilized trade and diplomacy. A) had remained /were creating B) remained /created C) has remained /would have created D) remains /had created E) must have remained /have created ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 2 8. Although their responses ----as obvious as those of animals, plants ----the capacity to respond to light, gravity, water, touch, and other stimuli. A) may not be /have B) have not been /had C) were not /have had D) had not been /are having E) would not be /would have had 9. Homer ----the Byzantines was simultaneously a literary model, an instructional textbook, and a guide ----personal morality and wisdom. A) into /within B) through /around C) down /before D) after /above E) for /to 10. From the mid-fifteenth century ----, Lisbon began to emerge as a significant market ----slavery. A) up /about B) away /in C) out /round D) on /of E) over /at 11. ----the causes of alcoholism are various, alcohol use is a major factor. A) When B) Although C) Just as D) If E) Whether 12. Much of the immune system’s machinery is geared towards killing or eliminating invading microbes ----they have been recognized. A) once B) although C) even if D) in case E) whereby 13. The structures around the eye protect it ----allowing it to move freely in all directions. A) since B) while C) even though D) because E) whereas 14. The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child’s general health and nutrition ----by socioeconomic and hereditary factors. A) also B) so long as C) as well as D) both E) either 15. The solar calendar the Egyptians developed was ----accurate and sophisticated than the Mesopotamian lunar calendar. A) the most B) most C) the more D) more E) as ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 3 16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. We must not (16) ----the element of pleasure and enjoyment which comes from the reading of literature. This is surely itself one of the great benefits which (17) ----from being an educated person. But, over and above that, let us recognize (18) ----certain other fundamental skills and capacities are developed (19) ----the reading of literature, which are important to us all as educated people, (20) ----in our private pleasures or our personal philosophies, but also in the day-to-day exercise of our responsibilities. 16. A) subside B) assert C) interpret D) witness E) underestimate 17. A) had come B) comes C) would have come D) came E) was coming 18. A) so that B) in case C) just as D) that E) although 19. A) at B) in C) through D) over E) to 20. A) not only B) either C) both D) more E) as well as 21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralaanmı yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. (21) ----all the political ideologies of the early nineteenth century, nationalism is the most difficult to grasp. Its (22) ----are elusive. What, exactly, counted as a nation? Who demanded a nation, and what did their demand mean? In the early nineteenth century, nationalism was usually aligned with liberalism. (23) ----the century progressed, (24) ----, it became increasingly clear that nationalism (25) ----to fit any doctrine. 21. A) By B) About C) From D) For E) Of 22. A) credentials B) comments C) premises D) subsidies E) amendments 23. A) As B) Because C) Even if D) If E) Whether 24. A) furthermore B) however C) moreover D) therefore E) so 25. A) defined B) has been defined C) is defined D) could be defined E) defines ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 4 26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz. 26. During the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, ----, while in France it was checked not only by government interference but also by the bounty of its sources. A) it took nearly a fortnight to travel from London to Edinburgh B) textiles made up over 50 per cent of Britain’s exports C) the steam engine, invented by James Watt, supplied continuous and reliable power D) technology in Britain was developed by new industrial requirements E) Britain had a transport network without parallel in Europe 27. According to Marx’s theory of history, when the French Revolution overthrew the old order, ushering in bourgeois political power and industrial capitalism, ----. A) the stage of feudal or aristocratic property relations ended B) world history had passed through three major stages, each characterized by conflict between social groups C) the revolutionary character of capitalism would undermine the bourgeois economic order D) recurring economic crises would bring capitalism to collapse E) each individual best understood his or her own interests and was therefore left free 28. ----that space and motion are relative to each other instead of being absolute. A) As early as 1905 Einstein became convinced of the equivalence of mass and energy B) Einstein’s most famous theory, the principle of relativity, states C) By 1915 Einstein had proposed entirely new ways of thinking about matter, time, and gravity D) Einstein’s theories paved the way for revolutionary developments in physics E) Einstein devoted much of his life to promoting peace and social justice 29. ----whether it is a work of high quality or just a worthless piece of writing. A) Today in Europe and America, there is a tremendous outpouring of printed books from the publishers B) The appreciation of literature is surely concerned with judgement of complete works C) The majority of works of literature are lengthy novels, plays, and poems D) Experienced literary critics can tell with some certainty from just the first paragraph of a novel E) The English language has resources which enable us to express thoughts in different ways ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 5 30. ----, but the two forms of writing are so unlike each other that they probably developed independently. A) Some historical linguists have postulated that early Egyptian might represent the survival of a root language B) Among the many facets of Egyptian culture that have fascinated archaeologists is the Egyptian system of pictographic writing C) The photographic nature of Egyptian hieroglyphics may indicate an early influence from the Sumerian cuneiform script D) Contrary to the Sumerian cuneiform script, Egyptian hieroglyphics never evolved very far towards a system of phonograms E) As in Sumer, writing technology quickly became an important tool for Egyptian government and administration 31. Medieval scholars knew as Roman authors only Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero, ----. A) but during the Renaissance the works of others such as Livy, Tacitus, and Lucretius were rediscovered and made familiar B) whether Greek scientific and philosophical writings became available to Westerners in Latin translations through Islam C) because Renaissance thinkers not only knew many more classical texts but they also used them in new ways D) whereby Renaissance writers were more aware of the conceptual and chronological gap that separated their world from that of their classical sources E) since Renaissance humanism was a programme of studies that aimed to replace medieval scholastic emphasis on logic and metaphysics 32. Mozart, who was one of the leading representatives of the “Classical” style in music, was only thirty-five ----. A) because the Church continued to provide support for music B) as opera flourished in the eighteenth century C) when he died of rheumatic fever D) even though Bach was certainly the greatest composer of Baroque music E) just as Rousseau composed music and wrote an opera 33. ----, infectious disease continued to kill half of all Europeans before they reached the age of twenty. A) Although famines became less common and less widespread in Europe in the eighteenth century B) Unless the total number of urban dwellers across Europe as a whole did not change markedly between 1600 and 1800 C) Because improved sanitation, together with a better diet, may have played some role in the rise of Europe’s population in the 1820s D) Since Naples went from a population of 300.000 in 1600 to nearly half a million by the late eighteenth century E) Just as many of the million or so men and women employed in the textile trade in northern France in the seventeenth century lived in cities ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 6 34. In his famous work Novum Organum, Francis Bacon emphasized that natural science could not advance ----. A) so that this could mean gaining knowledge of nature through the senses B) whether the knowledge of ancient authorities was the best guide to truth C) if knowledge was best gained through cooperation among researchers D) unless it cast off the inherited errors of the past E) whereby he left a deep mark on the development of modern science 35. In the mid-1930s, ----, unemployment dropped from over 6 million to under two hundred thousand. A) if Hitler was to maintain power and enjoy a sizeable amount of popular support B) so long as Hitler promised to lead Germany back to national greatness C) as the Nazis built the entire German military infrastructure D) unless Hitler’s plans for national recovery called for full-scale rearmament E) since Hitler, like Mussolini, moved to abolish class conflict in Germany 36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz. 36. The Romantic movement in the arts, inspired in part by the American and French revolutions, emerged towards the end of the eighteenth century. A) Onsekizinci yüzyılın sonuna doğru ortaya çıkan Romantik akım, esas itibariyle Amerikan ve Fransız devrimlerinden kaynaklanarak sanatta gelişmiştir. B) Sanatta Romantik akım, kısmen Amerikan ve Fransız devrimlerinden esinlenmiş olup, onsekizinci yüzyılın sonuna doğru ortaya çıkmıştır. C) Romantik akımın sanatta ortaya çıkışı, Amerikan ve Fransız devrimlerinden güç alarak, onsekizinci yüzyılın sonuna doğru olmuştur. D) Sanatta oluşan Romantik akım, onsekizinci yüzyılın sonuna doğru ortaya çıkarak, tamamen Amerikan ve Fransız devrimlerine dayanmıştır. E) Bir bakıma Amerikan ve Fransız devrimlerine dayanan Romantik akım, onsekizinci yüzyılın sonuna doğru öncelikle sanatta görülmüştür. 37. Many of the concepts, terms, and issues related to social classes are also used in Marxist criticism, which stems from the works of the nineteenth-century German philosopher Karl Marx. A) Marxist eleştiri, ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Alman filozofu Karl Marx’ın eserlerine dayanmakta olup, toplumsal sınıflara ilişkin bir çok kavram, terim ve konuyu içerir. B) Toplumsal sınıflara ilişkin olarak kullanılan çeşitli kavramlar, terimler ve konular, ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Alman filozofu Karl Marx’ın eserlerine dayanan Marxist eleştiri ile örtüşmektedir. C) Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Alman filozofu Karl Marx’ın eserlerinden ortaya çıkan Marxist eleştiri, toplumsal sınıflara ilişkin kullanılan çoğu kavram, terim ve konunun temelini oluşturur. D) Toplumsal sınıflara ilişkin pek çok kavram, terim ve konu, ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Alman filozofu Karl Marx’ın eserlerinden kaynaklanan Marxist eleştiride de kullanılmaktadır. E) Toplumsal sınıfları tanımlamada kullanılan değişik kavram, terim ve konular, ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Alman filozofu Karl Marx’ın çalışmalarından esinlenen Marxist eleştirinin kapsamını belirler. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 7 38. Although Plato loves Homer and regularly cites from his epics, he insists on the censorship of those passages that represent morally controversial behaviour. A) Platon, Homeros’u sevmesine ve onun destanlarından düzenli olarak alıntılar yapmasına rağmen, ahlâkî bakımdan tartışmalı davranışları yansıtan bölümlerin sansür edilmesinde ısrar eder. B) Homeros’u seven Platon, onun destanlarına sürekli atıfta bulunsa da ahlâkî anlamda zararlı davranışları tasvir eden bölümlerin sansür edilmesi için çok çaba göstermiştir. C) Platon, bir yandan Homeros’u sevmiş, bir yandan da onun destanlarındaki ahlâka aykırı davranışları içeren bölümlere işaret ederek, bunların sansür edilmesi için sürekli talepte bulunmuştur. D) Homeros’u sevmiş olmasına rağmen, Platon, onun destanlarındaki ahlâkî bakımdan kabul edilemez bölümleri eleştirerek, bunların sansür edilmesi gerektiğini vurgular. E) Platon, Homeros’u sevmiş olsa bile, onun destanlarını sürekli eleştirerek, ahlâka aykırı davranışları öne çıkaran bölümlerin tamamen sansür edilmesinin şart olduğunu ileri sürer. 39. Politics and economics were primary concerns of writers and intellectuals in America during the 1930s, because the stock market crash in October 1929 had precipitated a total collapse in the economy. A) Ekim 1929’da borsa yere çakılınca, ekonomide tam bir çöküş yaşandı ve bu nedenle, siyaset ve iktisat, 1930’larda Amerika’da yazar ve aydınların en başta gelen ilgi alanları idi. B) Ekim 1929’da borsanın yere çakılması sonucu, ekonomi tam bir çöküş yaşadığı için, 1930’lar boyunca Amerika’da yazar ve aydınların en çok üzerinde durduğu konular, siyaset ve iktisattı. C) Siyaset ve iktisat, 1930’larda Amerika’da yazarların ve aydınların öncelikli konuları idi, çünkü borsanın Ekim 1929’da yere çakılması, ekonomide tam bir çöküşe yol açmıştı. D) 1930’lu yıllarda Amerika’da yazar ve aydınların en çok ilgilendiği konular siyaset ve iktisat oldu, çünkü borsa Ekim 1929’da yere çakılmış ve dolayısıyla ekonomi tamamen çökmüştü. E) Ekim 1929’da borsa tamamen yere çakılınca, ekonomide görülmemiş bir çöküş olmuş ve bu nedenle siyaset ve iktisat, 1930’lu yıllarda Amerika’da yazar ve aydınlarca en çok ele alınan konular arasında olmuştur. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 8 40. The amount and severity of global warming depend on how much greenhouse gas we add to the atmosphere. A) Atmosfere ne kadar sera gazı ilâve edersek, buna bağlı olarak, küresel ısınmanın miktarı ve yoğunluğu değişir. B) Küresel ısınmanın miktarı ve şiddeti, atmosfere ne kadar sera gazı ilâve ettiğimize bağlıdır. C) Küresel ısınmanın miktarına ve şiddetine bağlı olarak, atmosfere ne kadar sera gazı ilâve ettiğimiz anlaşılabilir. D) Atmosfere ilâve ettiğimiz sera gazının ne miktarda olduğu, küresel ısınmanın miktar ve yoğunluğuna bağlıdır. E) Atmosfere ne ölçüde sera gazı ilâve ettiğimize bağlı olarak, küresel ısınmanın miktarı ve şiddeti anlaşılır. 41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz. 41. Su ve binaları ısıtmak ve elektrik üretmek için kullanılabilen güneş enerjisi, tükenmez bir kaynaktır ve fosil yakıtlarından daha az çevre sorunlarına neden olur. A) Compared with fossil fuels, solar energy causes a few environmental problems, but it is an inexhaustible source that can be used for the heating of water and buildings and also to generate electricity. B) As an inexhaustible source, solar energy, which can be used for the generation of electricity and also for the heating of water as well as buildings, has fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels. C) Solar energy, which can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity, is an inexhaustible source and causes fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels. D) Although solar energy has much fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels, it is indeed an inexhaustible source that can be used to heat water and buildings and generate electricity. E) Solar energy is so inexhaustible a source that, since it causes fewer environmental problems than do fosil fuels, it can be used to heat water and buildings and generate plenty of electricity. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 9 42. Atmosferde karbon dioksit ve diğer sera gazlarının artışı, önümüzdeki yıllarda olabilecek çok daha ciddî bir küresel ısınma hakkında kaygılara neden olmaktadır. A) As carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere, there are serious concerns that a major global warming will happen in the near future. B) The increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are causing concerns about a much more serious global warming that may occur in the years ahead. C) Because of the increase of carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a great deal of serious concern is expressed about a major global warming that may happen in a few years. D) There are many concerns that a very serious global warming will occur in the years ahead owing to the increased carbon dioxide and various other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. E) Since carbon dioxide and many other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere, there is a great deal of serious concern about the possibility of a major global warming in the near future. 43. Sel ve yüksek dalgalara yol açmış olan tropikal fırtınalardan dolayı, 1970’den bu yana, Bangladeş’te en az 300.000 insan ölmüştür. A) Tropical storms, causing flooding and high waves, have killed up to 300.000 people in Bangladesh since 1970. B) Up to 300.000 people have died in Bangladesh since 1970, as tropical storms have caused much flooding and high waves. C) In Bangladesh after 1970, more or less 300.000 people have been killed because of the flooding and high waves caused by tropical storms. D) The death of about 300.000 people in Bangladesh after 1970 has been caused by tropical storms that have led to flooding and high waves. E) Since 1970, at least 300.000 people have died in Bangladesh due to tropical storms that have caused flooding and high waves. 44. Dünyadaki yağmur ormanları, özellikle Amazon ve Kongo Irmağı havzalarında olanlar, insanlık tarihinde görülmemiş bir hızla yok edilmekte ve yakılmaktadır. A) In the world today, especially the rain forests of the Amazon and Congo River basins have been destroyed and burned to the extent that there is no precedence in human history. B) Rain forests in the world, particularly those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, are being destroyed and burned at a rate unprecedented in human history. C) In human history, there has never been so much destruction and burning of rain forests as can be seen in the Amazon and Congo River basins. D) The world’s rain forests, including those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, have been destroyed and burned so extensively that there is no other example of it in human history. E) Human history does not record the kind of destruction and burning that the world’s rain forests, especially those in the Amazon and Congo River basins, have undergone so far. 45. Gezegenimizdeki yaşam tarihi hakkında bildiklerimizin çoğunu, bize, jeolojik kanıtlar, özellikle fosil kayıtları sağlamaktadır. A) Fossil records as well as other geological evidence provide us with all the knowledge we have of the history of life on the planet. B) It is through geological evidence, mostly by fossil records, that we have come to know the history of life on our planet. C) Our knowledge of the history of life on this planet is completely based on geological evidence, especially on fossil records. D) Much of what we know about the history of life on our planet is provided to us by geological evidence, in particular fossil records. E) The history of life on our planet can best be understood through our study of fossil records and other kinds of geological evidence. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 10 46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçadd anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebillece cümleyi bulunuz. 46. The cell theory, one of the fundamental unifying concepts of biology, states that all living organisms are composed of basic units called “cells” and of substances produced by cells. Although they vary greatly in size and appearance, all organisms are composed of those small building blocks. Some of the simplest life forms, such as bacteria, are unicellular: they consist of a single cell. ----In these complex multicellular organisms, life processes depend on the coordinated functions of the component cells. A) Although plants do not move about in the way we associate with animals, they do move. B) One of the remarkable aspects of the growth process is that each part of the organism continues to function as it grows. C) Humans and many other organisms begin life as a fertilized egg, which then grows and develops specialized structures and body form. D) In contrast, the body of a human or an animal or a tree is made of billions of cells. E) Energy is required to maintain the precise order that characterizes living systems. 47. Gregor Mendel was not the first plant breeder. At the time he began his work, hybrid plants and animals had been known for a long time. Mendel’s genius lay in his ability to recognize a pattern in the way the parental traits reappear in the offspring of hybrids. ----A) It is true that Mendel was a clergyman who bred pea plants in his monastery garden at Brno, Czech Republic. B) Therefore, at that time biology was largely a descriptive science, and biologists had little interest in experimental studies. C) So it is clear that Mendel’s “hereditary factors” are essentially what we call “genes” today, which is one of the major subjects of modern biology. D) In fact, geneticists study not only the transmission of genes, but also the expression of genetic information. E) No one before him had categorized and counted the offspring and analyzed these regular patterns over several generations. 48. From about 1300 until about the middle of the fifteenth century, disasters struck throughout western Europe with appalling severity and dismaying persistence. ----Then came the most terrible natural disaster of all: the dreadful plague known as “the Black Death.” It reduced the total population of western Europe by at least one half and caused great hardships for most of the survivors. A) Europe emerged in the later fifteenth century with a healthier economy. B) Of these disasters, famine was the most widespread and persistent. C) There was a limit to the amount of land that could be cleared for farming. D) Overcrowding made Europe’s cities particularly vulnerable to the plague. E) Large-scale banking had already emerged during the thirteenth century. 49. In 1915 the German scientist Alfred Wegener, who had noted a similarity between the geographical shapes of South America and Africa, proposed that all the land masses had at one time been joined into one huge supercontinent. He called this supercontinent “Pangea.” ----Wegener did not know of any mechanism that could have caused continental drift. So his idea, although debated initially, was largely ignored. A) He further suggested that Pangea had subsequently broken apart and that various land masses had separated in a process known as “continental drift.” B) Earth’s crust is composed of seven large plates, plus a few smaller ones, that float on the mantle which is the solid layer of Earth lying beneath the crust and above the core. C) As the plates move, the continents change their relative positions, and this movement of the crustal plates is termed “plate tectonics.” D) When two plates grind together, one of them is sometimes buried under the other in a process known as “subduction.” E) As the continents began to drift apart, populations became geographically isolated in different environmental conditions and began to diverge along separate evolutionary pathways. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 11 50. The economic depression of the 1930s forced many writers to re-examine the style and purpose of their work. Among threats of economic devastation, totalitarianism, and war, literature became increasingly politicized. Authors were largely interested in the depiction of injustice and cruelty and felt obliged to point the way to a better society. ----A) In his great poem The Waste Land the Anglo-American poet T.S. Eliot presented a philosophy that was close to despair. B) In his novel The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway gave the public a powerful description of the socallle “lost generation”. C) Moreover, they no longer directed their work to fellow intellectuals alone, but to ordinary men and women as well. D) Furthermore, Virginia Woolf’s essays and novels offered an eloquent and severe critique of Britain’s institutions and universities. E) As for Bertolt Brecht, he rebelled against high culture and bourgeois values, but he also protested against the pretentious elitism of his contemporaries. 51. The development of genetic engineering has stemmed from the discovery of DNA in the 1950s. By the 1990s, several laboratories in the West were engaged in the most ambitious medical research ever attempted: the mapping of the human genome, that is, the entire architecture of chromosomes and genes contained in basic human DNA. ----For instance, infertile couples could now conceive through out-of-body medical procedures. A) As a new form of knowledge in an age of global interconnection, genetic engineering has forced many nations to make changes in their laws and regulations concerning medical practices. B) In Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere, political chaos, imbalances of trade, and the practices of some pharmaceutical companies have often resulted in shortages of medicine. C) As AIDS became a global health crisis in the 1980s, international organizations recognized the need for an early, swift, and comprehensive response to future outbreaks of disease. D) Through this process and alongside it, genetic engineers developed methods to alter the biology of living things, including humans. E) Moreover, genetically engineered human growth hormone is required by some children to overcome growth deficiencies. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 12 52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmmi olabilecek sözü bulunuz. 52. An old friend of yours, whom you haven’t seen for years, wishes to see you as soon as possible and, on the telephone, asks for an appointment. Since you will be away for a few days for a conference, you wonder whether an appointment sometime next week will be alright for him. As you will also be very pleased to see him after such a long time, you say to him politely: A) Unfortunately, I won’t be here for a week as I will be attending a conference abroad. Besides, I can’t remember you well. Anyway, come next week to see me. B) Actually I am extremely busy. Besides, there is a conference I have to attend. I suggest we meet sometime later next week. Sorry, not earlier. C) I am going away for a conference. How nice of you to call me! Will it be convenient for you if we meet sometime next week? After so many years, I will indeed be most delighted to see you again D) After so many years, I hardly remember you. If you feel that you have to see me, you have to wait until next weekend because I am going away for a conference. E) You should have called me earlier as I am going away for a conference. Can you come next week? It has been a long time since I saw you last. 53. Your nephew, who is yet at high school, is very interested in history. You feel that you ought to encourage him to study history when he goes up to the university. So you say to him: A) Although you seem to like history, you are not qualified enough to specialize in it. B) Since history appeals to you so much, I strongly recommend it for you to choose as your field of study when you enter the university. C) History is a very broad field, and I am afraid you will soon be fed up with it. D) Since you’re determined to study history at the university, there is nothing I can do for you. E) As far as I am concerned, your interest in history is hardly genuine and will soon disappear. 54. As an eminent scholar in political science, you have been asked by the organizing committee of an international conference to be one of their plenary speakers. You are pleased with the invitation and wish to express your thanks to the committee for honouring you. You say: A) You have been very kind indeed to consider me as a plenary speaker. Unless something unexpected comes up, I will attend the conference. B) In view of my publications and senior position, I think I deserve such an invitation. I will get to work right away. C) Your invitation has come at the right time as I have been doing research on a subject that best suits your conference. D) Actually I was expecting to receive an invitation from your committee. It will be a wonderful opportunity for me to address your distinguished audience. E) Let me say how glad I am for the invitation you have extended to me. I really feel privileged to speak at the plenary session. I am grateful to you all. 55. One of your colleagues has been promoted to associate professor. As you have always been very impressed by the academic quality of his work, you think that he fully deserves the promotion. So you say to him: A) My congratulations on your promotion, which I knew you would get as I have always thought that your work is academically perfect. B) Given the academic quality of your work, I would refrain from making any comment on your promotion, but I simply express my congratulations. C) Even though I would like to congratulate you on your promotion, I must draw your attention to the fact that you must upgrade the academic quality of your work. D) I congratulate you on your promotion as associate professor, but I would advise you to work harder to improve the quality of your research. E) I am very pleased with your promotion. Yet, as far as I am concerned, you ought to be more concerned about the academic quality of your work. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 13 56. Your friend’s son is getting married. You have been invited to the wedding, which will take place on the very day you are going abroad on urgent business that cannot be postponed. So, to apologize, you call your friend and say: A) I am sure there will be many people at the wedding. As for me, on the day of the wedding I will be travelling abroad on urgent business. I know you will understand. B) I received your invitation. Yet, due to my forthcoming trip abroad on urgent business, I will not be able to attend your son’s wedding. Clear? C) This forthcoming business trip abroad that I have to make cannot be cancelled. So it will be impossible for me to attend the wedding. D) Thank you so much for your invitation. On the very day the wedding takes place, I will be abroad for urgent business. E) Thanks for the invitation. How unfortunate it is that the wedding coincides with my urgent business trip abroad, which I cannot put off! Therefore, I am indeed very sorry I can’t attend the wedding. 57. At a panel, you are discussing with another colleague the uses and abuses of nuclear power. You notice that your colleague focuses completely on the benefits of nuclear power, without referring to a major problem, which is the safe disposal of nuclear waste. So you wish to draw attention to this problem and say: A) You seem to be approaching the subject only from one angle and ignore the serious question of how to dispose of nuclear waste safely. B) I fully share your views about the uses of nuclear power, and I think we should also look at the financial problems. C) Certainly, nuclear power is cheap, clean and environmentally harmless. However, there are a number of problems about it and we have to consider them in detail. D) I completely agree with you that the most serious question concerning nuclear power is how to get rid of nuclear waste. E) As you have just indicated, the safe disposal of nuclear waste is a problem that needs to be discussed extensively. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 14 58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz. 58. (I) One of the major strategies to manage global warming is prevention. (II) Prevention of global warming involves developing ways to prevent the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (III) It is the ultimate and best solution because it is permanent. (IV) However, it requires new technologies that have not yet been developed. (V) Most of all, environmental problems are connected to overpopulation. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 59. (I) The global ocean is a huge body of salt water that surrounds the continents and covers almost threefouurth of Earth’s surface. (II) It is a single, continuous body of water. (III) Not surprisingly, aquatic life zones are different in almost all respects from terrestrial ecosystems. (IV) Yet, geographers have divided it into four sections (the Pasific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans), separated by the continents. (V) The Pasific Ocean is the largest by far: it covers one-third of Earth’s surface and contains more than half of Earth’s water. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 60. (I) On average, 30% of the solar radiation that falls on Earth is immediately reflected away by clouds and surfaces, especially snow, ice, and ocean. (II) Trees of tropical rain forests are usually evergreen flowering plants. (III) The remaining 70% is absorbed by Earth and runs the water cycle, drives winds and ocean currents, powers photosynthesis, and warms the planet. (IV) Ultimately, however, all of this energy is lost by the continual radiation of long-wave infrared energy into space. (V) In fact, if heat gains from solar radiation were not balanced by losses, the Earth would heat up or cool down. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 61. (I) Among the fundamental themes of Greek tragedy were justice, law, and the conflicting demands of piety and obligation that drove a heroic man or woman to destruction. (II) They were mostly derived from Homer. (III) Most tragedies were the dramatization of well-known myths and legends from the past. (IV) But decidedly contemporary issues and events were also represented in some tragedies. (V) Epic and lyric poetry were already wellestabblishe Greek literary forms when the fifth century B.C. began. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 62. (I) Life in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was largely shaped by the combined effects of war, trade, and a steadily growing population. (II) Especially the practice of free trade led to the establishment of overseas colonies and opened up new markets for European industry. (III) Additionally, agricultural productivity increased, making it possible for Europe to feed a population that had now reached unprecedented levels. (IV) The dominant artistic school of southern Europe from about 1600 until the early 1700s was that of the Baroque, a school not only of painting but of sculpture and architecture. (V) Moreover, population growth in turn enabled European governments to wage more frequent wars and employ larger and larger armies. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 63. (I) Modern historians of science consider Newton’s law of universal gravitation to be the greatest contribution to physics ever made by a single person. (II) The praise for his discovery was just as great in Newton’s own time. (III) In the eyes of his contemporaries he was a national hero. (IV) During the seventeenth century, the most innovative scientific work came out of the universities. (V) He was also celebrated across Europe, particularly in France. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 15 64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz. 64. In his famous work The Wealth of Nations, the eighteenth-century Scottish economist Adam Smith spelled out, in more technical and historical detail, the different stages of economic development in the past. A) Adam Smith, an economist of the Scottish origin in the eighteenth century, gave, in his wellknnow work The Wealth of Nations, a technically and historically detailed account of the various phases through which the economy had developed before his time. B) In The Wealth of Nations, a controversial work written by Adam Smith, who was a Scottish economist in the eighteenth century, a full description was given of how the economic progress had taken place in the past. C) The Scottish economist Adam Smith’s great work The Wealth of Nations, written in the eighteenth century, is essentially a technical and historical description of the economic development and its changing phases in the past. D) Adam Smith, who was an eighteenth-century economist born in Scotland, wrote his celebrated work The Wealth of Nations in order to explain, in technical terms, the historical stages of the economic progress. E) In his controversial work The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith, who was an economist born in Scotland in the eighteenth century, described both technical and historical phases that made up the economic progress in the past. 65. In the 1960s, the emergence of new black nations in Africa and the Caribbean was paralleled by the civil rights movement of the blacks in America. A) So many new black nations emerged in the 1960s in Africa and the Caribbean that the American blacks were influenced by them and soon began to fight for their civil rights. B) When new black nations came into being in the 1960s in Africa and the Caribbean, also the blacks in America started the civil rights movement. C) In the 1960s, the American blacks were so encouraged by the rise of various black nations in Africa and the Caribbean that they all joined in the civil rights movement. D) The civil rights movement, started by the blacks in America in the 1960s, was largely inspired by the rise of new African and Caribbean nations. E) The civil rights movement of the American blacks in the 1960s was extremely influenced by the new nations that had emerged in Africa and the Caribbean. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 16 66. Despite their declaration of intellectual independence from the past, Enlightenment thinkers owed a great debt to their predecessors. A) Enlightenment intellectuals asserted that they were totally indifferent to the past, but they owed a great deal to the thinkers of the past. B) Contrary to what they thought about the past, Enlightenment thinkers were much influenced by those who had come before them. C) Even though Enlightenment thinkers openly claimed that intellectually they were free from the past, they were greatly indebted to those thinkers who had preceded them. D) The past never aroused any interest in Enlightenment intellectuals, although they were essentially inspired by the thinkers of the past. E) Although Enlightenment intellectuals took no interest in the past, they were much involved in the study of their predecessors’ ideas. 67. The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, constructed at enormous cost by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century. A) The church of Saint Sophia was constructed by emperor Justinian in the sixth century and cost him a lot of money even though Byzantine architecture has come to be represented by it. B) The construction of the church of Saint Sophia in the sixth century cost the emperor Justinian a huge amount of money, and it is a significant example of Byzantine architecture. C) In the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent so much money on the construction of the church of Saint Sophia that he wanted it to be the most excellent work of Byzantine architects. D) Byzantine architecture is best represented by the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, for the construction of which, in the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent a lot of money. E) A huge amount of money was spent by the emperor Justinian for the construction of the church of Saint Sophia in the sixth century, which in fact became a major work of Byzantine architecture. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 17 68. At the peak of their prosperity, between about 6500 and 5500 B.C., the residents of Çatal Hüyük produced a wide range of agricultural food stuffs, including peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops. A) A large variety of agricultural foodstuffs, such as peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were produced by the Çatal Hüyük inhabitants, whose prosperity reached its climax during the period between roughly 6500 and 5500 B.C. B) Peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops were the only agricultural foodstuffs that the people of Çatal Hüyük, already very prosperous, produced during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. C) The people at Çatal Hüyük were so prosperous that, during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C., they produced various kinds of agricultural foodstuffs, especially peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops. D) Among the agricultural foodstuffs produced by the extremely prosperous peasants of Çatal Hüyük during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C. were peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops. E) At Çatal Hüyük, where there was much prosperity between 6500 and 5500 B.C., only those agricultural foodstuffs, which consisted of peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were produced by the people. 69. Unlike his contemporaries, who favoured quiet urban scenes, the sixteenth-century Dutch painter Bruegel exulted in depicting the ordinary life of the peasantry. A) Although it was Bruegel alone among the Dutch painters in the sixteenth century that was primarily interested in the representation of rural scenes, his contemporaries continued to deal in their works with various aspects of urban life. B) The Dutch painter Bruegel in the sixteenth century mainly focused on the representation of ordinary scenes from rural life, just as his contemporaries were much interested in depicting urban life. C) The representation of rural scenes from the life of the peasants was the Dutch painter Bruegel’s primary interest, but his contemporaries in the sixteenth century took urban life as their main subject. D) Urban life with its happy scenes was one of the major interests of the Dutch painters in the sixteenth century, but Bruegel differed from them to some extent by his depiction of peasants’ hard life. E) Contrary to the painters of his time, who preferred in the first place to represent peaceful scenes from urban life, the Dutch painter Bruegel, who lived in the sixteenth century, took much joy in the depiction of scenes from the simple life of the peasants. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 18 70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunnuz 70. John : -The economic rather than political aspect of European colonialism has always interested me. Francis : -I know. It is clear from most of the papers you have presented so far. So you think that colonial exploitation in the past was the major source of Europe’s economic prosperity. John : -----Francis : -Agreed. Indeed, it is impossible to imagine this prosperity without them. A) Actually, Britain’s American colonies had no significant mineral wealth and, therefore, they turned to agriculture. B) Moreover, as far as I am concerned, the Spanish colonial economy was dominated by mining. C) On the other hand, the Portuguese government allowed only Portuguese merchants to trade with their own colonies. D) Absolutely. For instance, Europe’s growing wealth in the eighteenth century was simply the result of its colonial possessions. E) To compete with the British, the French government encouraged the development of sugar-producing colonies in the West Indies. 71. Mary : -Recently I have been reading Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s political treatise The Social Contract, published in 1762. In his political views, he was certainly more radical than most of his contemporaries. Susan : -Yes, he was, indeed. For instance, he was probably the first person in his time to talk about popular sovereignty and democracy. Mary : -----Susan : -Because of his radical views as such, he caused a great deal of controversy in eighteenth-century France. A) His famous novel Emile tells the story of how a young man learns virtue and freedom. B) I didn’t know that he was better known for his writing on education and moral virtue. C) We know that Enlightenment thinkers considered education key to human progress. D) The Social Contract was the least understood of his works, wasn’t it? E) Obviously, he believed that legitimate authority arose from the people alone. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 19 72. Robert : -Did you know that the first recorded Olympic Games took place in the Valley of Olympia in Greece in 776 B.C.? Ted : -No, I didn’t. But I know that in antiquity they were held at four-year intervals. Robert : -----Ted : -Then, boxing, wrestling, and many other sports must have been added over time. A) I wonder to what extent the modern Olympic Games were driven by economics and politics. B) Do you think the goals of modern olympism as stated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) are still valid? C) The ancient Greeks believed that human life was completely controlled by the gods. D) True. Unfortunately, they were abolished by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 394 A.D.. Interestingly, the first Olympics contained only one event: the foot race. E) As you know, many cities in the world compete with each other for the honour and prestige of hosting the Olympic Games. 73. Jack : -In the British empire, India was the first colony to win its independence soon after World War II, wasn’t it? Robin : -Yes, it was. Actually, the extraordinary Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi had been at work in India since the 1920s and had pioneered anticolonial ideas. Jack : -----Robin : -Principally, his strategy was nonviolent noncooperation. So he urged the Indian people to withdraw from the imperial economy and develop their own means of resistance such as going on strike, refusing to pay taxes, or boycotting British goods. A) In the face of colonial domination, how did he set about the anticolonial movement for the independence of India? B) Gandhi’s strategy for independence provided a model for many liberation struggles in other colonies. C) Hadn’t he already led a nonviolent campaign for the political rights of the Indian community in South Africa between 1894 and 1914? D) By 1947 Gandhi had gained such widespread support that the British found it impossible to continue in power in India. E) Yet, in June 1947, British India was partitioned into the nations of India and Pakistan, and the process of partition brought brutal religious and ethnic warfare. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 20 74. Stephen : -By the way, what does the term “hydrologic cycle” mean? Can you explain it? Martin : -Basicly it means that water cycles from the oceans and land to the atmosphere, and then back to the oceans, and land. It is a complex cycle, which provides us with a renewable supply of purified water on land. Stephen : -----Martin : -Certainly, and also an important one. As you might expect, forests release substantial amounts of moisture into the atmosphere by transpiration, which then falls as precipitation. A) When a forest is burned or cut down, how is the climate of the region affected? B) Do you think forests influence an area’s climate? C) Do forests play a role in this cycle? D) How does transpiration by trees influence the local temperature of forests? E) What are the factors that determine climate? 75. Harry : -It is true that, in the nineteenth century, Britain and France were Europe’s two great overseas empires. Charles : -Why do you think so? Besides them, there were other colonial powers in Europe that also owned territories overseas. Harry : -----Charles : -I see what you mean. In other words, the Germans were reluctant to engage in a colonial enterprise. Right? A) The new political and economic relationships between colonies and dependent states on the one hand and the colonizing power on the other ran both ways, bringing changes to both sides. B) The convergence of technology, money, and politics involved in the construction of the Suez Canal represents the interplay of economics and empire in late nineteenth-century Europe. C) The years from 1870 to 1914 brought both rapid industrialization throughout the West and the stunningly rapid expansion of Western power abroad. D) In terms of colonial power politics, they counted little. As for Germany, which was the strongest emerging power inside Europe, its governments did not believe that colonization overseas would yield economic and political advantages. So, Germany was not a colonial empire. E) The nineteenth-century empires developed against the backdrop of economic and political changes such as industrialization, liberal revolutions, and the rise of nation-states, which transformed Europe and European imperialism. ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 21 76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In antiquity, prior to the third century B.C., physics had been a branch of philosophy. It was made a separate, experimental science by Archimedes of Syracuse, who lived between 287 and 212 B.C.. He not only discovered the law of floating objects, or specific gravity, but also formulated with scientific exactness the principles of the lever, the pulley, and the screw. Among his memorable inventions were the compound pulley and the screw propeller for ships. Although he has been considered the greatest technical genius of antiquity, in fact he preferred to devote himself to pure scientific research. Tradition relates that he discovered “Archimedes’ principle,” that is, specific gravity, while pondering possible theories in his bath; when he reached his stunning insight, he dashed out naked into the street crying “Eureka!” (“I have found it!”). 76. As one understands from the passage, Archimedes was so thrilled by his unexpected discovery of specific gravity that ----. A) he immediately announced it to the public in an unusual fashion B) he described every detail of it to the people with scientific exactness C) the people in the street joined him in the celebration of his discovery D) most of his contemporaries regarded it as a perfect example of pure scientific research E) his theory of specific gravity was soon applied in shipbuilding 77. According to the passage, until Archimedes, ----. A) there had been some scientific research on the law of floating objects B) physics had not been considered to be a science separate from philosophy C) the use in ships of the screw propeller had already been known D) various theories had been proposed about floating objects E) the study of philosophy had been confined only to physics 78. As it is clear from the passage, Archimedes ----. A) was so seriously concerned with technical issues that he often neglected his scientific research B) can be described as a man who openly opposed the study of philosophy C) was more interested in the theoretical aspect of science than in its practical uses D) was particularly indifferent to questions of navigation and shipbuilding E) taught the people of Syracuse how to use the compound pulley most efficiently 79. It is pointed out in the passage that Archimedes’ inventions ----. A) were not related to the theories that he had already formulated B) have qualified him to be regarded as “the greatest genius of antiquity” C) were put into use when, following several scientific tests, they proved to be very efficient D) were all based on his theory of specific gravity, which he had been pondering for a long time E) were described in detail in his writings 80. As clearly pointed out in the passage, like the principles of the pulley and the screw, the principle of the lever ----. A) has been traditionally attributed to Archimedes, but it had been known to other physicists in antiquity B) can also be considered to be one of Archimedes’ least scientific formulations C) aroused so much interest in the public that he was rightly proud of his scientific discovery D) was also defined by Archimedes in absolutely scientific terms E) was formulated by Archimedes only after he carried out a series of complicated experiments ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 22 81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. The Romans were descended from a cluster of peoples who had crossed the Alps into Italy during the second millenium B.C. and spoke a variety of Indo-European dialects. Recent archaeological research has pushed the origins of the city of Rome back to at least the tenth century B.C., several centuries earlier than the traditional date 753 B.C., which the Romans themselves considered their city’s foundation year. Rome’s strategic location along the Tiber River brought it many different advantages. Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as far as Rome, but no farther; the city could thus serve as a port without being threatened by attack from the sea. Rome’s famous hills increased the defensibility of the site. In other words, as a city, Rome was situated at a junction across the Tiber, making it a major land and river crossroads. 81. According to the passage, Rome was founded at a site along the Tiber, which ----. A) was vulnerable to attacks from the hills around B) provided a perfect crossing across the river C) had been a major trading centre even before the tenth century B.C. D) enabled merchant ships to sail far into the country E) was most exposed to the dangers from the sea 82. It is pointed out in the passage that the ancestors of the Romans ----. A) believed that the Alps would provide perfect defence against invasions from the North B) came from the North and settled in Italy around the tenth century B.C. C) first looked for a strategic location where they could safely settle D) were a sea-going people who were particularly interested in overseas trade E) were the peoples who spoke various dialects of the same language 83. It is stated in the passage that archaeological evidence obtained so far ----. A) indicates the tenth century B.C. as the date of the foundation of Rome B) clearly proves how and when various Indo-European peoples crossed the Alps into Italy C) shows why the earlier Romans decided to found their city at a site up the Tiber River D) proves conclusively how Rome came to be a major port for trading ships E) answers the question of why the original natives of Italy collaborated with the Indo-European invaders 84. It is indicated in the passage that the Romans ----. A) built strong defences on the hills surrounding Rome B) attributed the foundation of their city to one specific year C) maintained their Indo-European identity for centuries D) were not a strategically-minded people and never took security into account E) benefited from the Tiber only in terms of its economic advantages. 85. One understands from the passage that the Tiber in antiquity ----. A) had been used as a waterway for trade even before Rome was founded on it B) was the only river in Italy, on which trading ships of any size could sail safely C) played an important role in the defence of Rome whenever the city was attacked from the sea D) provided a number of crossings whereby the Romans were able to transport their forces across it E) was partially navigable and provided Rome with an economic advantage ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 23 86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. When air pollution, including acid rain, is combined with other environmental stresses, such as low winter temperatures, prolonged droughts, insects, and bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases, it can cause plants to decline and die. More than half of the red spruce trees in the mountains of the northern United States have died since the mid-1970s. Other tree species, such as sugar maples, for example, are also dying. Many still-living trees are exhibiting symptoms of forest decline, characterized by a gradual deterioration and often eventual death. The general symptoms of forest decline are reduced vigour and growth, but some plants exhibit specific symptoms, such as yellowing of needles in conifers. Air pollutants may or may not be the primary stress that results in forest decline, but the presence of air pollution lowers plant resistance to other stress factors. When one or more stresses weaken a tree, then an additional stress may be enough to cause death. 86. It is suggested in the passage that air pollutants ----. A) become very destructive for all kinds of trees when they turn into acid rain B) have been the primary cause of the deterioration of various tree species C) can cause forest decline when they act together with other environmental stresses D) show their adverse effect on trees most clearly when there are prolonged droughts E) are particularly effective on sugar maples and conifers but not other species 87. According to the passage, when the trees in a forest fail to grow properly, ----. A) this is directly related to low winter temperatures B) this is mostly the result of a fungal disease C) its immediate effect can be detected right away D) this can be a symptom of forest decline E) it is inevitable that bacterial diseases will emerge soon 88. It is implied in the passage that the death of the red spruce in the northeastern United States ----. A) is a clear indication of how forest decline can turn into a major disaster B) has been caused primarily by bacterial and viral diseases in the region C) was also noticed in the mid-1970s when the trees showed a great deal of reduced vigour D) was preceded first by reduced growth and then a long period of deterioration E) has resulted from the joint effects of air pollution and environmental factors 89. It is emphasized in the passage that air pollution ----. A) weakens the resistance of plants against environmental stresses B) in the northeastern United States has declined substantially over the years C) causes the spread of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in the world D) plays a major role in the fall of winter temperatures E) prevents the detection of symptoms related to forest decline. 90. As it is clear from the passage, one of the symptoms that indicates forest decline is ----. A) the growing number of insects B) the reduced vigour of trees C) lower winter temperatures D) prolonged droughts E) the increase of acid rain ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 24 91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. Government planners and social scientists from many countries are developing a number of strategies to help us adapt to global warming. For example, what should people living in coastal areas do? They can move inland away from the dangers of storm surges, although this solution has high economic costs. An alternative plan, which is also extremely expensive, is to build dikes to protect coastal land. The Dutch, who have been doing this sort of thing for several hundred years, have offered their technical expertise to several developing nations threatened by a rise in sea level. We also have to adapt to shifting agricultural zones. Many temperate countries are in the process of evaluating semitropical crops to determine the best ones to substitute for traditional crops if or when the climate warms. Drought-resistant species of trees are being developed by large lumber companies now, because the trees planted today will be harvested many decades later when global warming may already get much worse. 91. It is pointed out in the passage that a large number of countries with a temperate climate ----. A) have already applied to the Dutch government to help them protect their coastal areas against a rise in sea level owing to global warming B) have urgently developed some costly strategies in order to protect themselves from the extreme effects of global warming C) are developing new agricultural zones for semitropical crops, since they are economically more profitable than traditional crops D) are experimenting with semitropical crops for the replacement of their traditional crops in case the climate gets warmer E) are exposed to the dangers of storm surges and have therefore taken radical measures to rescue their people in coastal areas ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 25 92. One understands from the passage that the development of tree species that can resist droughts ----. A) is being carefully studied by government planners and scientists as an alternative solution B) is a precaution that major lumber firms are taking against global warming C) has been so costly that governments of temperate countries have given it up D) is indispensable because, due to global warming, most forests will disappear in a few decades E) is important for countries where agricultural zones have been badly affected by global warming 93. As implied in the passage, the Dutch ----. A) have a long history of experience in the construction of dikes B) are very concerned about some coastal areas threatened by a rise in sea level C) have been reluctant to cooperate technically with some developing countries D) learned how to build dikes about a hundred years ago to protect their coastal areas E) think that it is extremely expensive for developing countries to build dikes 94. It is stated in the passage that, for our adaptation to global warming, ----. A) an alternative strategy is that all the coastal areas in the world have to be evacuated so that the inhabitants can be safe from the dangers of storm surges B) many scientists and planners are involved in a series of activities that are primarily suitable for temperate countries C) not only the Dutch but also governments of many countries have devoted a great deal of hard work to the development of urgent strategies D) new agricultural zones suitable for the growth of semitropical crops and also the development of drought-resistant trees are the only suitable strategies E) state planners and social scientists of different nationalities are working to develop various strategies 95. It is suggested in the passage that, in several decades, ----. A) government planners and social scientists will see their planning efforts rewarded B) most developing countries can experience a severe decline in their agricultural production C) most coastal areas may be flooded unless they are protected by dikes D) the effects of global warming may be much more adverse E) lumber companies may go out of business due to the heavy costs incurred by the planting of trees ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 26 96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In England, transportation had improved a great deal during the years before 1830, but moving heavy materials, particularly coal, remained a problem. It is therefore significant that the first modern railway, built in 1825 for the transportation of coal, ran from the Durham coal field of Stockton to Darlington near the coast. Coal had traditionally been transported short distances via tramways, or tracks along which horses pulled coal carts. The Stockton-to-Darlington railway was a logical extension of a tramway, designed to answer the transportation needs arising from constantly expanding industrialization. The man primarily responsible for the design of the first steam railway was George Stephenson, a self-educated engineer who had not learned to read until he was seventeen. The locomotives on the Stockton-Darlington line travelled at fifteen miles an hour, the fastest rate at which machines had yet moved goods overland. Soon they would move people as well, transforming transportation in the process. 96. It is emphasized in the passage that George Stephenson, who designed the first steam railway, ----. A) developed new techniques in order to increase the speed of locomotives B) was one of the partners who owned the Durham coal field of Stockton C) had been previously involved in the solution of various other problems concerning transportation D) had already distinguished himself by his achievements as an engineer E) had not received formal education to become an engineer 97. It is pointed out in the passage that the primary aim in the contruction of the Stockton-Darlington railway was to ----. A) give George Stephenson an opportunity to demonstrate his engineering skills B) enable people to travel more comfortably and cheaply C) transport more goods overland so that the costs could be much lower D) make the transportation of coal more efficient for the industry E) get rid of the use of horses in the transportation of heavy materials 98. According to the passage, much improvement ----. A) was needed for an efficient use of tramways in the transportation of all sorts of goods B) had been achieved in transportation by 1830 in England C) was not expected in the transportation of coal when the first railway was built in 1825 D) was needed in the construction of railways for the development of England E) had been made before Stephenson in the design of locomotives ÖSYM 2010 – KPDS Sonbahar /İNGİLİZCE Diğer sayfaya geçiniz. A 27 99. Attention is drawn in the passage to the fact that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, ----. A) England made great advances in the design and manufacture of machines B) the production of coal in England was technically much improved C) Darlington developed into a major port for England’s export of coal D) England was in a continuous process of industrial growth E) engineering was not yet a profession that was popular in England 100. It is clear from the passage that the steam railway ----. A) had been in use in England before Stephenson introduced new techniques B) remained a local facility and played no role in the industrialization of England C) was a solution to meet the transportation needs of England’s industry D) was invented in the first place for travel between Stockton and Darlington E) had little impact on the transformation of transportation in nineteenth-century England TEST BİTTİ. CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDİNİZ. ÖSYM KAMU PERSONELİ YABANCI DİL BİLGİSİ SEVİYE TESPİT SINAVI (KPDS) 05 ARALIK 2010 İNGİLİZCE A KİTAPÇIĞI 1. D 2. C 3. E 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. E 10. D 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. E 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. A 21. E 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. B 41. C 42. B 43. E 44. B 45. D 46. D 47. E 48. B 49. A 50. C 51. D 52. C 53. B 54. E 55. A 56. E 57. A 58. E 59. C 60. B 61. E 62. D 63. D 64. A 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. A 69. E 70. D 71. E 72. D 73. A 74. C 75. D 76. A 77. B 78. C 79. B 80. D 81. B 82. E 83. A 84. B 85. E 86. C 87. D 88. E 89. A 90. B 91. D 92. B 93. A 94. E 95. D 96. E 97. D 98. B 99. D 100. C