References: -FTGU pages 184-194 -Transport Canada Study and Reference Guide Glider Pilot -Canada Flight Training Manual- Pilot Navigation : References: -FTGU pages 184-194 -Transport Canada Study and Reference Guide Glider Pilot -Canada Flight Training Manual- Pilot Navigation Instructor 40 Minutes 403.04 Using Charts Part 2
Slide 2 : MTPs:
Review
Map Orientation
Check-points/Waypoints and Map Reading
Lost Procedures
Magnetic Compass
Calculating Compass Heading
Slide 3 : Review
How long is a kilometer?
How long is a statute mile?
How long is a nautical mile?
Slide 4 : Identify the type of projection. What are its characteristics?
Slide 5 : Identify the type of projection. What are its characteristics?
Slide 6 : Review
Label the globe with the navigation terms that you’ve learned.
Add more lines if needed!
Slide 7 : Rhumb line or Great Circle?
Slide 8 : What is the difference between variation and deviation?
What are isogonic lines?
Agonic lines?
Slide 9 : Prepping a Map for Flight:
Fold to manageable size and so track is down the centre
A long chart can then be folded accordion style for ease of handling
Orientate chart in the aircraft so that intended track is the same as the actual aircraft orientation
Slide 10 : Step one: Draw your track.
Departure Angle
Turning points
End point
Step two: Make Check Points/Waypoints
Used to confirm track made good
ETA between should be approx 10 min
Passing waypoints can help determine ground speed
Step Three: When fling use “Watch to char to ground”
Look at your Watch
See where you should be on chart
Confirm you are in correct place using ground features
Slide 11 : If You Are Lost:
Hold a steady heading and check heading indicator with compass
Check all previous calculation by studying char and log
Check for possible unanticipated wind drift
Consider climbing to increase ability to see landmarks
Consider reducing power to conserve fuel
Draw a circle of uncertainty
Slide 12 : If You Are Lost:
Look for prominent physical features on ground that can be identified on chart
If unable to locate position consider contacting ATC or other agency for assistance
In extreme emergency broadcast MAYDAY on 121.5MHz / 343MHz
If running low on fuel find a suitable landing area before the engine stops and forces you to land
Slide 13 : Magnetic Compass
Used to determine magnetic heading.
Usually consists of one or two magnets attached to a float and a compass card that can rotate freely in a liquid.
It is affected by the metal in the airplane, the electronics and the engine (deviation). Lubber line
Slide 14 : Magnetic Compass Errors:
The compass is subject to a few errors:
Deviation – the metal in the airplane (and the radios and other equipment) affect the compass so that it doesn’t correctly point north. This is called deviation.
Compasses are “swung” which means the airplane is aligning on a marking on the ground that is known to be pointing north, south, etc, and the error (the deviation) is written on a compass correction card. The pilot takes this into account while planning flights.
Slide 15 : Magnetic Compass Errors:
Magnetic Dip – the Earth’s lines of magnetic force are horizontal at the equator, but become vertical towards the poles.
This causes the compass to dip at higher latitudes.
Slide 16 : Northerly Turning Error
When turning away from the magnetic north pole, the compass lags,
When turning towards the magnetic north pole, the compass leads. Magnetic Compass Errors:
Slide 17 : Acceleration and Deceleration Errors
When an airplane changes its speed, this affects the compass. This is most noticeable on east or west headings.
An acceleration will cause the compass to show (briefly) a turn north.
A deceleration will cause the compass to show (briefly) a turn south. Magnetic Compass Errors: Acceleration North, Deceleration South (ANDS)
Slide 18 : Calculating Compass Headings When we fly, we generally use the compass to figure out what direction we are heading. This doesn’t match the map though, because your map (chart) is in degrees true, while your compass uses degrees magnetic. So how do we figure out what direction to fly in?
Remember variation and deviation? We do some calculations to convert from degrees true to degrees magnetic (using variation) and the to our compass heading (using deviation). True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company
Slide 19 : Calculating Compass Headings True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company When variation or deviation is to the west you add it.
When variation or deviation is to the east you subtract it.
“West is Best (+), East is Least (-)”
This only works going from True to Magnetic, if you go the other way, it is backwards!
Slide 20 : Calculating Compass Headings True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company Example:
To convert a True Heading of 136° to a compass heading when the variation is 19° West and the deviation is 3° East:
136° +19=Magnetic Heading of 155°,
155 °- 3 = 152 ° Compass Heading.
Slide 21 : Calculating Compass Headings True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company “West is Best (+), East is Least (-)” Fill in the blanks!
Slide 22 :