BASICS OF FIRST AID

Basics Of First Aid : Basics Of First Aid Dr.S.K.M.SASTRY M.D(Hom.) NTPC HOSPITAL

Emergency services rendered to a victim who met with an accident or sudden illness before he gets medical aid is called first aid : Emergency services rendered to a victim who met with an accident or sudden illness before he gets medical aid is called first aid AIMS & OBJECTIVES TO SAVE LIFE OF THE VICTIM TO PROMOTE RECOVERY TO PREVENT WORSENING TO PROVIDE EARLY MEDICAL CARE SERVICE TO SUFFERING IS SERVICE TO GOD

TRIPOD OF LIFE : TRIPOD OF LIFE 1. BRAIN UNCONSCIOUS STATE (COMA) 2. HEART PULSE FAILURE (SYNCOPE) 3. LUNGS BREATHING FAILURE (ASPHYXIA)

LEARN THE BASICS : LEARN THE BASICS CPR SHOCK ELECTRIC SHOCK WOUNDS FRACTURES BURNS CHEMICAL EXPOSURE POISONINGS HEAD INJURIES COLD AND HEAT EXPOSURE HEART ATTACKS MASS ACCIDENTS MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS TRANSPORTATION FIRST AID BOX

CPR : CPR THE ABC OF CPR (FOR TRAINED ONLY) AIRWAY Tilt back the head and raise the chin to open the airway. BREATHING Blow two full breaths into the victim’s mouth if breathing stopped. CIRCULATION If no pulse, compress the chest to circulate blood manually.

CPR : CPR

SHOCK : SHOCK SIGNS OF SHOCK The skin & the lower lip may turn pale The skin becomes cold and damp The pulse may be so fast that you can’t count the beats The victim may look confused or stared. CARE FOR SHOCK Make victim lie on back and raise both feet about 12 inches Cover victim to maintain body temperature Keep victim quiet If victim is unconscious but breathing follow ABC of CPR Control any severe bleeding to help keep shock from worsening

ELECTRIC SHOCKS : ELECTRIC SHOCKS STOP THE SOURCE Unplug the power cord or switch off circuit breakers or unscrew fuses Stop power in power lines by calling local electricity supply station Don’t approach downed power lines Ddon't use tree limb to lift downed power lines CHECK BREATHING Make sure the victim is breathing Perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed CARE FOR INJURIES Treat physical shock by placing the victim on his or her back with both feet raised about 12 inches and covering the upper body Treat burns by using water to cool the burn and cover with a clean, dry dressing loosely bandaged in place

WOUNDSSCRAPES AND CUTS : WOUNDSSCRAPES AND CUTS CONTROL BLEEDING Put on gloves or use other protection to avoid contact with victim’s blood Apply direct pressure on the wound for at least 5 minutes using a clean gauze or cloth For severe bleeding, raise the wound above heart level, if possible If a bone is broken, immobilize the joints both above and below the break before elevating the wound CLEAN AND COVER Clean the wound with mild soap and water Place a clean dressing over the entire wound Wrap roller gauze or cloth strips over the dressing several times Tie or tape the bandage in place. Don’t secure so tight

PUNCTURED WOUNDS : PUNCTURED WOUNDS CLEAN THOROUGHLY Gently squeeze small puncture wounds for a minute or two to encourage bleeding Soak the wound in warm, soapy water Cover the wound with gauze dressing STABILIZE EMBEDDED OBJECTS If an object lodges in the body, apply direct pressure around the wound to control bleeding Wrap gauze or cloth around the object to hold it steady and tape the wrapping DON’T increase the risk of internal bleeding by trying to remove an embedded object

NOSE BLEEDS WOUNDS (Cont.,) : NOSE BLEEDS WOUNDS (Cont.,) PINCH OFF NOSEBLEEDS Pinch the nostrils below the bone Tip head slightly forward and sit quietly, maintaining pressure on nose for at least 5 minutes Don’t destroy the clot by blowing or rubbing nose after the bleeding stops

FRACTURES : FRACTURES A partial or complete break in the bone is called fracture. Types of Fractures: 1.Closed: when the broken ends of bones do not cut open the skin and come out. 2.Open:- when broken ends come out of the skin. 3.Complicated:- when surrounding tissues are damaged. Signs&symptoms:- pain, swelling, deformity, tenderness & immobility or unnatural movement. Management :- prevent further damage, reduce pain, handle gently, if you are trained apply slings carefully & avoid unnecessary movement. Shift the victim to hospital.

BURNS : BURNS STOP THE SOURCE If clothes are drenched with hot liquid, remove them immediately or stand the person in a cool shower To smother any flames, drop the victim to the ground and roll the body COOL THE SKIN Use water to cool the burn DON’T use butter on a burn CLEAN AND COVER Lift or cut away any clothing covering the burn. DON’T break any blisters Wash small burns with mild soap and water Cover with a clean, dry dressing loosely bandaged in place Place a clean, dry sheet or cloth over burns covering a larger area

CHEMICAL EXPOSURE : CHEMICAL EXPOSURE STOP THE SOURCE Remove the victim from contact with chemical spill, airborne particles or fumes Take off any clothes or jewels that have been in contact with the chemical CLEAR THE LUNGS Take the victim to fresh air Perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed FLUSH AND CLEAN Brush water activated chemicals like lime from the skin Flush the affected eye or skin with cool running water for at least 15 minutes DON’T brush away chemicals with bare hands While flushing eyes, hold the head so that the injured eye is at the bottom

POISONINGS : POISONINGS SWALLOWED POISONS Keep the victim as calm as possible DON’T cause vomiting unless a medical practitioner instructs to do so Treat for shock and perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed Seek medical help POISONOUS BITES Keep the victim still with the injury positioned below his or her heart level Immobilize the injury by placing a splint next to the bite and tie or tape the splint above and below the injury Treat for shock and perform rescue breathing or CPR, if needed Seek medical help

HEAD INJURIES : HEAD INJURIES CONTROL THE BLEEDING Apply direct pressure on the wound for at least 5 minutes using a clean gauze Wash minor surface injury with soap and water after the bleeding stops or is reduced Cover the wound with a clean dressing and bandage ICE BUMPS AND BRUISES Place a cold pack or a bag of ice on the injury to reduce swelling and pain Place a cloth between injury and ice pack to prevent tissue damage from severe cold OBSERVE THE VICTIM Watch the victim for any changes in mood or alertness. Signs of concussion may not appear for unto 48 hours Tell the victim’s companion about the injury and ask him or her to continue observation

COLD / HEATEXPOSURE : COLD / HEATEXPOSURE COLD EXPOSURE In case of frostbite, hold the affected area under warm water until normal skin color returns Don’t rub the area affected by frostbite In case of hypothermia, put the victim in a sleeping bag or wrap him or her in dry blankets after removing any wet clothing first Provide victim with warm liquids if he or she is alert HEAT EXPOSURE Move the victim into shade and sponge with cool water Place victim on his or her back with both feet raised about 12 inches Monitor the victim every 15 minutes - continue to cool as needed Provide victim with clear liquids if he or she is alert. DON’T offer milk drinks

HEART ATTACKS : HEART ATTACKS WARNING SIGNS Chest pain or constriction, like a fist squeezing the chest Heaviness in the chest area, as if a weight is resting on the chest Pain radiating to the arms, most often the left one and possibly to the jaw and teeth Pale or gray skin tones and sweating KEEP THE VICTIM CALM Convince the victim to stop all activities Reassure the victim to keep him or her calm Loosen any clothing that may restrict breathing such as tie, collar or belt Monitor victim, perform CPR if necessary

MASS CASUALTIES : MASS CASUALTIES IN VEHICLE ACCIDENTS, FALL OF CONSTRUCTIONS, IN FACTORIES,IN WARS AND NATURAL CALAMITIES LIKE EARTH QUAKES, CYCLONES MAY RESULT INTO MASS CASUALTIES. APPROACH CALMLY. TAKE THE HELP OF OTHERS AND ACT DEPENDING UPON THE SERIOUSNESS OF EACH VICTIM TO SAVE LIFE.

MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS : MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS FOREIGN BODIES SKIN, EYE, EAR, NOSE & THROAT SKIN:- Don’t handle the foreign bodies such as needles, thorns, glass pieces, wooden pieces. Dress the affected part and take him to medical care. EYE:- if the foreign bodies such as dust, sand, metal pieces are found on the surface slowly remove that with hand kerchief. Don’t rub. If foreign body sticks to eye ball don’t handle. Apply bandage & take him to doctor. If exposed to chemicals wash.

Slide 21 : NOSE:- foreign bodies such as seeds, slate pencils, mud if do not come out by blowing instruct the victim to take breathe from mouth and shift him to medical care. EAR:- If insect enters into the ear pore little oil so that insect floats. For other foreign bodies move the patient to doctor. THROAT:- If needles, buttons etc., are swallowed don’t give any thing to eat. Take him to doctor. If the victim is a child make him upside down and tap on the back. Don’t put fingers or handle.

TRANSPORTATION : TRANSPORTATION Choose any of the following methods to shift the victim to the hospital 1.Cradle 2.Human Crutch:- 3. Pick-a-back 4.Fireman’s Lift & Carry 5. HAND SEATS:-( Four Handed or Two Handed) 6.Stretchers:-(Ordinary or Telescopic) 7.Wheel Chair Or Chair Lift 8. Ambulance

TRANSPORTATION : TRANSPORTATION HAND SEATS FIREMAN’S LIFT & CARRY HUMAN CRUTCH STRETCHERS WHEEL CHAIR, AMBULANCE

FIRST AID BOX : FIRST AID BOX CONTENTS FIRST AID LEAF LET FINGER DRESSINGS –18 HAND & FOOT DRESSINGS-24 BODY & LARGE DRESSINGS-20 COTTON WOOL- 25GM EYE PAD-6 ADHESIVE PLASTER-1 SPOOL ROLLER BANDAGE-6 TRIANGULAR BANDAGEE-12 SAFETY PINS-10 SCISSORS ONE PAIR TORCH

HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES : HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES Aconitum, Apis Mel, Arnica Montana, Ars Alb, Baptisia, Belladonna, Bellis Perrennis, Bryonia, Calendula. Canthartis,carbo Veg, Hypericum, Ledum Pal, Mag Phos, Nux Vomica, Rhus Tox, Ruta Grav, Urtica Urens,veratrum Album MOTHER TINCTURES AND OINTMENTS Calendula Enchinacea Hypericum Ledum Calendula Urtica Urens