EVS

Ecosystems & Biodiversity : Ecosystems & Biodiversity V.S.Saravanamani

Environment : Environment Word "environment" is most commonly used describing "natural" environment and means the sum of all living and non-living things that surround an organism, or group of organisms. Environment includes all elements, factors and conditions that have some impact on growth and development of certain organism

Environment : Environment All the things around us with which we interact: Living things Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc. Nonliving things Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks Our built environment Buildings, human-created living centers Social relationships and institutions

Definition : Definition The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage

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Scope of Environment : Scope of Environment Consists of four Segments

Atmosphere : Atmosphere The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and traces (remaining 1%) of carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor and other components. Although the atmosphere is approximately 1,100 km high, the stratosphere (10 to 50 km) and the troposphere (less than 10 km) are the main atmospheric interactors of the biosphere. The atmosphere is a prime mean for the spatial diffusion of pollutants and a temporary mean of their accumulation.

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Layers of the atmosphere : Layers of the atmosphere There are 4 layers in the atmosphere They are the troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere & stratosphere

Troposphere : Troposphere This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the earth It’s elevation ranges from 0 to 10 km

Stratosphere : Stratosphere This layer sits on top of the troposphere It’s elevation ranges from 10 km to around 50 km This layer contains the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful sunlight

Mesosphere : Mesosphere This layer is above the stratosphere It’s elevation ranges from 50 to 100 km

Thermosphere : Thermosphere This is the highest layer of the atmosphere It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis)

Composition of Air : Composition of Air There are many different types of gasses in the atmosphere They include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other noble gasses The gas that is most abundant is nitrogen

Slide 15 : Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases, surrounding the earth: (a) It sustains life on the earth. (b) It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space. (c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun. (d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultra violate waves below about 300 nm.

Oxygen cycle : Oxygen cycle

Carbon Cycle : Carbon Cycle

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Nitrogen Cycle : Nitrogen Cycle

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Hydrosphere : Hydrosphere

The Structure of Hydrosphere : The Structure of Hydrosphere Oceans—96.5% of water found here Fresh water—3.5% of water found here Fresh water distribution: Ice: 1.762% Groundwater: 1.7% Surface Fresh Water: 0.014% Atmosphere and soil: 0.002%

Water Cycle : Water Cycle

Lithosphere : Lithosphere Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water.

Biosphere : Biosphere Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

Element of Environment : Element of Environment Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively.

Physical elements : Physical elements Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals. They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as limitations.

Biological elements : Biological elements Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the biosphere.

Cultural elements : Cultural elements Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.

Slide 30 : ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: IMPORTANCE Importance of Environment Studies: The environment studies enlighten us, about the importance of protection and conservation of our indiscriminate release of pollution into the environment. At present a great number of environment issues, have grown in size and complexity day by day, threatening the survival of mankind on earth. We study about these issues besides and effective suggestions in the Environment Studies.

1. Environment Issues Being of International Importance : 1. Environment Issues Being of International Importance It has been well recognized that environment issues like global warming and ozone depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are global issues and hence must be tackled with international efforts and cooperation.

2.Problems Cropped in The Wake of Development : 2.Problems Cropped in The Wake of Development Development, in its wake gave birth to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Transportation Systems, Agriculture and Housing etc. However, it has become phased out in the developed world. The North, to cleanse their own environment has, fact fully, managed to move ‘dirty’ factories of South. When the West developed, it did so perhaps in ignorance of the environmental impact of its activities.

Slide 33 : 3. Explosively Increase in Population World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planted lives in India. Evidently with 16 per cent of the world's population and only 2.4 per cent of its land area, there is a heavy pressure on the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts have recognized soils health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil salinity and damage of soil structure.

4. Need for An Alternative Solution : 4. Need for An Alternative Solution It is essential, specially for developing countries to find alternative paths to an alternative goal. We need a goal as under: (1) A goal, which ultimately is the true goal of development an environmentally sound and sustainable development. (2) A goal common to all citizens of our earth. (3) A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consuming wasteful societies of the “developed” world.

5. Need To Save Humanity From Extinction : 5. Need To Save Humanity From Extinction It is incumbent upon us to save the humanity from extinction. Consequent to our activities constricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the name of development.

6. Need For Wise Planning of Development : 6. Need For Wise Planning of Development Our survival and sustenance depend. Resources withdraw, processing and use of the product have all to by synchronised with the ecological cycles in any plan of development our actions should be planned ecologically for the sustenance of the environment and development.

Need for Public Awareness : Need for Public Awareness It is essential to make the public aware of the formidable consequences of the Environmental Degradation, if not retorted and reformative measures undertaken, would result in the extinction of life. We are facing various environmental challenges.

1. Growing Population : 1. Growing Population A population of over thousands of millions is growing at 2.11 per cent every year. Over 17 million people are added each year. It puts considerable pressure on its natural resources and reduces the gains of development. Hence, the greatest challenge before us is to limit the population growth. Although population control does automatically lead to development, yet the development leads to a decrease in population growth rates. For this development of the women is essential.

2. Poverty : 2. Poverty India has often been described a rich land with poor people. The poverty and environmental degradation have a nexus between them. The vast majority of our people are directly dependent on the nature resources of the country for their basic needs of food, fuel shelter and fodder. About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line. Environment degradation has adversely affected the poor who depend upon the resources of their immediate surroundings. Thus, the challenge of poverty and the challenge environment degradation are two facets of the same challenge. The population growth is essentially a function of poverty. Because, to the very poor, every child is an earner and helper and global concerns have little relevance for him.

3. Agricultural Growth : 3. Agricultural Growth The people must be acquainted with the methods to sustain and increase agricultural growth with damaging the environment. High yielding varities have caused soil salinity and damage to physical structure of soil.

4. Need to Ground water : 4. Need to Ground water It is essential of rationalizing the use of groundwater. Factors like community wastes, industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water and affected quality of the groundwater. It is essential to restore the water quality of our rivers and other water bodies as lakes is an important challenge. It so finding our suitable strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential.

5. Development And Forests : 5. Development And Forests Forests serve catchments for the rivers. With increasing demand of water, plan to harness the mighty river through large irrigation projects were made. Certainly, these would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna. As such, the dams on the river Narmada, Bhagirathi and elsewhere have become areas of political and scientific debate.

Slide 43 : Forests in India have been shrinking for several centuries owing to pressures of agriculture and other uses. Vast areas that were once green, stand today as wastelands. These areas are to be brought back under vegetative cover. The tribal communities inhabiting forests respects the trees and birds and animal that gives them sustenance. We must recognise the role of these people in restoring and conserving forests. The modern knowledge and skills of the forest dept. should be integrated with the traditional knowledge and experience of the local communities. The strategies for the joint management of forests should be evolved in a well planned way.

6. Degradation of Land : 6. Degradation of Land At present out of the total 329 mha of land, only 266 mha possess any potential for production. Of this, 143 mha is agricultural land nearly and 85 suffers from varying degrees of soil degradation. Of the remaining 123 mha, 40 are completely unproductive. The remaining 83 mha is classified as forest land, of which over half is denuded to various degrees. Nearly 406 million head of livestock have to be supported on 13 mha, or less than 4 per cent of the land classified as pasture land, most of which is overgrazed. Thus, our of 226 mha, about 175 mha or 66 per cent is degraded to varying degrees. Water and wind erosion causes further degradation of almost 150 mha This degradation is to be avoided.

7. Reorientation of Institutions : 7. Reorientation of Institutions The people should be roused to orient Institutions, attitudes and infrastructures, to suit conditions and needs today. The change has to be brought in keeping in view India’s traditions for resources use managements and education etc. Change should be brought in education, in attitudes, in administrative procedures and in institutions. Because it affects way people view technology resources and development.

8. Reduction of Genetic Diversity : 8. Reduction of Genetic Diversity Proper measures to conserve genetic diversity need to be taken. At present most wild genetic stocks have been disappearing from nature. Wilding including the Asiatic Lion are facing problem of loss of genetic diversity. The protected areas network like sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves are isolating populations. So, they are decreasing changes of one group breeding with another. Remedial steps are to be taken to check decreasing genetic diversity.

9. Evil Consequences of Urbanisation : 9. Evil Consequences of Urbanisation Nearly 27 per cent Indians live in urban areas. Urbanisation and industrialisation has given birth to a great number of environmental problem that need urgent attention. Over 30 percent of urban Indians live in slums. Out of India’s 3,245 towns and cities, only 21 have partial or full sewerage and treatment facilities. Hence, coping with rapid urbanization is a major challenge.

10. Air and water Population : 10. Air and water Population Majority of our industrial plants are using outdated and population technologies and makeshift facilities devoid of any provision of treating their wastes. A great number of cities and industrial areas that have been identified as the worst in terms of air and water pollution. Acts are enforced in the country, but their implement is not so easy. The reason is their implementation needs great resources, technical expertise, political and social will. Again the people are to be made aware of these rules. Their support is indispensable to implement these rules.

Slide 49 : Ecology It is the science that studies the relations between organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

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Energy flow in Ecosystems : Energy flow in Ecosystems All organisms require energy, for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc. Hence, for all organisms there must be: A source of energy A loss of usable energy

Energy flow : Energy flow Simplistically This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem. heat Producers Consumers Decomposers heat

Terminology : Terminology Producers = plants etc. that capture energy from the sun Herbivores = plant-eaters Carnivores = animal-eaters Omnivores- -eat both animals and plants Specialized herbivores: Granivores--seed-eaters Frugivores--fruit-eaters

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Slide 56 : Producers

Slide 57 : CARNIVORES: They only eat other animals

Slide 58 : HERBIVORES: They only eat plants.

Slide 59 : OMNIVORES: They eat both meat and plants

Carnivores : Carnivores Carnivores can be further divided into groups: quaternary carnivore (top) tertiary carnivore secondary carnivore primary carnivore The last carnivore in a chain, which is not usually eaten by any other carnivore, is often referred to as the top carnivore.

The Decomposers : The Decomposers

The Decomposers : The Decomposers Microorganisms that are able to break down large molecules into smaller parts. Decomposers return the nutrients that are in a living thing to the soil.

Food Chains&Food Webs : Food Chains&Food Webs

What is a Food Chain? : What is a Food Chain? A food chain is the path by which energy passes from one living thing to another.

Slide 65 : Together, these groups make up a FOOD CHAIN E.g., grass, rabbit, eagle Carnivore Herbivore Producer

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What is a Food Web? : What is a Food Web? A more realistic way of looking at the relationship of plants and animals in an environment. Several food chains linked together. A predator from one food chain may be linked to the prey of another food chain.

Foodchains : Foodchains

Slide 69 : Rarely are things as simple as grass, rabbit, hawk, or indeed any simple linear sequence of organisms. More typically, there are multiple interactions, so that we end up with a FOOD WEB.

Slide 70 : Too simplistic No detritivores Chains too long

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Slide 75 : Biomes are ecosystems where several habitats intersect. The Earth itself is one large biome. Smaller biomes include desert, tundra, grasslands, and rainforest.

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Trophic Levels : Trophic Levels

Ecological Pyramids : Ecological Pyramids graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community.

Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top. : Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top. This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic level, some of the energy is lost as heat.

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3 Types of Pyramids : 3 Types of Pyramids Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Numbers

Pyramid of Biomass : Pyramid of Biomass Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic level Biomass weight is determined after dehydration Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels. Measured in Kg, grams or pounds

Pyramid of Biomass : Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass

Pyramid of Biomass : Pyramid of Biomass One problem: They can make a trophic level look like it has more energy than it really does. For example: A bird has a beak, feathers and a skeleton that would count as biomass even though it does not contribute to the overall flow of energy into the next trophic level.

Slide 90 : Pyramid of Energy Most of the energy available to the community is in the 1st trophic level. Only 10-20% of the energy is available to the next trophic level (≈ 90% lost)

Pyramid of Numbers : Pyramid of Numbers Illustration of the number of organisms at each level

Biomass : Biomass The total mass of the organic matter at each trophic level is called biomass Biomass is just another term for potential energy – energy that is to be eaten and used. The transfer of energy from one level to another is very inefficient (10 % Law)

Biomass : Biomass

Ecological Succession : Ecological Succession A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms

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Slide 96 : Biodiversity

Biodiversity : Biodiversity Biological diversity is the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur.

Biodiversity is classified as : Biodiversity is classified as Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity

Slide 99 : Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species. This covers distinct populations of the same species (such as the thousands of traditional rice varieties in India) or genetic variation within a populations

Slide 100 : Species diversity refers to the variety of species within region.

Slide 101 : Ecosystem diversity consists of the inhabiting species in all their variety and richness. Many different species, gene-pool abundance, and unique populations are what most people think of when they hear the term "biodiversity".

Slide 102 : A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species. Hotspots were first named in 1988 by Dr. Norman Myers

Slide 103 : Why is biodiversity so important? We could call it our ‘life support system’

Values are Subjective: Perspectives and Scales : Values are Subjective: Perspectives and Scales Land developer Government agency Local communities Oil company Aquaculture company Environmental group

The Values of Biodiversity : The Values of Biodiversity Intrinsic/inherent value Extrinsic/utilitarian/ instrumental value

Intrinsic/inherent value : Intrinsic/inherent value The value of something independent of its value to anyone or anything else A philosophical concept

Categorizing Values : Categorizing Values

Direct Use Value: Goods : Direct Use Value: Goods Food Building Materials Fuel Paper Products Fiber (clothing, Textiles) Industrial products (waxes, rubber, oils) Medicine

Food : Food Today, most people rely on ~20 types of plants, and only 3 to 4 are staple crops. Diversity is critical for developing new strains and breeds, i.e. that suit a particular environment or are resistant to pests or disease and as a source of new crops

Building Materials, Paper Products, and Fuel : Building Materials, Paper Products, and Fuel

Fiber : Fiber

Industrial Products : Industrial Products

Medicine : Medicine About 80% of the people in developing countries use plants as a primary source of medicine. 57% of the 150 most-prescribed drugs have their origins in biodiversity

Traditional Medicine : Basis of Many Drugs : Traditional Medicine : Basis of Many Drugs

Indirect Use Values: Services : Indirect Use Values: Services Regulating global processes, such as atmosphere and climate Soil and water conservation Nutrient cycling Pollination and seed dispersal Control of agricultural pests Genetic library Inspiration and information Scientific and educational Tourism and recreation Cultural, spiritual, Aesthetic

Global Processes:Atmospheric Regulation : Global Processes:Atmospheric Regulation Photosynthetic biodiversity created an oxygenated atmosphere, and also has the potential to moderate the rising amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide linked to global climate change

Global Processes: Climate Regulation : Global Processes: Climate Regulation Forests and other vegetation modify climate: by affecting sun reflectance, water vapor release, wind patterns and moisture loss. Forests help maintain a humid environment, for example, half of all rainfall in Amazon basin is produced locally from forest-atmosphere cycle

Soil and Water Conservation : Filters excess nutrients and traps sediments that would otherwise impact neighboring marine and aquatic areas Other services: Minimizes damage from waves and floods Serves as a nursery for juvenile commercial fish Provides habitat for many birds, fish, and shellfish Soil and Water Conservation Example: Coastal wetlands and mangroves

Nutrient Cycling : Nutrient Cycling Biodiversity is critical to nutrient cycling and soil renewal Decomposers such as algae, fungi, & bacteria

Pollination and Seed Dispersal : Pollination and Seed Dispersal Many flowering plants depend on animals for pollination to produce food. 30% of human crops depend on free services of pollinators; replacement value estimated billions of dollars/year in US alone

Source of Inspirationor Information : Source of Inspirationor Information Biomimicry Applied Biology Medical Models Education and Scientific Research

Medical Models : Medical Models Hibernating bears may improve the treatment of: trauma patients kidney disease osteoporosis

Spiritual and Cultural Values : Spiritual and Cultural Values The survival of natural areas and species are important to different cultures around the world. Thousands of cultural groups in the world, each have distinct traditions and knowledge for relating to natural world

Aesthetic Value : Aesthetic Value

Species richness : Species richness Species richness is simply the number of species present in a sample, community, or taxonomic group. Species richness is one component of the concept of species diversity, which also incorporates evenness, that is, the relative abundance of species. Species diversity is one component of the broader concept of biodiversity. About 1.75 million living species and 300,000 fossil species have been described by scientists. Estimates of the total species richness of the Earth range from 3 – 10 million, with some estimates as high as 50 million.

Biodiversity hotspot : Biodiversity hotspot A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.

Biodiversity hotspots : Biodiversity hotspots “Biodiversity hotspots are areas that are unusually rich in species”, most of which are endemic, and are under a constant threat of being overexploited. Among the 18 hot spots in the world, two are found in India. These are two distinct areas: the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats and are also depicted in the National forest vegetation map of India. Together these 18 sites contain approximately 49,955 endemic plant species, or 20% of the world’s recorded plants species, in only 7,46,400 sq km or 0.5% of the earth’s land surface.

Biodiversity Hotspots : Biodiversity Hotspots

Major Threats to Biodiversity : Major Threats to Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Major factors impacting biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity As our numbers climb, we expand agricultural conversion, import invasive species, hunt more species, degradate habitat, fragment and lose habitat, pollute water and air, impact climate… In short, we are causing the 6th mass extinction, the only biological driven one

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Degradation Includes conversion from suitable to unsuitable, lowering quality, fragmentation that lower PVA Causes: many industries (e.g. forestry, agriculture, development, fishing, mining, chemical)

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Invasive Species With our help, species have the ability to get virtually anywhere in the world Direct actions: predation, parasitism, disease, competition or hybridization Indirect paths: changing abundances, disruption of mutualisms, modifying habitat, reducing habitat quality)

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Anthropogenic Climate Change Climate has been a cause of previous mass extinctions Couple this with lower abundance, invasive species and other problems, a severe impact is likely from climate change Climate change will also trigger additional biological responses (e.g. malaria in temperate places)…

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity “Snowballing” effect of the invasion of the alien root pathogen

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity “Snowballing” effect of the invasion of the alien root pathogen Indirect effects

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Anthropogenic Pollution There are direct discharges of chemicals into the environment, there are also pollutants released into the atmosphere Toxic chemicals (e.g. mercury, lead) are found even in remote areas Also have the problem of bioaccumulation (or biomagnification)

Threats to Biodiversity : Threats to Biodiversity Toxic chemicals (PCB’s and dioxins) accumulate in fatty tissues

Current Pattern of Global Endangerment : Current Pattern of Global Endangerment

Why humans destroy natural habitat : Why humans destroy natural habitat Resource harvesting

Agriculture : Agriculture

Urban development : Urban development

Loss of Biodiversity : Loss of Biodiversity Loss of Ecosystems Coastal Erosion

Biodiversity in India : Biodiversity in India Thar desert - The climate and vegetation in this area is a contrast to the Himalayan region. Western Ghats - One of the two biodiversity hotspots in India. Sunder bans - The largest mangrove forest in India. Chilika - This wetland area is protected under the Ramsar convention. Himalayas - This  majestic range of mountains is the home of a diverse range of  flora and fauna. Eastern Himalayas is one of the two biodiversity hotspots in India. Source: earthtrends.wri.org

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Biogeographical classification of India : Biogeographical classification of India

Endangered species : Endangered species The endangered species in India have been divided into four main categories – Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU) and Threatened.

Slide 148 : The number of endangered species in India accounts for around 8.86 percent of the world`s mammals. The mammals are extended over 186 genera, 45 families and 13 orders out of which around 89 species are listed as threaten in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN 2006)

Slide 149 : The list of Endangered species in India Critically Endangered Jenkin's Shrew (Crocidura jenkensii). (Endemic to India.) Malabar Large-spotted Civet (Viverra civettina). Himalayan Wolf (Canis himalayensis) (Endemic to India and Nepal.) Namdapha Flying Squirrel (Biswamayopterus biswasi). (Endemic to India. Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius). Salim Ali's Fruit Bat (Latidens salimalii). (Endemic to India.) Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat (Otomops wroughtoni). (Endemic to India.) Indian Vulture

Slide 150 : Endangered Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) Asiatic Wild Dog/ Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Asiatic Black Bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) Desert Cat (Felis libyca ornata) Great Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus) Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) Flamingo Kashmir Stag/ Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) Malabar Civet (Viverra civettina) Markhor (Capra falconeri) Nilgiri Leaf Monkey (Presbytis johni) Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius)

Slide 151 : IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature & natural resource

Causes of Endangerment : Causes of Endangerment Habitat Destruction Introduction of Exotic Species Overexploitation More Factors

Slide 153 : Common Name:  African elephantScientific Name: Loxodonta africanaLocation: Africa

Asian elephant : Asian elephant Common Name: Asian elephant Scientific Name: Elephas maximusLocation: AsiaPopulation: 41,410–52,345

Slide 155 : Few rhinos survive outside protected areas Five species of rhino There are five species of rhino; three are found in Asia and two are found in Africa. Javan, Sumatran and Indian rhinos are found in Asia. Javan and Sumatran rhinos are listed as critically endangered and Indian rhinos are listed as endangered

Black Rhinoceros : Black Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Diceros bicornisHabitat: tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and desertsLocation: East, Central, West and South AfricaPopulation: approximately 3,725 individuals

Sumatran Rhinoceros : Sumatran Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoniHabitat: lowland swamps and forests with thick vegetationLocation: northern Borneo. Borneo is the third largest island in the world, located north of Australia. The island is made up of the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei.Population: Fewer than 25

Indian Rhinoceros : Indian Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornisHabitat: grasslands and savannasLocation: Southern AsiaPopulation: around 2,400 individuals

Javan Rhinoceros : Javan Rhinoceros Scientific Name: Rhinoceros sondaicusHabitat: tropical and subtropical forestsLocation: Western Indonesia and Eastern Indochina, a region in Southeast AsiaPopulation: 40-60 in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia and no more than 8 in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam

Amur Leopard : Amur Leopard Scientific Name: Panthera pardus orientalisHabitat: temperate forestsLocation: Russian Far East and Northern ChinaPopulation: Fewer than 40 individuals

Bonobo : Bonobo Scientific Name: Pan paniscusHabitat: tropical and subtropical forestsLocation: Central AfricaPopulation: There are no reliable estimates for current Bonobo numbers because many years of civil unrest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has prohibited population surveys from being conducted.

Chimpanzees : Chimpanzees Chimp Common Name: Chimpanzees, common chimpanzees, robust chimpanzees; Chimpanzés (Fr); Chimpancé (Sp) Scientific Name: Pan troglodytes Population: 172,700 to 299,700

Giant Panda : Giant Panda Common Name: Giant pandaScientific Name: Ailuropoda melanoleucaLocation: Southwest China (Gansu, Shaanxi, and Sichuan Provinces) to the east of the Tibetan plateau.Population: Less than 2,500 mature in the wild

Slide 164 : Apps

Slide 165 : Marine Turtles

Orangutans : Orangutans Common Name: OrangutansScientific Name: Pongo sppLocation: Indonesia, Malaysia

Whales and Dolphins : Whales and Dolphins Common Name: Cetaceans; Cétacés(Fr); Cetaceos(Sp); Habitat: Oceanic

Polar Bear : Polar Bear Common Name: Polar bear Ours blanc; ours polaire (Fr); Oso polar (Sp)Scientific Name: Ursus maritimusHabitat: ArcticLocation: Arctic (northern hemisphere)Biogeographic realm: Nearctic and PalearcticRange States: Canada (Manitoba; Newfoundland; Northwest Territories; Nunavut; Ontario; Quebec; Yukon), Greenland, Norway (Svalbard), Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk; Magadan; North European Russia; West Siberia; Yakutiya), United States (Alaska)Ecological region: Alaskan North Slope Coastal Tundra, Canadian Low Arctic Tundra, Taimyr and Siberian Coastal Tundra, Chukote Coastal Tundra, Bering-Beaufort-Chukchi Seas, Barents - Kara Seas, Grand Banks, Canada

Tree Kangaroo : Tree Kangaroo

Slide 170 : Amur (Siberian) Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris altaica  IUCN Listing: Endangered Habitat: Coniferous, scrub oak and birch woodlands Location: Primarily eastern Russia, with a few found in northeastern China  Interesting Fact: In the 1940s the Amur tiger was on the brink of extinction, with no more than 40 tigers remaining in the wild. Thanks to vigorous anti-poaching and other conservation efforts by the Russians with support from many partners, including WWF, the Amur tiger population recovered and has remained stable throughout the last decade.

Slide 171 : Bengal (Indian) Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris tigris IUCN Listing: Endangered Habitat: Dry and wet deciduous forests, grassland and temperate forests, mangrove forests Location: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar and Nepal. India is home to the largest population. Interesting Fact: Some Bengal tigers are cream or white in color instead of orange, due to a recessive gene for this coloration. These "white" tigers are rarely found in the wild.

Slide 172 : Indochinese Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris corbetti IUCN Listing: Endangered Habitat: Remote forests in hilly to mountainous terrain, much of which lies along the borders between countries Location: Widely dispersed throughout six countries: Thailand, Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Interesting Fact: Access to the areas where Indochinese tigers live is often restricted, and biologists have only recently been granted limited permits for field surveys. As a result, relatively little is known about the status of these tigers in the wild.

Slide 173 : Malayan Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris jacksoni IUCN Listing: Endangered Habitat: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Location: Southern tip of Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia Interesting Fact: The Malayan tiger was only identified as being a separate subspecies from the Indochinese tiger in 2004. It is very similar to the Indochinese tiger, but is smaller in size.

Slide 174 : South China Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris amoyensis IUCN Listing: Critically Endangered Habitat: Montane sub-tropical evergreen forest Location: Central and eastern China Interesting Fact: It is estimated that the South China tiger is functionally extinct. Currently 47 South China tigers live in 18 zoos, all in China. If there are any South China tigers in the wild, these few individuals would be found in southeast China, close to provincial borders.

Slide 175 : Scientific name: Panthera tigris sumatrae IUCN Listing: Critically Endangered Habitat: Montane forests, the remaining blocks of the island's lowland forest, peat swamps, and freshwater swamp forests Location: Exclusively on the Indonesian island of Sumatra Interesting Fact: Sumatran tigers are protected by law in Indonesia, with tough provisions for jail time and steep fines. Despite increased efforts in tiger conservation, including law enforcement and anti-poaching capacity, a substantial market remains in Sumatra for tiger parts and products. Sumatran Tiger

Vaquita : Vaquita Common Name: Vaquita, cochito, Gulf of California porpoise, gulf porpoise ; Cochito, marsouin du Golfe de Californie, vaquita (Fr); Cochito, vaquita(Sp) Scientific Name: Phocoena sinus Habitat: Tropical upwelling Location: Upper Gulf of California, Mexico Population: Estimated around 245 individuals

Slide 177 : KOMODO DRAGON

Critically Endangered Species of India : Critically Endangered Species of India Forest Owlet (Heteroglaux blewitti) Found: South Madhya Pradesh, in north-west and north-central Maharashtra Threats: Logging operations, burning and cutting of trees damage roosting and nesting trees of the Forest Owlet.

Slide 179 : White-bellied Heron (Ardea insignis) Found: Bhutan and north-east India to the hills of Bangladesh and north Myanmar. Threats: Loss and degradation of lowland forests and wetlands through direct exploitation and disturbance by humans.

Slide 180 : White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) Found: Across India. Threats: A major threat to vultures is the painkiller diclofenac used by veterinarians to treat cattle. When vultures consume these carcasses, diclofenac enters their system, but they are unable to metabolize it. Accumulation of diclofenac results in gout-like symptoms such as neck- drooping, ultimately leading to death.

Slide 181 : Asian Elephant Chiru (Tibetan Antelope) Ganges River Dolphin Hispid Hare Hoolock Gibbon Indian Rhinoceros Lion-tailed Macaque Malabar Large Spotted Civet Nilgiri Tahr Royal Bengal Tige

Slide 182 :

Conservation : Conservation In situ conservation (within natural habitat) Ex-situ conservation (outside natural habitats)

In-situ conservation : In-situ conservation 4.2% of the total geographical area of the country has been earmarked for extensive in-situ conservation of habitats and ecosystems A protected area network of 85 National Parks & 448 Wildlife Sanctuaries have been created The Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE) has identified 309 forest preservation plots of representative forest types for conservation of viable and representative areas of biodiversity. 187 of these plots are in natural forests and 112 in plantations, covering a total area of 8,500 hectares.

Biosphere Reserves : Biosphere Reserves

Wild life Heritage sites : Wild life Heritage sites

Ex-situ conservation : Ex-situ conservation Central Government and State Government together run and manage 33 Botanical Gardens. Universities have their own botanic gardens. There are 275 zoos, deer parks, safari parks, aquaria etc.

Extinct Animals : Extinct Animals Tasmanian Wolf or Thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus

English Wolf : English Wolf The wolf became extinct in England in 1486, Scotland in 1743, and Ireland in 1770.

Quagga: half zebra, half horse (extinct since 1883) : Quagga: half zebra, half horse (extinct since 1883)

Turanian Tiger, Caspian Tiger : Turanian Tiger, Caspian Tiger Caspian Tigers lived in China, Tajikistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkey.  They were hunted for their furs and to protect livestock.  A ban on hunting the Caspian Tiger in the USSR in 1947 followed their greatest destruction in the 1930s.  The last Caspian Tiger reported shot was in 1957.