Electronic Configurations : Electronic Configurations Lemay, Eugene, Beall, Herbert, Robblee, Karen, Brower, Douglas. (1996). Electron Configurations. In Chemistry: Connections to Our Changing World (pp. 125-155). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Some slides adapted from Dr. Angela Speck
Topics : Topics Em radiation
Em characteristics
Em spectrum
Quantum Theory
Max Planck
Photoelectric Effect
Wave-particle duality
Topics : Topics Quantum Theory
Line spectography
Bohr model
Werner Heisenberg
Atomic theory review
Democritus
Dalton
Modern
Topics : Topics Atomic theory review
Principle Energy Level
Sublevels
Orbitals
Electron pairs
Topics : Topics Electron configurations
Aufbau principle
exceptions
Pauli Exclusion principle
Hund’s rule
Octet rule
Em Radiation : Em Radiation Oscillation of electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and to wave direction
Wave Characteristics : Wave Characteristics Wavelength (λ)—defines type of wave
Amplitude—defines intensity (not the same as volume in sound)
Frequency (ν or f)—defines energy
Speed ( c )—same for all em radiation (differs for all other waves based on the medium’s density)
What is light? : What is light?
What is light? : What is light? Light is energy
What is light made of?
How is it?
How does it move through space?
The colors of light : The colors of light Rainbow
= white light broken into colors
= spectrum (plural = spectra)
Rainbow = Spectrum : Rainbow = Spectrum
Nature of light : Nature of light Light moves in waves
Nature of light : Nature of light
Wavelength & Frequency : Wavelength & Frequency As wavelength goes up, frequency goes down
As wavelength goes down, frequency goes up.
Em Radiation Relations : Em Radiation Relations Wavelength-frequency
λ=c/ν
c = Speed of light = 3.00 ● 108 m/s
c = 299,792,458 m/s
Energy-frequency
E=hν
h = Planck’s constant = 6.6262 ● 10-34 J-s
What is waving when light moves as a wave? : What is waving when light moves as a wave? On a pond/the sea = water waves
Sound need molecules to move
“In space, no-one can hear you scream”
James Clerk Maxwell : James Clerk Maxwell Electricity and magnetism are linked
Electromagnetism
Electric & magnetic field can move through empty space at the speed of light.
Light = Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic waves : Electromagnetic waves
Em Spectrum : Em Spectrum
Summary : Summary Light = electromagnetic radiation
Color of light is due to the wavelength, .
For visible light is between 400-700nm.
Summary : Summary Electromagnetic radiation is not just visible light:
Radio waves
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-rays
-rays (gamma-rays)
How is light made? : How is light made? The most common reason things emit light is because they are hot
Slide24 : As it gets hotter:
blackish
red
orange
yellow
white
Em Radiation Relations : Em Radiation Relations Wavelength-frequency
λ=c/ν
Speed of light = 3.00 ● 108 m/s
c = 299,792,458 m/s
Energy-frequency
E=hν
Planck’s constant = 6.6262 ● 10-34 J-s
Blackbody Radiation : Blackbody Radiation A blackbody absorbs all light
A blackbody does not reflect light
Temperature determines the light a blackbody emits
Blackbody Radiation : Blackbody Radiation
Wien’s Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law : Wien’s Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law As temperature increases, wavelength decreases
As temperature decreases, wavelength increases The higher the temperature of a blackbody, the more energy its atoms have and the more radiation they can emit
Quantum Theory : Quantum Theory Previous beliefs
Radiation is a continuous spectrum
Composition of radiation is also continuous
Problems:
Could not explain photoelectric effect
Could not explain line spectra
Quantum Theory : Quantum Theory http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/index.html http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/index.html
Quantum Theory : Quantum Theory http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/bohr2.html
Wave-Particle Duality : Wave-Particle Duality Light sometimes behaves like a wave
Light sometimes behaves like a particle
Light has the remarkable property of acting like a wave and a particle at the same time
Wave-Particle Duality : Wave-Particle Duality Light particle
Photon is a packet of energy
Photons are particles with an underlying wave nature.
Atomic Theory Review—Democritus : Atomic Theory Review—Democritus All matter is composed of atoms too small to be seen, and they CANNOT be further split.
There is a void between atoms.
Atoms are completely solid.
Atoms are homogeneous, with no internal structure.
Atoms are different in size, shape, and weight.
Atomic Theory Review—Dalton : Atomic Theory Review—Dalton Elements are made of atoms
The atoms of an element are identical in their masses
Atoms of different elements have different masses
Atoms combine in small, whole number ratios
Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed.
Atomic Theory Review—Modern : Atomic Theory Review—Modern All matter is made of atoms.
Atoms are made of neutrons, protons, & electrons.
All atoms of an element are identical (based on proton number).
Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
Atoms in compounds combine in specific ratios.
Atomic Theory Comparisons : Atomic Theory Comparisons
Atomic Structure : Atomic Structure Nucleus = neutrons & protons
Outer orbits = electrons
> 99.9% mass of atom is in the nucleus
Mass of proton is 2000 x mass of electron.
Atomic Structure : Atomic Structure Protons are positively charged
Electrons are negatively charged
Neutrons are not charged
In an atom :
# electrons = # protons
Atoms are neutral
Atoms and spectra : Atoms and spectra
Atomic energy levels : Atomic energy levels
Atomic energy levels : Atomic energy levels
Principle Energy Levels : Principle Energy Levels Principle energy levels are “rings”
Subshells/Sublevels : Subshells/Sublevels
Electrons : Electrons Electrons
Spin up or down
Exist as pairs (unpaired e-’s form bonds)
Fill orbitals based on 3 rules
Electron Configurations : Electron Configurations Electron configurations: method for keeping track of electrons
Orbitals : Orbitals Orbital diagrams: method for keeping track of electrons