Parts of Speech n noun Gender

Parts of Speech : Parts of Speech Def: Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. The parts of speech are eight in number: Noun Adjective Pronoun Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection

A Noun : A Noun Def: A Noun is a word used as the name of the person, place, or thing; as, Alexander was a great king. Kolkata is on the Hooghly. The rose smells sweet. The sun shines bright. His courage won him honour. Note:-The word thing include, All objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; Something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.

An Adjective : An Adjective Def: An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun; as, He is a brave boy. There are twenty boys in this class. London is a large city. The foolish old crow tried to sing.

A Pronoun : A Pronoun Def: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as, John is absent, because he is ill. The books are where you left them.

A Verb : A Verb Def: A verb is a word used to express an action or state; as The girl wrote a letter to her cousin. Kolkata is a big city. Iron and copper are useful metals.

An Adverb : An Adverb Def: An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb; as, He worked the sum quickly. This flower is very beautiful. She pronounced the word quiet correctly.

A Preposition : A Preposition Def: A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or a pronoun stands in relation to something else; as, There is a cow in the garden. The girl is fond of music. A fair little girl sat under a tree.

A Conjunction : A Conjunction Def: A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences; as, Romeo and Harry are cousins. Two and two make four. I ran fast, but missed the train.

An Interjection : An Interjection Def: An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings; as, Hurrah! We have won the game. Alas! She is dead.

Some Modern grammar include DETERMINERS among the parts of speech. Determiners are words like a, an, the, this, that, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two, etc., which determines or limit the meaning of the nouns that follow. In this Course like many traditional grammars, all determiners except a, an, and the are classed among adjectives. : Some Modern grammar include DETERMINERS among the parts of speech. Determiners are words like a, an, the, this, that, those, every, each, some, any, my, his, one, two, etc., which determines or limit the meaning of the nouns that follow. In this Course like many traditional grammars, all determiners except a, an, and the are classed among adjectives.

As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in a sentence, it is clear that we cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it use in a sentence.1. They arrived soon after. (Adverb)2. They arrived after us.( Preposition)3. They arrived after we had left.(Conjunction).From the above examples we can see that same word can be used as different parts of speech in a sentence. : As words are divided into different classes according to the work they do in a sentence, it is clear that we cannot say to which part of speech a word belongs unless we see it use in a sentence.1. They arrived soon after. (Adverb)2. They arrived after us.( Preposition)3. They arrived after we had left.(Conjunction).From the above examples we can see that same word can be used as different parts of speech in a sentence.

Exercise-1 : Exercise-1 Name the part of speech of each underlined word in the following sentences, giving in each case you reason for the classification. Still waters run deep. He still lives in that house. After the storms comes the calm. The after effects of the drug are bad. The up train is late. It weighs about a pound. He told us all about the battle. He was only a yard off me. Suddenly one of the wheels came off. Muslims fast in the month of Ramzan. He kept the fast for a week. Sit down and rest a while. I will watch while you sleep. Let us move on. They while away their evenings with books and games.

The Noun: Kinds of Nouns : The Noun: Kinds of Nouns Nouns are of five kinds: Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Lets understand Proper Noun and Common Noun from the example: Asoka was a wise King. The noun Asoka refers to a particular king, but the noun king might be applied to any other king as well as to Asoka. We call Asoka a Proper Noun, and king a Common Noun. Similarly: Sierra is a Proper Noun, while girl is a Common Noun. George is a Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun. London is a Proper Noun, while city is a Common Noun. India is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.

Def:- A Common Noun is a name given in Common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.(Common here means shared by all.)Def:- A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place.( Proper means one’s own. Hence a Proper Name is a person’s own name.) : Def:- A Common Noun is a name given in Common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.(Common here means shared by all.)Def:- A Proper Noun is the name of some particular person or place.( Proper means one’s own. Hence a Proper Name is a person’s own name.) Note 1- Proper Nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning. Note 2- Proper Nouns are sometimes used as Common Nouns; as He was the Lukman (=the wisest man) of his age. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (=the greatest dramatist) of India.

Common Noun Include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. : Common Noun Include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. A Collective Noun is the name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole; as, {Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee} A fleet= a collection of ships or vessels An army= a collection of soldiers A Crowd= a collection of people The police dispersed the crowd. The French army was defeated at Waterloo. The jury found the prisoner guilty. A herd of cattle is passing.

Common Noun Include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. : Common Noun Include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as, Quality- Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness , hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery. Action- Laughter, theft, movement, judgment, hatred. State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty. The name of the Arts and Sciences (e.g. Grammar, music, chemistry, etc.) are also Abstract Nouns. { We can speak of a brave soldier, a strong man, a beautiful flower. But we can also think of these qualities apart from any particular person or thing, and speak of bravery, strength, beauty by themselves. So also we can speak of what persons do or feel apart from the persons themselves. And give it a name. The word abstract means drawn off.}

Abstract Noun : Abstract Noun Abstract Nouns are formed; as, From Adjectives; as, Kindness from Kind; honesty from honest. [ most abstract nouns are formed thus.] 2. From Verbs; as, Obedience from obey; growth from grow. 3. From Common Nouns; as, Childhood from child; slavery from slave.

Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns : Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns Countable nouns are the names of objects, people, etc. that we can count, e.g., book, pen, apple, boy, sister, doctor, horse. Uncountable Nouns are the names of the things which we cannot count, e.g., milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty. They mainly denote substances and abstract things. Countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not. For example, we say “books” but we cannot say “milks”.

Exercise-1 : Exercise-1 Point out the Nouns in the following sentences, and say whether they are Common, Proper, Collective or Abstract:- A committee of five was appointed. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery. Without health there is no happiness. He gave me a bunch of grapes. I recognized your voice at once. Our team is better than theirs. Never tell a lie. Wisdom is better than strength. He sets a high value on his time. I believe in his innocence. This room is thirty feet in length. I often think of the happy days of the childhood. The streets of some of our cities are noted for their crookedness. What is your verdict gentlemen of the jury?

Exercise-2 : Exercise-2 Form Abstract Nouns from the following Adjectives: Humble, decent, cruel, bitter, true, short, prudent, dark, deep, wide, wise, good, vacant, sweet, human, broad, free, proud, brave, novel, quick, high, poor, just, vain, sane, ignorant. Form Abstract Noun from the following Verbs:- Laugh, believe, choose, defend, free, obey, live, expect, excel, know, steal, serve, hate, please, act, starve, occupy, choose, move, conceal, seize, flatter, depart, think, protect, advise, punish, die, succeed, free, see, judge, pursue, relieve, converse, discover. Form Abstract Noun from the following Common Nouns: King, man, thief, woman, bankrupt, infant, owner, rogue, regent, author, mother, agent, hero, beggar, coward, priest, boy, bond, pirate, pilgrim, friend, captain, rascal, patriot, glutton.

Exercise-3 : Exercise-3 Write the Collective Nouns used to describe a number of Cattle Soldiers Sailors Write the qualities that belongs to boys who are Lazy Cruel Brave Foolish

The Noun: Gender : The Noun: Gender Gender comes from Latin word “genus” meaning Kind or sort. Genders are classified into four groups: Masculine Gender-boy, lion, hero, cock-sparrow Feminine Gender-girl, lioness, heroine, hen-sparrow Common Gender-child, parent, friend, pupil, servant, cousin Neuter Gender-book, pen, room Masculine gender is often applied to objects remarkable for strength and violence; as, The Sun, Summer, Winter, Time, Death, The Sun sheds his beams on rich and poor alike. Feminine Gender is sometimes applied to objects remarkable for beauty, gentleness, and gracefulness; as, The Moon, the Earth, Spring, Autumn, Nature, Liberty, Justice, Mercy, Peace, Hope, Charity. The Moon has hidden her face behind a cloud. Spring has spread her mantle of green over the earth.

Ways of forming The Feminine of Nouns1. By using an entirely different word; as, : Ways of forming The Feminine of Nouns1. By using an entirely different word; as, Masculine Bachelor Boy Brother Buck Bull (or Ox) Bullock Hart Horse Husband King Lord Man Monk (Friar) Cock Colt Feminine Maid, Spinster Girl Sister Doe Cow Heifer Roe Mare Wife Queen Lady Woman Nun Hen Filly

Ways of forming The Feminine of Nouns : Ways of forming The Feminine of Nouns Masculine Dog Drake Drone Earl Father Gander Gentleman Nephew Papa Ram Sir Son Uncle wizard Feminine Bitch Duck Bee Countess Mother Goose Lady Niece Mamma Ewe Madam Daughter Hind Aunt witch

By adding a syllable(-ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc) as, : By adding a syllable(-ess, -ine, -trix, -a, etc) as, Masculine Author Baron Count Giant Heir Host Jew Lion Manager Mayor Patron Peer Poet Priest Prophet Shepherd Steward Viscount Feminine Authoress Baroness Countess Giantess heiress Hostess Jewess Lioness Manageress Mayoress Patroness Peeress Poetess Priestess Prophetess Shepherdess Stewardess Viscountess

In the following –ess is added after dropping the vowel of the Masculine ending. : In the following –ess is added after dropping the vowel of the Masculine ending. Masculine Actor Benefactor Conductor Enchanter Founder Hunter Instructor Negro Abbot Duke Emperor Preceptor Prince Songster Tempter Seamster Tiger Traitor Waiter Master Murderer Sorcerer Feminine Actress Benefactress Conductress Enchantress Foundress Huntress Instructress Negress Abbess Duchess Empress Preceptress Princess Songstress Seamstress Tigress Traitress Waitress Mistress Murderess Sorceress

The Suffix –ess is the commonest suffix used to form feminine nouns, from the Masculine, and is the only one which we now use in forming a new Feminine noun. : The Suffix –ess is the commonest suffix used to form feminine nouns, from the Masculine, and is the only one which we now use in forming a new Feminine noun. Masculine Hero Testator Czar Sultan Signor Fox Feminine Heroine Testatrix Czarina Sultana Signora Vixen

By placing a word before or after; as, : By placing a word before or after; as, Masculine Grandfather Great-uncle Manservant Landlord Milkman Peacock Salesman Washer man Feminine Grandmother Great-aunt Maidservant Landlady Milk woman Peahen Saleswoman Washerwoman