Kashmir ; A Lost ParadiseKashmir a beautiful mountain state with clear rivers, evergreen forests and one of the highest death rates in the world. It is at the center of an age-old dispute between Pakistan and India that has dragged on from the independence of both nations over fifty years ago to the present time, with no resolution in sight. The combined population of the two nation totals over a billion, so no conflict between them is of passing importance, especially when nuclear weapons are involved. Pakistan and India share a common heritage, language, and traditions, yet the subject of Kashmir can push them to the brink of annihilation. Fifty years of animosity have built up as a result. A proxy war still brews in Kashmir, claiming dozens of lives every day, running up a casualty total over time into the hundred thousand’s. Kashmiris have suffered untold horrors and Kashmir has the notorious reputation of being one of the world's most dangerous flashpoints.Pakistan and India both believe they have valid claims on Kashmir. If looked at logically and ethically, only Pakistan's claim can stand up to scrutiny. Successive Pakistani leaders have referred to Kashmir as the "jugular vein" of Pakistan, a fact reported on the Indian Embassy's Note on Kashmir. This refers to the major rivers originating in the Kashmir Valley on which Pakistan is critically dependent. India has little right on Kashmir, as each of their arguments, if not legally, is morally wrong.We can start by recounting history, where the roots of the conflict lie. India was one massive nation made up of several states, ruled by the British. A long and difficult independence struggle culminated with the British choosing to leave India in August 1947. The Muslims of the land decided that instead of just a Free India, they would create a Free Pakistan for themselves as well. They were fearful that as a minority, the Hindu majority would trample their rights and religion. Both countries would be formed as soon as the British...The EssayThe Kashmir ProblemEssay 1It was decided during the campaign of Pakistan, that the Provinces having Muslim majority should be included in Pakistan. The people of Kashmir were willing to join Pakistan but the Hindu Maharaja Gulab Sigh did against the wishes of the people. The entire valley of Jammu and Kashmir with its population of 25 Lac was sold by the British to a Dogra Maharaja for Rs 75 Lac. Pakistan took the matter to U.N.O. The United Nations appointed commision for a peaceful settlement of the Kashmir problem. The commission presented two resolutions on August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949, which were re-accepted by the Indian and Pakistan governments and approved by the Security Council. The main points agreed upon were:· Cease-Fire and the Demarcation of the cease-fire line.· A free and impartial plebiscite in Kashmir under U.N.O.· Withdrawal of forces of both the countries from Kashmir.After the cease-fire, the Indian forces refused to withdraw from the Kashmir valley. In 1951, Dr. Graham tried to solve the problem but India rejected in February 1953. The Security Council appointed Gonar Jerring in 1957 but India did not agree to any proposal. At last on August8, 1965, a National Revolutionary Council was formed in occupied Kashmir and the Mujahids stood against Indian forces. India became so desperate and attacked Pakistan. Pakistan Army pushed back the Indian forces in a historical way. In 1971 war, Shimla Agreement was written but India did not agree to liberate Kashmir. Now again the people of Kashmir stood uop against Indian forces and they are fighting for their freedom, which India has to acord them today or tomorrow. In the words of Late General Mohammad Ayub Khan, the Ex-President of Pakistan, Kashmir is a "Time Bomb" which would explode at its proper time and that time, we are sure, has come now. Kashmir is a part and parcel of Pakistan and we can never withdraw from this right.The Place...Kashmir DisputeCannot find your essay? Order it from us and for only $12.95 you will receive a professionally written essay that meets your specific requirements. We guarantee complete satisfaction!Kashmir: Paradise Exposed To HellOur group topic: “Causes and Effects of Wars” provoked me to write about the threatening dispute of “Jammu and Kashmir” which has become more threatening after the nuclear capabilities of India and Pakistan. My main claim revolves around the theme that the burning dispute of Kashmir, between India and Pakistan can play a vital role in the emergence of third world war and can act as battle-field for a nuclear war. Due to geographical and social impacts on the world these countries have realized some big nations to resolve the issue. South Asia, a land of deep historical and cultural representations has more than one billion population. Dominated by British colonization for nearly a century, this region contains a variety of imprints of British rule. South Asia is the region that holds evidences of one of the ancient civilization of the world. The unsettled conditions of the eighteenth century provided an opening for the European imperialism in this region. In 1957, British Empire took hold of the Indian sub-continent and South Asia was colonized by British Empire. In 1947, when British Empire surrendered control of the Indian sub-continent, the land was divided into two major parts. The Hindu majority area became the independent nation of India and Muslim majority area became the independent nation of Pakistan. Since then they have fought many wars and several battles that have affected the both nations as well as the neighboring countries. Now as both nations have gained the nuclear capabilities so they are predicted as the battleground for a possible nuclear war. “ If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would be written…Kashmir is a garden of eternal spring, or an iron fort to the palace of kings-a delightful flower-bed, and a heart...Freee EssayCONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES INCLUDING FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE[Biosphere Reserves, Conservation and Management of Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs, Biodiversity Conservation, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy, Assistance to Botanical Garden, Botanic Garden of Indian Republic, Forest Conservation, Regional Offices of the Ministry, Forest Policy, National Forest Commission, Integrated Forest Protection Scheme, Joint Forest Management, Wildlife Conservation, National Board for Wildlife, National Institute of Animal Welfare, Statutory Bodies - Animal Welfare Board of India, Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Wildlife Institute of India, Central Zoo Authority, National Zoological Park]Toaddress the problems of environment anddevelopment holistically, the Ministry has enunciated several policy instruments which takes into consideration various cross-sectoral issues having a direct bearing on conservation and sustainable uses of natural resources including forestry and wildlife.Biosphere ReservesBiosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. These reserves are required to meet a minimal set of criteria and adhere to a minimal set of conditions before being admitted to the World Network of Biosphere Reserve designated by UNESCO for inclusion in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The world’s major ecosystem types and landscapes are represented in this network, which is devoted to conserving biological diversity, promoting research and monitoring as well as seeking to provide models of sustainable development in the service of humankind. 49These reserves are rich in biological and cultural diversity and encompass unique features of exceptionally pristine nature. The goal is to facilitate conservation of representative...Creative Essay: Why Are There Poor PeopleCreative Essay: Why Are There Poor PeopleLooking back on my childhood, I realize how lucky I was to be blessedwith the family I have. Knowing what I know now, I have come to understand thatnot every kid had the same life that I had. Not every child had a living roomfull of gifts on Christmas morning, or a family to share a birthday with. I waslucky enough to have all of the luxuries that so many children yearn for. Somany children take for granted the fact that they eat three meals a day, whileso many others are lucky to find a scrap of bread in a dumpster.It wasn't until I was about nine or ten when I realized that there werepoor people in the world. My family and I had been on our annual trip to NewYork City to see the Christmas play at Radio City. I didn't understand why allthese people kept asking my dad to spare them some change, or why a family wassearching through the dumpster. I asked, "Daddy, why is that man sleeping onthe street?"My dad spent a long time explaining to me that not everybody had thesame life as our family did. Some kids parents didn't have jobs to go to everyday, or cars to take them wherever they needed to go, and not every family inthe world had breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day. He told me that I wasvery lucky to have all the things that I had, and that millions of kids in theworld would die to have the life I had. I was still very confused about thewhole situation. Why wasn't every family like ours? What did those people dowrong? My dad just said that was life . . . some people are lucky, and somepeople aren't.At first, I thought that all poor people were the same, but I laterfound out that anybody can be poor. Through the years, I learned that not allpeople are born into poverty, that some people can become poor over time.People can have steady jobs and eventually layoffs occur or seniority rules.Innocent people who do their job and does it well can be knocked right out oftheir...Student Essay 18902Morals/Ideas of Huck Finn Essay By:Keegan Williams Book Information: Full Name: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Mark Twain Date of First Publishing: 1884 Publisher: Charles L. Webster&Co.Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a overall interesting book, full of plots, sub-plots, hidden ideas, and the amazing story of how one all important friendship can last throughout not only adversity, but racism itself. There are a few main characters, however, only two are truly the most important. The charasmatic Huckleberry Finn is always seeking truth, a young man trying to find out where his place in the world lies. Huck's main difference between this book, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1880), is that Huck has grown alot. The main indicator of this is that Huck made the decision to keep Jim safe from the authorities, and free him to see his family, using his own convictions and morals. This is a sign of his growing. Huck is always going and doing things the easiest way possible, which is the oppisite of his best friend, Tom Sawyer. The second main character, is Jim, the good-hearted, sometimes greedy black slave, who attempts to free himself so that not only that he can be free, but with his freedom, to buy back his seperated wife and child. Jim is overall less mannered due to his lack of education, quite superstitious, and is always had a thing for earning money. Now that the two main characters have been explained, its time to explain the main ideas, and morals of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Ideas of the Book: Main Theme: Satire Mark Twain himself is a very interesting author, and one of the main purposes of creating book, so it seems, is not only to show how horrible the slavery was, but how...Essay GradingI was going through a bunch of old magazines and newspapers this week when I came upon an article about some software that was being developed for teachers to use that would grade essays. Over the past weekend I had the opportunity to talk to my aunt who was a teacher and college professor before she retired. She said, "there is nothing better to assess a student's knowledge of a subject, than an essay especially when compared to a true or false or multiple choice exams". Unfortunately, grading essays is extremely time-consuming, and sometimes grading can be inconsistent. Now there is a computer program that can grade essays as well as humans according to its developer Thomas Landauer. "From sixth graders to first-year medical students, we get consistently good results," says Thomas Landauer, a psychology professor at the University of Colorado who has been working on the program for 10 years. The program, developed into its present form in 1997, uses "latent semantic analysis," a type of artificial intelligence based on complex mathematical formulas that attempt to mimic the human language function. Developed by Landauer, psychologist Peter Foltz of New Mexico State University and doctoral student Darrell Laham of Colorado, the program can't get bored, rushed, sleepy or forgetful. And this, Landauer says, gives it perfect consistency in grading. To grade text, operators feed the computer general information about the subject to be tested, which can include from 50,000 to 10 million words entered from course textbooks. The program then assigns a mathematical degree of similarity or distance between individual words used by the textbooks and other words in general use. This allows students to use different words that mean the same thing for example, "physician" and "doctor." The program then evaluates essays against sample tests that have already been graded by human instructors and professors. It then takes the combination of words in the...How To Write An EssayWhat is an essay?An organised collection of YOUR IDEAS about literary texts nicely written and professionally presented . In other words, the essay must be well structured (ie organised) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. But, above all, it must consist of your ideas about literary texts. This is the centre of it: this, and this only, gets the marks. Not quotes from critics, not generalisations at second hand about literary history, not filling and padding; your thoughts, that you have had while in the act of reading specific bits of literary texts, which can be adduced in the form of quotations to back up your arguments.2. Why write in this way?2.1 Learning how to write professionallyIn the English Department you learn how to respond to literary texts. This is an interesting and worthwhile thing to do, but unless you become a teacher of English remarkably few people in later life will be interested in your thoughts about Jane Austen. What they will be interested in (I'm talking about potential employers now, but not only them) is your ability to talk, to think, and to write. This part of the course is where you learn to write: professionally. The guidelines that follow tell you how to do it, or rather how to learn to do it. They set a higher standard than is usually asked of a first year undergraduate essay in this Department. This is for the following reasons. (1) I think it's my job to offer you the best advice I can, not to tell you how to get by. (2) If you learn what these guidelines teach, you will get better marks in all the essays you do from now on until finals. You will surprise the markers with the quality of your presentations, by producing a better quality than they expect. (3) You will learn a skill, a not-very-hard-to-learn skill, that will last you for the rest of your life....Software Developed To Grade EssaysSummary:The SA Grader is the new big hit at the University of Missouri at Columbia. Ed Brent a Sociology teacher at the school designed this new program. This program was made to make teachers life a whole lot easier. The SA Grader grades everything from a basic assignment in High School all the way up to a essay on the GMAT. This program is different from the other ones all ready out there in the classrooms. The program reads the paper and determines if the student was on topic and if the student hit the right point the teacher wanted covered. Other programs would compare your paper to another paper and determine the grade that way. The SA grader is only being used in ED Brent's classroom so far but he loves it. Ed Brent doesn't have his students submit finals to this program, but basically everything else that is important during the course, which a lot of the times is the tedious ones. This program isn't being developed to run classroom and takethe place of a teacher, but to just take a little load off the teacher. All over the country there a various programs like the SA Grader being used by teachers. For example, the Essay assessor which is being used in middle schools and the military. The Reason its not being used everywhere is the believability that the program can actually grade an essay and give a true score. Different areas respond to these programs differently. Some swear by it and some wouldn't give it the time of day. 60, 000 11th graders in Indiana have there essay graded by these programs as well as 10,000 9th graders. Everyone agrees that these programs aren't perfect but really take a lot of work off the teachers. Some students say they can try to cheat the system by adding in big words or submitting a paper a few times until you know exactly what the program is looking for. The SA Grader does take some of ED Brent's time though. He has to tell the computer exactly what he's looking for, key points he wants to be...ow To Write An Essay1. What is an essay?An organised collectionof YOUR IDEASabout literary textsnicely writtenand professionally presented . In other words, the essay must be well structured (ie organised) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. But, above all, it must consist of your ideas about literary texts. This is the centre of it: this, and this only, gets the marks. Not quotes from critics, not generalisations at second hand about literary history, not filling and padding; your thoughts, that you have had while in the act of reading specific bits of literary texts, which can be adduced in the form of quotations to back up your arguments.2. Why write in this way?2.1 Learning how to write professionally In the English Department you learn how to respond to literary texts. This is an interesting and worthwhile thing to do, but unless you become a teacher of English remarkably few people in later life will be interested in your thoughts about Jane Austen. What they will be interested in (I'm talking about potential employers now, but not only them) is your ability to talk, to think, and to write. This part of the course is where you learn to write: professionally. The guidelines that follow tell you how to do it, or rather how to learn to do it. They set a higher standard than is usually asked of a first year undergraduate essay in this Department. This is for the following reasons. (1) I think it's my job to offer you the best advice I can, not to tell you how to get by. (2) If you learn what these guidelines teach, you will get better marks in all the essays you do from now on until finals. You will surprise the markers with the quality of your presentations, by producing a better quality than they expect. (3) You will learn a skill, a not-very-hard-to-learn skill, that will last you for the rest of your... The EssayThe Kashmir ProblemEssay 1It was decided during the campaign of Pakistan, that the Provinces having Muslim majority should be included in Pakistan. The people of Kashmir were willing to join Pakistan but the Hindu Maharaja Gulab Sigh did against the wishes of the people. The entire valley of Jammu and Kashmir with its population of 25 Lac was sold by the British to a Dogra Maharaja for Rs 75 Lac. Pakistan took the matter to U.N.O. The United Nations appointed commision for a peaceful settlement of the Kashmir problem. The commission presented two resolutions on August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949, which were re-accepted by the Indian and Pakistan governments and approved by the Security Council. The main points agreed upon were:· Cease-Fire and the Demarcation of the cease-fire line.· A free and impartial plebiscite in Kashmir under U.N.O.· Withdrawal of forces of both the countries from Kashmir.After the cease-fire, the Indian forces refused to withdraw from the Kashmir valley. In 1951, Dr. Graham tried to solve the problem but India rejected in February 1953. The Security Council appointed Gonar Jerring in 1957 but India did not agree to any proposal. At last on August8, 1965, a National Revolutionary Council was formed in occupied Kashmir and the Mujahids stood against Indian forces. India became so desperate and attacked Pakistan. Pakistan Army pushed back the Indian forces in a historical way. In 1971 war, Shimla Agreement was written but India did not agree to liberate Kashmir. Now again the people of Kashmir stood uop against Indian forces and they are fighting for their freedom, which India has to acord them today or tomorrow. In the words of Late General Mohammad Ayub Khan, the Ex-President of Pakistan, Kashmir is a "Time Bomb" which would explode at its proper time and that time, we are sure, has come now. Kashmir is a part and parcel of Pakistan and we can never withdraw from this right.The Place...Argumentative Essay: Should Women Be Allowd To Go Topless In PublicArgumentative Essay: Should Women Be Allowd To Go Topless in PublicIn the summer of 1996 Gwen Jacobs enjoyed a topless summer stroll duringwhich she was seen by a local O.P.P officer, was apprehended and subsequentlycharged with indecent exposure. Gwen Jacobs pleaded not guilty in court and wonthe right to go topless in Ontario. This incident brought up an excellentquestion: should women be allowed to go topless on public beaches and in otherpublic areas? The answer is strictly no, women should not be allowed to gotopless anywhere outside of their own home.One of the many reasons why I believe that women should not be allowedto go topless is with respect to the safety of women. Men and boys have, inrecent years, been using short, tight, skirts and shirts as an excuse for rapeor date rape. Men have said that the girl was wearing a tight shirt and shortskirt and it was obvious that she was easy and wanted the attention. Thisstatement leads me to my next point. The average human being upon first contact with a stranger bases hisinitial impression of that person solely on the person's appearance. This isonly natural as the only thing that we know about this stranger is what we seeof them the first time we meet. We all are aware of the sayings"Preppy","Jockish","Skater","Sluty" etc. This final saying, "Sluty" isinterpreted by 90 percent of North Americans as a tight skirt and tight tank topwhich happens to be the usual ensemble of a prostitute. This first impressionof a girl in nothing but a skirt and a bare chest will no doubt elevate to thenew version of a "Slut" and a girl that wants it.My second point is, what kind of questions will a mother be asked by herson when he sees a half nude woman walking down the street. The first questionthat this child will ask is why do these women have no shirt on and you do?Your reply will be well ahhh go talk to your father. This dilemma will no doubtbe brought about as these and...How To Write An EssayWhat is an essay?An organised collectionof YOUR IDEASabout literary textsnicely writtenand professionally presented . In other words, the essay must be well structured (ie organised) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. But, above all, it must consist of your ideas about literary texts. This is the centre of it: this, and this only, gets the marks. Not quotes from critics, not generalisations at second hand about literary history, not filling and padding; your thoughts, that you have had while in the act of reading specific bits of literary texts, which can be adduced in the form of quotations to back up your arguments.2. Why write in this way?2.1 Learning how to write professionally In the English Department you learn how to respond to literary texts. This is an interesting and worthwhile thing to do, but unless you become a teacher of English remarkably few people in later life will be interested in your thoughts about Jane Austen. What they will be interested in (I'm talking about potential employers now, but not only them) is your ability to talk, to think, and to write. This part of the course is where you learn to write: professionally. The guidelines that follow tell you how to do it, or rather how to learn to do it. They set a higher standard than is usually asked of a first year undergraduate essay in this Department. This is for the following reasons. (1) I think it's my job to offer you the best advice I can, not to tell you how to get by. (2) If you learn what these guidelines teach, you will get better marks in all the essays you do from now on until finals. You will surprise the markers with the quality of your presentations, by producing a better quality than they expect. (3) You will learn a skill, a not-very-hard-to-learn skill, that will last you for the rest of your...Kashmir IssueI remember when I used to leave my home for school early in the morning & my mom used to instruct me not to speak with the cops and when I used to return home safely in the evening she used to treat me as if I had returned after a decade. Today nobody knows whether their near & dear ones will return home by the dusk. That’s the fear that the people of Kashmir are living with.Freedom, for Kashmir, is a search for the lost identity of its rich cultural & religious class of medieval world. The issue of Kashmir is not as ordinary as most of the people in India think. People of Kashmir are dying & dying for the future of their unborn. I just want to convey to the outer world & the citizens of India that the common man in Kashmir is not a terrorist but a human being who has needs like anyone else does, and among them, the most important is the safety need. But, unfortunately, no Kashmiri feels safe here. Tell me if some one barges into your house & asks you to vacate the house and the land which u have been cultivating for years & from where you earn your bread and butter, then how does it feel. It seems that the JAGIRDAAR system has returned to India & is haunting the people of Kashmir.Some one is trying to hold on to this land & some one is trying to take it away, but now the issue is not about the property or land but of the most precious thing on the planet- HUMMAN LIFE, which unfortunately is on SALE in Kashmir, thanks to the Govt. & the hundreds of battalions of the forces who are doing it in the name of maintaining the so-called peace and providing safety to the people. Kashmir is not a battle field so stop the bloodshed. Stop turning the paradise into hell before it is too late for anyone to stop the fire within the Kashmiris. LET THE PEOPLE OF KASHMIR LIVE IN PEACE…..!Indians have been through all this, we have read books about out forefathers and freedom fighters who gave us a nation for which we lost thousands of lives. Today India is repeating the...KashmirKASHMIR?Geography,Kashmir is located in Himalayan range. Most of the area is mountainous with very fertile land, beautiful lakes, covered with thick green forests and produce verity of fruits.Area, 84471 sq.: miles; with boundaries with Pakistan, India, china and Afghanistan.Population,About 5 million consisting of 77% Muslim. Borders with Pakistan 902 miles and borders with India 307 miles.Brief History, The state of Kashmir came into existence in 1848 when Lord Lawrence the Governor General of British India sold the area to Gulab Singh a leader of Hindu dogra tribe for RS 7.5 million. Dogra rulers treated the Muslim Population who was meek, poor and peace loving harshly and taxed them Heavily.At that time of partition of India every state was given the option of acceding either to India or Pakistan. Lord Mountbatten the last Viceroy of India in his addressed the prince of the state on July 25,1947 said, "accede to India or Pakistan, bearing in mind the geographical situation by the respective state, the composition of their population and wishes of their people".According to the portion of India plan announced by the viceroy of India on June 3 1947, the Muslim majority provinces were to become Pakistan and those with Hindu majority were to form India. The province of Punjab was accordingly to be divided. A boundary commission headed by sir Redchiff was appointed. This commission wrongfully awarded a Teshil (county) namely Gurdaspur to India to provide land connection between Kashmir and India. On July 19 1947 the Muslim conference, the only political party of Kashmir announced that it demands accession to Pakistan. The Hindu maharaja Harry Singh honoree acceded to India whole population rose in revolt. The maharaja fold to India and the Indians troops invoked the valley on October 27 1947. The Kashmir freedom fighter supported by Afghanistan tribes men put up a resistance. The Security Council of UNO passed a...Kashmir Conflict Between Pakistan And IndiaKASHMIR CONFLICT BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND INDIAThe State of Jammu and Kashmir is situated between Pakistan and India. Among the key reasons for tension between Pakistan and India is the key problem of Kashmir. Whereas Pakistan has repeatedly termed this the "core issue" in its relationship with India, India has maintained that this matter was settled with Kashmir's accession to India in October 1947. As far as India has been concerned, therefore, the only issue for discussion has been what India regards as Pakistan's continuing illegal occupation of part of Jammu and Kashmir, an occupation that began in 194748, during the war between the two. About 63 per cent of the territory is under Indian occupation; while the rest, 37 per cent, is with Pakistan, called "Azad" meaning independent Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Total population of Kashmir is about 13 million. Population of Indian occupied Kashmir is about 7.7 million and remaining 6 million is with Pakistan. ashmir dispute is the oldest unresolved conflict between Pakistan and India. Over which both countries have fought 3 wars. Pakistan considers Kashmir as the fundamental political dispute with India, where as India does not consider Kashmir as a dispute, in fact it considers it as its internal affair. The world has accepted Kashmir as a disputed territory and as an international conflict that needs to be resolved.The history of Kashmir conflict goes back 1947, when both Pakistan and India got independence from the British. Kashmir has always been an independent territory. Until 1846, Kashmir was part of the Sikh empire. In that year, the British defeated the Sikhs and sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh of Jammu for Rs. 7.5 million under the Treaty of Amritsar. Gulab Singh, the Mahraja, signed a separate treaty with the British which gave him the status of an independent princely ruler of Kashmir. Gulab Singh died in 1857 and was replaced by Rambir Singh (1857-1885). Two other Marajas, Partab Singh (1885-1925) and Hari...KashmirGlobalization, Governance and the State[pic]Kashmir Issue: Bilateral or International?The Kashmir dispute is one of world’s oldest disputes and it still remains largely unresolved. The root of the issue probably goes back to 1947, when India was partioned to create Pakistan. On 26 October 1947, the Maharaja (the erstwhile ruler of the State) of Jammu and Kashmir ceded his state to the Indian government by signing the accession agreement. The accession was valid in terms of the Government of India Act (1935), the Indian Independence Act (1947) and International Law, and was total and irrevocable. It was also supported by the largest political party in the state, the National Conference. In the Indian Independence Act, there was no provision for any conditional accession. The Instrument of Accession executed by the Maharaja was the same as the ones executed by over 500 princely states in India.With the Indian Independence and the Partition of India, the Princely States were given the option of either joining India or Pakistan or to remain independent. The erstwhile ruler of Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh decided to remain independent. This upset all plans of Pakistan, which thought that Kashmir, being a Muslim majority state, would join the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In its frustration, it attacked Kashmir with a view of forcing the maharaja to accede to Pakistan. The small Kashmiri Army could not stop the well-equipped Pakistani troops from advancing deep into Kashmir. The Pakistani mercenaries soon reached the outskirts of Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Alarmed at this, Maharaja Hari Singh appealed to the Indian government for help. India pointed out that it cannot help since Kashmir at that time was not a part of India. Maharaja Hari Singh then signed the treaty making Kashmir a part of the Union of India. As soon as Kashmir became a part of India, India sent in its troops to force the foreigners out of its territory. The Indian Army slowly... Resolution On The Kashmir IssueRecommends to the Governments of India and Pakistan the following measures as those which in the opinion of the Council are appropriate to bring about a cessation of the fighting and to create proper conditions for a free and impartial plebiscite to decide whether the State of Jammu and Kashmir is to accede to India or PakistanThe SPECIAL POLITICAL & DECOLONIZATION Committee, Having considered the complaint of the Government of India concerning the dispute over the State of Jammu and Kashmir; Having heard the representation of India in support of that complaint and the reply and counter-complaints of the representative of Pakistan; Being strongly of the opinion that the early restoration of peace and order in Jammu and Kashmir is essential and that India and Pakistan should do their utmost to bring about a cessation of all fighting; Noting with satisfaction that both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India, Pakistan or Azad Jammu and Kashmir should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite; Considering that the continuation of the dispute is likely to endanger international peace and security, Recommends to the Governments of India and Pakistan the following measures as those which in the opinion of the Council are appropriate to bring about a cessation of the fighting and to create proper conditions for a free and impartial plebiscite to decide whether the State of Jammu and Kashmir is to accede to India, Azad Jammu and Kashmir or Pakistan.1. Suggests the introduction of an unbiased peacekeeping force from countries other than India and Pakistan, in the buffer zone between India and Pakistan, thus restricting the access of terrorist organizations in the region. This force would comprise of troops from France, UK, and USA. Also these peacekeeping forces should be deployed for a specified time period which would be reconsidered every 6 months; How To Write An Essay1. What is an essay?An organised collection of YOUR IDEAS about literary texts nicely written and professionally presented . In other words, the essay must be well structured (ie organised) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. But, above all, it must consist of your ideas about literary texts. This is the centre of it: this, and this only, gets the marks. Not quotes from critics, not generalisations at second hand about literary history, not filling and padding; your thoughts, that you have had while in the act of reading specific bits of literary texts, which can be adduced in the form of quotations to back up your arguments.2. Why write in this way?2.1 Learning how to write professionallyIn the English Department you learn how to respond to literary texts. This is an interesting and worthwhile thing to do, but unless you become a teacher of English remarkably few people in later life will be interested in your thoughts about Jane Austen. What they will be interested in (I'm talking about potential employers now, but not only them) is your ability to talk, to think, and to write. This part of the course is where you learn to write: professionally. The guidelines that follow tell you how to do it, or rather how to learn to do it. They set a higher standard than is usually asked of a first year undergraduate essay in this Department. This is for the following reasons. (1) I think it's my job to offer you the best advice I can, not to tell you how to get by. (2) If you learn what these guidelines teach, you will get better marks in all the essays you do from now on until finals. You will surprise the markers with the quality of your presentations, by producing a better quality than they expect. (3) You will learn a skill, a not-very-hard-to-learn skill, that will last you for the rest of your life....