Prentice Hall Introductory Sociology PowerPoint Slides, Version 3.0 : Prentice Hall Introductory Sociology PowerPoint Slides, Version 3.0
Slide 2 : “...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY ”
SYSTEMATIC
SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES ATTENTION ON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
HUMAN SOCIETY
GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOW GROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA
AT THE “HEART OF SOCIOLOGY”
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS A UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY
Slide 3 : EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS
WELL-ROUNDED AS A PERSON
SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
MORE APPRECIATION FOR DIVERSITY
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
DOMESTIC SOCIAL MARGINALITY
ENHANCED LIFE CHANCES
MICRO AND MACRO UNDERSTANDING
INCREASE SOCIAL POTENTIALS REASONS FOR TAKING SOCIOLOGY
Slide 4 :
OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW : OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW ADVANTAGES OF A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY
ALLOWS US TO NOTICE DIVERSITY IN AMERICA
SOCIOLOGY DRAWS ATTENTION TO SOCIAL CRISIS
IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS
THEY ALLOW US TO SEE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN MICRO AND MACRO SOCIAL ELEMENTS
GLOBAL LINKAGE : GLOBAL LINKAGE SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
INTERDEPENDENCY OF NATIONS
MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY AMERICANS ARE MORE SERIOUS ELSEWHERE
MORE AWARENESS
UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL ISSUES AND THE WORLD AROUND AMERICA ALLOWS STUDENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES
FEWER ETHNOCENTRIC TENDENCIES
The Sociological Perspective : The Sociological Perspective OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BY THE PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:PETER BERGER : THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:PETER BERGER SEE THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR
GENERAL SOCIAL PATTERNS IN THE BEHAVIOR OF PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS
INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE…BUT
SOCIETY’S SOCIAL FORCES SHAPE US INTO “KINDS” OF PEOPLE
CONSIDER THESE
PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO KILL THEMSELVES
PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO GO TO AND SUCCEED IN COLLEGE AND ENJOY A FAVORABLE QUALITY OF LIFE
Seeing the General in the Particular : Seeing the General in the Particular WHAT SOCIAL FORCES ARE
AT WORK HERE? PER 100,000 PERSONS
Slide 10 : DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE
MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT
MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES
PROTESTANTISM AND INDIVDUALISM
LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT
MALE JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED
BEING CATHOLIC AND GROUP-ORIENTATION
ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY?
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION”
THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS OF A CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE
COLLEGE BOUND? : COLLEGE BOUND? A COLLEGE DEGREE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS IN AMERICA
WHAT IS IT ABOUT SOCIETY THAT MAKES THESE PEOPLE MORE OR LESS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE A COLLEGE EDUCATION?
BLACKS: 60 PERCENT
HISPANICS: 66 PERCENT
WHITES: 68 PERCENT
ONLY PART OF THE STORY…
COLLEGE DROPOUT RATES ARE VERY HIGH AMONGST BLACKS AND HISPANICS
SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE FAMILIARPETER BERGER:“THINGS AREN’T ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM” : SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE FAMILIARPETER BERGER:“THINGS AREN’T ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM” SOCIOLOGY ASKS STUDENTS TO:
GIVE UP FAMILIAR ASSUMPTIONS
KNOW THAT SOCIETY INFLUENCES PEOPLE BY GUIDING THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS
ANY DOUBTS???
TO WHAT REAL EXTENT DID YOUR OWN “FREE WILL” ENTER INTO YOUR DECISION TO ATTEND COLLEGE?
WHAT ABOUT EXTERNAL SOCIAL FORCES?
EXTERNAL FORCES SIT RIGHT ON TOP OF US!!! : EXTERNAL FORCES SIT RIGHT ON TOP OF US!!! SOCIETY COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS GROUPS AND NORMS DYADS NORMS NORMS & NORMS SOCIETY & NORMS NORMS SOCIAL
EXPECTATIONS REWARDS &
PUNISHMENTS
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION : SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION C. WRIGHT MILLS’ SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
SOCIETY IS OFTEN RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY OF OUR PROBLEMS
WE NEED TO LEARN TO SEPARATE THINGS THAT HAVE TO DO WITH
PERSONAL TROUBLES, OR BIOGRAPHY
SOCIAL ISSUES, OR HISTORY
EXAMPLES:
WOMEN’S OPPORTUNITIES AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY AND THESE DAYS
LIFESTYLES OF THOSE WE LABEL DISABLED IN THE 1950’S AND NOW
Slide 15 : THINK IN TERMS OF LAWS,
VALUES, NORMS, TRADITIONS,
SOCIAL EXPECATIONS, ROLES,
STATUSES, AND BELIEF
SYSTEMS. THINK IN TERMS OF FAMILY,
THE ECONOMY, RELIGION, THE
LEGAL SYSTEM, AND SCHOOL
Slide 16 : STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE
TO SEE THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN BIOGRAPHY AND
HISTORY!
THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS : THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS SOCIOLOGY SPRANG FROM THREE SEPARATE, YET INTERDEPENDENT REVOLUTIONS
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
A BELIEF IN SCIENCE BEGAN TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL FORMS OF AUTHORITY
THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIALISM AND CAPITALISM WERE CHANGING ECONOMIC PATTERNS
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION
MORE DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND STANDARDS WERE BEING ADOPTED
PERSONALITIES : PERSONALITIES AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857)
POSITIVISM; LAW OF THREE STAGES; THE “TWIN PILLARS”
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
CLASS CONFLICT/STRUGGLE
HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
SOCIAL DARWINISM
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963)
PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
WOMEN IN SOCIOLOGY : WOMEN IN SOCIOLOGY HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)
TRANSLATED THE WORKS OF AUGUSTE COMTE
FOCUSED ON ISSUES SURROUNDING
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
SLAVERY
THE WORKPLACE AND FACTORY LAWS
JANE ADDAMS (1860-1933)
SOCIAL WORKER
DEVELOPED PLAN TO HELP IMMIGRANTS NEW TO CITY LIFE IN AMERICA
HULL HOUSE IN CHICAGO
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER, 1931
SOCIAL PARADIGMS : SOCIAL PARADIGMS THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHY FACTS ARE RELATED
PARADIGM: A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL WORLD
WE ALL COME FROM
DIFFERENT SOCIAL
EXPERIENCES AND THEY
BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS UP WITH
PEOPLE DOWN
WITH
PEOPLE
STRUCTURAL -FUNCTIONALISM : STRUCTURAL -FUNCTIONALISM THE BASICS
A MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM
VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MANY INTERDEPENDENT PARTS
THE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL STABILITY AND ORDER
MAJOR CHANGES TO THE SYSTEM’S PARTS IS NOT REQUIRED OR DESIRED; SYSTEM SEEKS TO MAINTAIN IT EQUILIBRIUM
KEY ELEMENTS:
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
REFERS TO RELATIVELY STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR FOUIND IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL FUNCTION
REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR SOCIETY
THE WORK OF ROBERT K. MERTON ON SOCIAL FUNCTION
Slide 22 : THE BASICS:
A MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM
VIEWS SOCIETY AS A STRUCTURED SYSTEM BASED ON INEQUALITY
SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN GROUPS OVER SCARCE RESOURCES IS THE NORM
KEY ELEMENTS:
SOCIETY IS STRUCTURED IN WAYS TO BENEFIT A FEW AT THE EXPENSE OF THE MAJORITY
FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, AND AGE ARE LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY
DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY GROUP RELATIONS
INCOMPATIBLE INTERESTS AND MAJOR DIFFERENCES
Slide 23 : THE CONFLICT
PARADIGM
Slide 24 : THE BASICS:
THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS
PRINCIPLES:
SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING THAT EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING
GOFFMAN’S DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM,
WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN ATTEMPTING
TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER-SCALE SOCIAL PHENOMENA
BURGER AND LUCKMANN’S IDEAS : BURGER AND LUCKMANN’S IDEAS THINK OF LANGUAGE AS A CONSTANT PROCESS THAT INVOLVES
EXTERNALIZATION
CREATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND RULES THAT GOVERN INTERACTION
OBJECTIFICATION
PEOPLE BEGIN TO SEE SUCH ARRANGEMENTS AS DO NOT HAVE A HUMAN CONNECTION - REIFICATION
INTERNALIZATION
WE INTERNALIZE A SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED REALITY AS WE LEARN TO ADAPT TO SOCIETY ON OUR WAY TO BECOMING A “NORMAL HUMAN”
EXAMPLE: THE PROCESS BY WHICH A TECHNICAL COLLEGE IS TRANSFORMED INTO A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY COLLEGE