The Bedouin Catalog of Tribes

To: Indigenous & Minority Organizations, Students & Staff Re: The Bedouin Greetings: The Bedouin throughout the Middle East and North Africia are all under stress at the present time and that condition goes back at least 20 years. At that time the operations of Desert Shield and Desert Storm changed the area and borders, once open were now closed. Some Bedouin Tribes in Saudi Arabia and Jordan were given the help they needed to move into non Pastorial employment, obtaining housing with a transition into the Nation States in which they resided, and thus they saved their unique Cultural assets. Others in North Africa, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt did not fair so well and these Bedouin are in danger of assimilation, and the viability of ther Cultural Life is heading to extinction. I hear the same story from the Bedouin of Petra as I do from the Bedouin of the Sahara, the Sinai and Egypt…. Youth breaking away from the traditional Elder’s Council, drug abuse, truancy, unemployment and the list goes on… This paper is a gesture in the hope that something can yet be saved. This paper is not meant to be the definitive study it is worthy of, but rather a overview created to give the visitor a over view of the issues and the solutions. Note: I have posted this up in a Word document so you can use the find function to find a specific word or Tribal name from the list. Open the document with Microsoft Word, Microsoft Viewer (Free) or WordPad and then find Edit at the header and select this tab. A dropdown menu will open and select “Find” enter the name you are searching for and press find from the menu….. Who are the Bedouin & Where do they come from. While the term "Bedouin" conjures images of flowing robes and roaming tribes, most Bedouin living in Israel today have become sedentarized, leaving their nomadic lifestyle, moving into houses, and finding employment. But their culture is strong, and thought they might be settled in one place, their tradition has not died out. The Bedouin tribes originated in the Arabian Peninsula. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, tribes began migrating to Israel. Approximately half of those tribal immigrants came to the Negev and to the Galilee from the Arabian Peninsula; farmers from Egypt and tribes-people from Sudan made up the other half. Although Israel does not differentiate between races within Bedouin culture, the Bedouin themselves often differentiate between "black Bedouins" and "white Bedouins." The "white Bedouin" are dark-skinned; the "black Bedouin" are actually of African descent, tribal people who were kidnapped and sold as slaves, eventually being brought to Israel. After Israel became a state, the "black Bedouin" were free, and many chose to live among the "white Bedouin" in towns and villages, although the latter still consider them second class citizens, and marriage between the two groups is still taboo. Today, there are approximately 170,000 Bedouin in Israel; the majority, 110,000, live in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee, and another 10,000 in the central region. They are predominantly Muslim, and place great importance on a code of honor within their society. Bedouin tend to marry within families (first and second cousins) and ideally try to live with three generations together—grandparents and grandchildren living / traveling together. Once, the Bedouin livelihood depended entirely on their flocks. They moved from place to place, in search of suitable grazing land for their herds. As early as the 19th century, Bedouins living under British rule began to transition to a semi-nomadic lifestyle. In the 1950's and 1960's, as populations grew and pasture land shrunk, large groups of Bedouin left their nomadic lifestyle and settled into towns across the Middle East. Many Bedouin saw the advantages of becoming citizens of a country, and receiving the accompanying benefits, in contrast to their life as roaming, stateless herders. They began to lead a life of farmers, rather than that of shepherds. Today, Bedouin work mostly in agriculture, heavy industry, the building industry, and as drivers. For the Bedouin, it has not been an easy road to a more settled lifestyle. They have faced problems such as having to relinquish their old way of life, their economy, and customs; dealing with the poverty and high crime rate as they adjust to living in cities; and conflicting with the Israeli government over many of the "unrecognized villages" in which the Bedouin live. However, the government has established a Ministerial Committee for the Advancement of Bedouin Affairs, and pledged billions of NIS in order to find an equitable solution for the Bedouin people. The Galilee Bedouin have traditionally volunteered for the military services, and as a consequence, have an exceptionally good relationship with the state. Though many of the Bedouin customs are no longer, the tradition of extending hospitality remains strong. Many tourists seek out the unique experience of lodging with the Bedouin—the chance to ride on a camel, eat authentic Bedouin dishes while sitting on a decorative low cushion, and listen to the beautiful strains of music played by the Bedouin host. As the sun sets, a traditional Bedouin storyteller will often rise, ready to share his tales. Many Bedouin sites run bed and breakfasts, where visitors can enjoy the warm hospitality during their travels. In the north, the Shibli tribe, which originated from Yemen and live on the slopes of Mt. Tabor, keep close ties with their Yemenite Jewish cousins. One particular family specializes in pre-wedding henna, the decorative ink used to draw intricate designs on the hands and feet of the bride. Yemenite Jewish brides have been known to visit before their weddings for this unique "makeover." Although, like many ancient peoples, the Bedouin have had to adapt to modernization and urbanization, traditions and customs—strong familial and tribal ties, extending warm hospitality to guests—still live on within each individual family, continuing to be passed on to the next generation. Source: http://www.ifcj.org/site/PageNavigator/sfi_about_culture_ethnicities_bedouin Partial list of Bedouin tribes and populations. The reason that these groups are important to the Negev Bedouins is that many have changed their lives and survived the backlash! Using simple search tools (google.com) I have come up with the following list of Bedouin Tribes, their culture, their History and their Challenges in the 21st Century. It is not meant to be exhaustive, thus please don’t be upset if I don’t have a listing for your own Tribe. Please go to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and be sure that your Tribe and Its history is included. The signup process is easy and free and anyone can make updates or even new pages. Put your tribe on the map and tell us your history. What follows is from Wikipedia and the Bedouin sites linked from the Wikipedia pages: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, late president of the United Arab Emirates, during Bedouin life. A Bedouin man lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan, or how about Camel Races: http://www.bedouinheritage.org/bhf/news/bhp-video-the-camel-races-at-wadi-rum-jordan/ There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles (see above) and joined the general population. Below is a partial list of Bedouin tribes and their historic place of origin. This list is not exhausted so if you know of a Tribe that is not on this list then send a e-mail to ProfessorSnidecor@gmail.com. I have 310 Tribes as of April 1, 2011 as follows: Al-Abbadi One of the largest tribes in Jordan. Al Adwan One of the largest tribes in Jordan. al-Ajman from eastern Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf States. Aniza, some Anizes are of Bedouin tribes that lives in northern Saudi Arabia, western Iraq, the Persian Gulf States, and the Syrian steppe. al-Awazem, mostly located in Kuwait, with a small section in north-eastern Saudi Arabia. 'Azazme, Negev. Al-Baggara, in Syria,Sudan and Iraq. Bani Hajer (Al-Hajri or Al-Hajeri)a large and powerful tribe in Saudi Arabia and the eastern Persian Gulf States. Beni Hamida East of Dead Sea. Bani Khalid, a large tribe spanning Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, UAE, Jordan, Lebanon,Syria,Sudan,Iraq and other countries, said to be descendants of Prophet Mohamed's companion "Khaled ibn Al-Waleed". Bani Rasheed Rashaida in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Jordan, Lebanon, Persian Gulf States and North Africa. Bani Truf in Ahwaz which is located in southwest of Iran near Iraqi border. Banu Aark or Al-arkiyon a large tribe that originates from Yemen but now a minority in the country currently the tribe is found in Saudi Arabia,Kuwait(Bo-arki),Bahrain(Bo-arki),Sudan and Egypt. Banu Yam centered in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia. alatwy a tribe (also known as Beni Ateyah), live in north-western part of Saudi Arabia, Tabuk province. Beni-Hasan One of the largest tribes in Jordan. Beni Sakhr One of the largest tribes in Jordan. Beni Sakhr in Sudan (Shokriya), Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. Al Buainain. Al Bu Romaih. al-Da'ajah Bedouin of Balqawi Amman in Jordan. Dulaim, a large tribe in Al Anbar western Iraq. al-Duwasir, south of Riyadh, and Kuwait. Ghamid, large tribe from Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia, mostly settled, but with a small Bedouin section known as Badiyat Ghamid. Al-Hadid Large Bedouin tribe found in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Now mostly are settled in cities such as Haditha in Iraq, Homs & Hama in Syria, and Amman Jordan. Yet tribal law still exists within their families as their Sheikh still governs the tribe. Sheikh Barjas Al-Hadid now leads the tribe in Jordan and previously Sheikh Raslan Al-Hadid in Syria. Al-Hajaya One of the largest tribes in Jordan (Al-Hesa). Harb, a large tribe, centered around Medina, but also extending northwards towards Tabuk and eastwards towards Al-Qassim. Hareeb 100 Miles South of Marib in Yemen. Hajaya in al-Qatarneh, and al-Hasa, Jordan. Al-Howaitat One of the largest tribes in Jordan (Al-Hesa). Ja'alin tribe found in north Sudan they are Hashemite Arab tribe tracing their origin to Abbas Bin Abdullmutalab. Al Jalahma. Juhayna (tribe), a large tribe, many of its warriors were recruited as mercenaries during World War I by Prince Faisal, surrounds the area of Mecca, and extends to Southern Medina and can also be found in Sudan as the biggest Qahtani tribe. Khawalid in Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Al-Majali South Jordan Majalis have long dominated Karak Bedouin society. Makki tribes from banu Abdul Qays they live in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar,Sudan and Oman. Manasir a large tribe found the gulf region and eastern Sudan. al-Mawasi, a group living on the central Gaza Strip coast. al-Massaed tribe found in Jordan. Al-Matheel also spelled Mathil, a prominent Yemeni tribe based in the Damt region of Yemen, most have spread to the capital Sana'a. al-Murrah in Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Upper-Egypt. Murad, a tribe living 150 miles south-east of the capital of Yemen. Mutair, estimated at about 1,200,000 members;[citation needed] live in the Nejd plateau, many families from the Mutair tribe live in the Persian Gulf States (especially Kuwait) and Lebanon. Muzziena in Dahab and South Sinai (Egypt). Al Nuaim a large tribe in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan (Noaymat), Palestine, Iraq,Sudan (Noaymayen), United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Bahrain. al-Rashaydah, a large international tribe, originally centered around Medina, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait but also extending in Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Eritrea, Sudan, Libya and Mali, see also Bani Rasheed. Al-Rawahdeh Karak rawahdeh have long dominated its Bedouin society. Riyalat, A strong, large family that originates from the vast Saudi family called "E'enize"; it now resides in Sult, Jordan. Rwala, a large clan from the Aniza tribe, live in Saudi Arabia, but extend through Jordan into Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, in the 1970s, according to Lancaster, there were 250,000–500,000 Rwala. Shahran Al-Ariydhah, very large tribe from Bisha city to Khamis Mushait and Abha cties Al-Arydhah - it means wide - is a famous name for Shahran because it has a very large area , Saudi Arabia. Shaigiya a tribe found in north of Sudan , they share the same origin with the ja'alin tribe and Rubattab tribe. Shammar in Saudi Arabia, central, and western Iraq, eastern Syria, Jordan and Lebanon. Subay', central Nejd, and Kuwait. Swellat,A Large Bedouin tribe, found in Lebanon and Syria. Al-Tarabeen One of the largest tribes in Jordan and Israel. They include many families like Al-Sanea'. Tarrabin, Negev Tuba-Zangariyye, Israel near Syria.[5] Ubeidah, 150 miles west of the capital of Yemen. Ummur tribe of around 1,200 persons near Palmyra, Syria. Utaybah large tribe in western and central Saudi Arabia and Lebanon. Yahia, a group from Morocco of about 96,000 people. Zaab, a small tribe, live with the Al-Ajman, in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Zinati Bedouin of Northern Jordan Valley. Al-Araqeeb, a small farming village in Israel (demolished) See also Negev Bedouins. [edit] Notes ^ Project, Joshua. "Ethnic People Groups of Libya". U.S. Center for World Mission. Joshua. Retrieved 25 February 2011. ^ http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38209 ^ The Bedouin in Israel: Demography Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1999-07-01 ^ More in-depth discussions on these topics can be found in Chatty (1996) and Lancaster (1997) ^ Info on Tuba from Flags of the World Website al rawashdeh of al karak [edit] References Strong tribe played big role in history of Jordan [edit] In Popular Culture The 9th track of the Guns n' Roses album "Chinese Democracy" (2008) is titled "Riad N' The Bedouins" [edit] Further reading Andersen, Roy R., Robert F. Seibert, Jon G. Wagner.Politics and Change in the Middle East: Sources of Conflict and Accommodation. Eighth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007. Brous, Devorah. "The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel;" International Perspectives on Indigenous Education. (Ben Gurion University 2004) Chatty, D Mobile Pastoralists 1996. Broad introduction to the topic, specific focus on women's issues. Chatty, Dawn. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. New York: Vantage Press. 1986 Cole, Donald P. "Where have the Bedouin gone?". Anthropological Quarterly. Washington: Spring 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 2; pg. 235 Falah, Ghazi. “Israeli State Policy Towards Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev,” Journal of Palestine Studies, 1989 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 71–91 Falah, Ghazi. “The Spatial Pattern of Bedouin Sedentarization in Israel,” GeoJournal, 1985 Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 361–368. Gardner, Andrew. The Political Ecology of Bedouin Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Political Ecology Across Spaces, Scales and Social Groups, Lisa Gezon and Susan Paulson, eds. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press. Gardner, Andrew. The New Calculus of Bedouin Pastoral Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Human Organization 62 (3): 267-276. Gardner, Andrew and Timothy Finan. Navigating Modernization: Bedouin Pastoralism and Climate Information in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (Spring): 59-72. Gardner, Ann. "At Home in South Sinai." Nomadic Peoples 2000.Vol.4,Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women. Jarvis, Claude Scudamore. Yesterday and To-day in Sinai. Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons; Three Deserts. London: John Murray, 1936; Desert and Delta. London: John Murray, 1938. Sympathetic accounts by a colonial administrator in Sinai. Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today 1981 (Second Edition 1997). Detailed examination of social structures. S. Leder/B. Streck (ed.): Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Nomaden und Sesshafte 2 (Wiesbaden 2005) Lithwick, Harvey. "An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev’s Bedouin Community;" Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, August 2000 Manski, Rebecca. "The scene of many crimes: suffacoating self-subsistence in the negev;" News From Within, Vol. XXIV, No. 13, April 2006 Manski, Rebecca. "Bedouin Vilified Among Top 10 Environmental Hazards in Israel;" News From Within, Vol. XXII, No. 11, December 2006 Manski, Rebecca. "A Desert Mirage: The Rising Role of US Money in Negev Development" News From Within Vol. XXII No.8 October/November 2006 Mohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt. Thesiger, Wilfred (1959). Arabian Sands. ISBN 0-14-009514-4 (Penguin paperback). British adventurer lives as and with the Bedu of the Empty Quarter for 5 years [edit] External links This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (November 2010) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bedouins Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Bedouins. The Bedouin: Culture In Transition Bedouin Culture in Dahab, Sinai The Beduin of Arabia The Bedouin, Qatar Bedouin Food The Bedouin Nomads Sinai Bedouin Women Historic images of Bedouins from 1890–1920 from the American Colony Photography Department Fuchsia a seven-minute documentary about Bedouin girls. On Africans in the Naqab Center for Bedouin Studies and Development of Ben-Gurion University Bedouin photography The Negev Bedouin, A Photographic Exhibit Neohasid Jewish organizing against the Blueprint Negev Bustan.org, Negev Bedouin and Jewish environmental justice organization Categories: Arab | Arabic words and phrases | Ethnic groups in Egypt | Ethnic groups in Israel | Eurasian nomads | African nomads | Pastoralists | Bedouins ### Reguibat tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Reguibat (also Rguibat, R'gaybat, R'gibat, Erguibat, Ergaybat, and various other spellings) is a Sahrawi tribe of mainly Hassani Arab origins, although a number of Arab tribes have merged with the Reguibat during the last two centuries. They speak Hassaniya Arabic, and are Arabicised in culture. They claim descent from Sidi Ahmed al-Rgibi, who lived in the Saguia el-Hamra region in the 16th century. They also believe that they are, through him, a chorfa tribe, i.e. descendants of Muhammad. Religiously, they belong to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. [edit] History Initially an important arabic zawiya or religious tribe with a semi-sedentary lifestyle, the Reguibat gradually turned during the 18th century towards camel-rearing, raiding and nomadism, in response attacks from neighbouring tribes which provoked them into taking up arms and leaving the subordinate position they had previously held. This started a process of rapid expansion, and set the Reguibat on the course towards total transformation into a traditional warrior tribe - a domain until then reserved for the Maqil or Hassane Arab tribes. In the late 19th century, they had become well-established as the largest Sahrawi tribe, and were recognized as the most powerful warrior tribe of the area. In the process they had adopted some cultural features from the dominant Arab warrior tribes of the area, which were now rapidly sidelined by the emerging Reguibat, and sometimes absorbed into it through marriage or tribal pacts. The grazing lands of the Reguibat fractions extended from Western Sahara into the northern half of Mauritania, the edges of southern Morocco and northern Mali, and large swaths of western Algeria (where they captured the town of Tindouf from the Tajakant tribe in 1895, and turned into an important Reguibat encampment). The Reguibat were known for their skill as warriors, as well as for an uncompromising tribal independence, and dominated large areas of the Sahara desert through both trade and use of arms. Reguibat Sahrawis were very prominent in the resistance to French and Spanish colonization in the 19th and 20th century, and could not be subdued in the Spanish Sahara until 1934, almost 50 years after the area was first colonized by Spain. Since the 1970s, many Reguibat have been active in the Polisario Front's resistance to Moroccan rule over the still non-sovereign Western Sahara territory. Polisario leader Mohamed Abdelaziz is Reguibi, as is the Moroccan CORCAS leader Khellihenna Ould Errachid. [edit] See also Djema'a Morocco Western Sahara Sahrawi Moors Polisario Front [edit] Further reading John Mercer (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwid Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6) Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0) Categories: Bedouin groups | Ethnic groups in Africa | History of Mauritania | History of North Africa | Ethnic groups in Western Sahara | Ethnic groups in Algeria | Sahrawi tribes ### Shammar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2010) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008) The tribe of Shammar (Arabic: شمّر Šammar) is one of the largest tribes of Arabia, with an estimated 1 million in Iraq, over 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia (concentrated in Hail), a Kuwaiti population (centered in Aljahra) of around 100,000, the Palestinian population that was not displaced by war is the house of Abu Ghousa, a Syrian popolution is thought to exceed 1 million and with an unknown number in Jordan. In its "golden age", around 1850, the tribe ruled much of central and northern Arabia from Riyadh to the frontiers of Syria and the vast area known as Al Jazira in Northern Iraq. The most famous figure from Tayy "Shammar" in that period was the legendary Hatim Al-Ta'i (Hatim of Tayy), said to be a Christian, and renowned among the Arabs for generosity and hospitality. He also figures in the Arabian Nights. The early Islamic historical sources report that his son, 'Adiyy ibn Hatim, whom they sometimes refer to as the "king" of Tayy, converted to Islam before Muhammad's death. He is particularly revered by the Shi'a, who consider him a partisan of Ali. Another figure from Tayy during this period was Zayd al-Khayr, a prominent member of Tayy who is said to have led Tayy's delegation to Muhammad accepting Islam. Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 History 3 House of Al Rashid 4 Shammar in Iraq 5 Timeline 6 Main sections 7 References 8 Notes [edit] Origins The Shammar is a tribal confederation made up of three main branches: the Abdah, the Aslam, and the Zoba. The modern Qabila of Shammar are descendants of the Tayy tribe of Yemen. The earliest non Arab sources refer to Arabs as Taits, generally thought of as referring to Tayy. Ayas ibn Qabisa, a man from the Tayy tribe, ruled pre-Islamic Iraq for several years. This contact with Persian is reason for the belief that Taits refers to Tayy.[1] Though sections of Tayy began migrating to neighboring regions such as Iraq and Syria before Islam, Tayy participated heavily in the Muslim Conquests of the early centuries of Islam, with sections or individual members of the tribe settling in many parts of the Islamic Empire, including Lebanon and Egypt. Most of these, however, were later assimilated into the general populations of these areas or into other tribes. In the Namarah Inscription (the second oldest pre-Islamic Arabic inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen. Although, "the city of shammar" may refer to the city where Shammar lives. The currently named Rada City, is said to have been taken by the Himyarite King, Shammar Yahri'sh, as residence. It is located about 100 km from Dhamar it is one of the ancient historic sites. Since Shammar Yahrish ruled during the last decade of the 3rd century AD, it could be referring to the city he lives in or one named after him. IT could also be referring to he city of Hayel, although there is no evidence that Imru alqais fought Tai. Although, By that time, Tai would have been in Ija and salma for 400 years. Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept referring to the spiritual condition of pre-Islamic Arabian society. Led by Usma bin Luai in their massive exodus out of Yemen (115 BCE), the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajaa and Salma from Banu Assad and Banu Tamim in northern Arabia. These mountains are now known as Jabal Shammar. The Tayy became camel herders and horse breeders and lived a nomadic lifestyle in northern Nejd for centuries. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (Ghassan) and Iraq (the Lakhmids), they expanded north into Iraq all the way to the capital at the time al-Hirah. The first mention of Shammar comes from the 14th century. The area of the two mountains subsequently came to be known as Jabal Shammar ("Shammar's Mountain") from that time. In modern times, it has become common to link the Shammar with the tribe of Tayy, the ancient inhabitants of that area, and some genealogists believe that Shammar may have indeed absorbed some remnants of that tribe. [edit] History Oral tradition mentions that the first chiefs of the Shammar tribe were the family of Dhaigham, (Arar & Omair) from 'abda, who supposedly ruled Shammar at the center of their presence in Jabal Shammar. In the 17th century, a large section of the Shammar left Jabal Shammar under the leadership of Al Jarba and settled in Iraq, reaching as far as the northern city of Mosul. The Shammar are currently one of the largest tribes in Iraq, and are divided into two large branches. The northern branch, known as Shammar al-Jarba, is mainly Sunni, while the southern branch, Shammar Toga, converted to Shi'ism largely just before or during the 19th century[1][2][3] after settling in southern Iraq. The Shammar that remained in Arabia had their tribal territories in the area around the city of Ha'il, and extending from Ha'il northwards to the frontiers of the Syrian Desert. The Shammar had a long traditional rivalry with the confederation of 'Anizzah, who inhabited the same area. The city of Ha'il became the heart of the Jabal Shammar region and was inhabited largely by settled members of Shammar and their clients. Two clans succeeded each other in ruling the city in the 19th century. The first clan, the Al Ali, were replaced by the Al Rashid with their uncles Al Sabhan, who pledged allegiance to the Al Saud family in Riyadh. Both these clans belonged to the 'Abda section of Shammar. During the civil war that tore apart the Second Saudi State in the late 19th century, the emirs ("rulers") of Ha'il from Al Rashid intervened and were able to gradually take control of much of the Saudi realm, finally taking over the Saudi capital Riyadh in 1895 and expelling the Saudi leaders to Kuwait. The bedouin Shammari tribesmen provided the majority of the Al Rashid's military support. The Al Rashid were defeated by Ibn Saud during his campaign to restore his family's rule in the Arabian Peninsula in the first two decades of the 20th century, with Jabal Shammar falling to Saudi rule in 1921. Later, some sections of Shammar were incorporated in the Ikhwan militias loyal to Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud also married a daughter of one of the Shammari chiefs, who bore him the current Saudi king, Abdullah. After the establishment of modern borders, most bedouins gradually left their nomadic lifestyle. Today, most members of Shammar live in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and some sections have settled in Syria and Jordan. [edit] House of Al Rashid The House of Rasheed (Arabic: آل رشيد‎ Āl Rashid or Alrasheed) were a historic dynasty of the Arabian Peninsula from shammar tribe, and the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud in Nejd. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in northern Nejd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the Hajj. The Al Rasheed derived their name from the grandfather of Abdullah, the first Rasheedi amir ("prince") of Ha'il, who was named Rasheed. The Rasheedi amirs cooperated closely with the Ottoman empire. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottoman empire lost popularity. As with many Arab ruling dynasties, the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession was a recurrent problem with the Rasheedi rule. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession to the position of amir should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These internal divisions within the family led to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rasheedi leaders died violently. Nevertheless The Al Rasheed Family still ruled and fought with each other hand with hand against Ibn Saud. During the first twenty years of the 20th century the Arabian Peninsula saw a long-running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula under their rule. While the Al Rasheed rallied the majority of other tribes to their side the effort proved futile, and by 1921 Ha'il was captured and given to Ibn Saud's army by the British command. Some members of the Rasheed family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Iraq. By the 1990s only a handful were still outside Saudi Arabia[citation needed] [edit] Shammar in Iraq Under the leadership of Banu Mohamad known as Al Jarba, there was a massive exodus into Iraq. Many of the Shammar in Iraq gave up the nomadic life to settle in the major cities, especially the Jazirah plain, which is the area between the Tigris and Euphrates from Baghdad all the way to Mosul. In times of drought, there were several migrations of Shammar into Iraq, which, according to the Ottoman census upon its annexation, had only 1.5 million inhabitants. Today, Alhuchaim tribes of Samawa have a large majority of Shammar. Clans from Abda in Ain Tamur, Hacham of Alaslam in Souq Alshiokh, Aladhadh of Alaslam in the city of Nasiriyah are a few examples of Shammar outside of the Jazirah. The Shammar took over the Jazirah after displasing Al-Ubaid tribe. According to the Sheikh Abdullah Humaid Alyawar, the son of the sheikh of all of Shammar, in Iraq the total population of Shammar is estimated to be 1.5 million. Abdullah Alyawar also stated that the majority of Shammar in Iraq is in the South and is Shia, but it does not affect the tribe's unity. Iraq is also the home of Aljarba, the Sheikh ("chief") of all of Shammar. Shammar Toga, which is entirely Shiite, is based in Al Hafriya, very close to Al Suwayrah, in the province of Wasit. Its head was Shaikh Hamed Hmayed Al-Sayyid. The Shammar Alsayeh, a tribal confederation of tribes from Shammar, is the branch of Shammar who were independent of Aljraba's authority. Shammar is divided in to groups for example Al-Zuhairy and Al-Towej in Najaf. In Iraq the Shammar became one of the most powerful tribes, owning vast tracts of land. They were important supporters of the Iraqi monarchy of the House of Hashem. Shammar power was threatened after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 by Abdul-Karim Qassem, and the Shammar welcomed Ba'athist rule. With the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Saddam Hussein, the tribe of Shammar lost favour in Iraq due to their close links to their Saudi relatives. After the overthrow of Saddam, Ghazi al-Yawar, from the Al Jarbah clan, was unanimously chosen as interim president. His uncle is the current Sheikh of Sheikhs of the tribe of Shammar. Samir, an Iraqi-American Shammari, pulled Saddam out of his "spider hole" in the famous picture of the capture of Saddam. [edit] Timeline 1171–1172 – Abda joins Saladin against the crusaders Internet source cites an Arabic source below 1442 – The city of Mujmaa is built by abdullah ibn saif alwibari alshammari 1521 (Circa) – the name shammar becomes prominent 1522 – Shammar backs bani Khalid against aluyonien 1609 Shammar unites with Bani Khalid against the sheriff of Makkah 1690 Exodus into Iraq Reference(JFW)P.43 1696 Shammar Raids Baghdad (JFW)P.43 1749-1762 Shammar raids reaches northern baghdad despite the strong ruler Sulaiman abul laila 1750-1760 Wahabi movement emerges 1765 alaslam and zaghareet between Heet and karabla (JFW)P.44 1776 Shikh Mutlag bin Thanian invades Alhafeer Area 1779 Jabal Shammar falls to Saudi Domination 1781 Aladwa battle between Aljarba and Ibn Saud 1780 Shammar joins bani Khalid and Muntafig and the Sheriff of Mecca to attack Alsaud they win 1790 Early that year Wahabis raid southern Iraq P46 1790 Shammar is allied with the Sherif of Mecca against Alasaud. Muslat Iben mutlag is killed Shammar lost 6000 camels and 10000 sheep PAO 1791 Alsaud launches a surprise attack on Shammar and wins two battles 70 miles SE of Hayel 1791 Late that year some Shamaris join other bedouins in an attack against Alsaud and Muslit bin mutlag dies 1791 Mutlag Aljarba takes Shammar to safer places in southern Iraq 1792 Sheikh abudl Wahab dies, Wahabi forces raid southern Iraq defeating Bani Khalid JFW P.46 1792 Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali Also believed to be "Alsamn alurabi" becomes Emir of Hail internet source 1795 Saudi forces attack Shammar near Samawa and Mutlag is killed PAO 35 1797 Alsaud attacks north of Soug Alshiokh, Faris Bin mohamma aljarba takes over, Wahabis turned back (JFW) 1798 A large coalition including Shammar alubaid and Ottoman Armies more than 500 strong goes to Basra) and Mutlag dies(JFW)47 1799 Ali basha leaves Zuabir with new allies from almuntafig, althufair, and bani Khalid and fights for a year(JFW) 1800 Truce is broken and an indecisive battle take place near karbala with the Wahabi's(JFW) 1801 Wahabi pressure on Southern Iraq subsides, Shammar migrates to reach Jabal Sinjar in northern Iraq(JFW). The Shiite holy city of Karbala was raided by 10k men on 6k camels plundering Hussien's tomb 1802 Late that year, an anti Yezedi campaign was launched By the Ottomans, shammar, and Alubaid (JFW)P50 1803 Ottoman seeks Shammar's help in a campaign against Al ubaid mutiny, campaign fails (JFW)50 1805 Faris Aljarba decisively defeats Alubaid(JFW)50 1808–1812 Baghdad comes under Saudi threats 1809 Anti Thufair rebellion Ottoman- campaign under Faris aljarba and Sulaimna Basha alsaghir, Althufair and Rola Triomph 1814 Shammar aljarba raids several Iraqi cities 1815 Khazaal, Zuabair, and Shammar rebel against Said Basha Uniza, alubaid, and thufair put down the rebellion, Shiekh Banaia is killed in battle 1818 Shiekh Sfoug bin Faris Aljarba Takes over JFW 61. Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali is beheaded by Ibrahim Pasah and sent to his father Mohamad Ali Pasha in Egypt (Hail online Arabic reference). Dirayiya is under siege 2000 cavalry 56000 infantry and 12 guns 1820s Mohamad bin Ali was killed and his brother Saleh becomes ruler of town PAO 1822 Shammar's Sfoug aljarba defeats a 40 thousand strong Persian army meant for Baghdad JFW 70 1823 Anna is bequeathed to Sfoug 1824 Uniza raids Shammar and steals their Arabian horses 1826-1926 Period of little information 1831 Shammar aids the Ottoman siege of Baghdad to remove its rebellious Dawood Pasha JFW 73 1832 Shammar retaliates against Ali Pasha and declares rebellion JFW 77 1832 Uniza is forced to leave Syria's desert and enter aljazera 35000 man strong due to the Egyptian invasion of Syria 1833 Two Pashas join the rebellion and attack the yazidis in Sinjar to stop their looting 1833 July Shammar Sieges Baghdad and intercepts all Ottoman correspondence 20-30 Miles North JFW 78 Abdull bin Rashid the future founder of the emirate of Hail is said to have participated 1833 5000 Ottomans under Mohamad Pasha leave a rebellion near Hilla and attack Shammar, siege remains active JFW 79 1833 late that year Shammar moves north to help Mosul's Pasha, Siege is broken and ottomans launch a successful surprise attack 1834 Rogue Shiekh Shlash of Shammar attacks Uniza supporting the ottomans, Sfoug supports Shlash with 2000 men Uniza wins 1835 Uniza cross the Euphrates and leaves Aljazeera 1835 Shammar is at the peak of its power in aljazeera and Sfoug Aljarba is Soultan Albar 1835 Rasheed Pasha ambushed Sfoug and his son Farhan and exiles him to the Istana 1835 Shammar retaliates by raiding and destroying the fields of Tikrit 1836 Battles ensue between Shammar and Uniza, Sfoug's brother Faris bin Mohamad rules over 12000 families Mohamad Ali Pasha forces reach Yanbo for a second invasion of Arabia 1836 Alrashid establish an emirate centered at Hail 1837 Shammar's unity fragments In Iraq 1840 Shammar Jarba attacks the Egyptians at Orfa 1841 Anna is taken away from Sfoug 1842 Shammar jarba retaliates by raiding near alkhabor, some internal splintering 1843 Sfoug is reappointed as Shammar's Shiekh 1844 Shammar Jarba raids Uniza near Harran, famine year 1844 Summer, Unizaa brings 20000 man and raids areas between baghdad and Mosul 1844 Shammar, only 1000 men, allies with Kurdish cavalry to expel Uniza. Fighting continues in the Fall 1845 Uniza seeks a truce and gives 15000 sheep, 3000 camels, and 8 horses, 1845 Shammar Jarba defeats Uniza and spoils 7000 sheep, famine strike Shammar 1846 Farhan becomes the Shiekh of Shiekhs the runner up from the other six brothers is abdulkareem 1846? Abdulkarim declares a revolution against the ottomans he is delivered by Naser Alsadoun to Ottomans and hanged 1847 Internal fighting between rebellious Shammaris, Sfoug is assassinated and beheaded by Najeeb Pasha 1847 December, Shammar raids aljazeera, Najeeb Pasha appoints Oda as Shiekh 1848 Spring Uniza raids Shammar under Daham Ibn Gaishish and Ibnn Hath-thal. 1850-1851 Abdi Pasha stops his Shammar rations, Shammar raids Sothern Baghdad. JFW 108 1853-1856 Ottoman control plummeted outside of big cities 1901 Mach Alsarif Battle: 1200 Shammaris lost 400 under abdul aziz almutab Alrashid defeat an invasion of Hayel against the Emir of Kuwait over 64000 men and lost 9000. 1910 aljumaima shammar against Unizah and Alerwilah 1910 March Hadya Battle: 500 shammari horsemen join alsadoun on 4000 in a battle again Sabah backed by Abdulaziz alsaud and defeat them 1920 Zuba participates in Iraq's 1920 revolution against the British 1921, 1299+622 Mohamad Ibn adullah bin Rashid ends the siege of Aridh and Abdullah ibn faisal retreats 1921 Arwa Battle Utaiba and Shammar Utaiba is defeated 1932 population estimates of Hail's population is 20000, badu Shammar 150k-200k: 30% alaslam,37% Abde, 25% sinjara, Tuman 7.5% 1948 Shammar is driven out of Naqab desert south of Palestine by Israeli forces February 16, 1948, Zaraa Battle April 10, 1948, Almanara October 1948, Naqab battle 143 shammaris join the Arab army to reclaim Naqab June 26, 2007, Shamar Mahon was given the President's Education Award signed by George W. Bush. [edit] Main sections ABDA (CLANS) Aljaafar -ruler of shammar comes from this clan. Alrubaeya - sub clan of rubeya sharefat,gesham,zagareet,nabhan Alyihya ALASLAM (CLANS) Almanee' - Albu Salih, Fayid, Twalah, Masud and Kamel (subclans) Wahab - Qder , Muhammed , Jathel Alsultah -al jarba the sheiks of shammar come from this clan Aladhadh Alkhashman ZOBA' (CLANS) Zoba' Al- Mathlothah. Alkhrusah, Leaders of shammar "Aljarba family" come from this clan. Sinjarah: Althabit Alghafilah Alzameel sometimes referred to as Alsouid or Alfaddaghah Alzomail [edit] References Aladhadh, Amer; A comprehensive history of Shammar Alazzawi, Abbas; The Tribes of Iraq (Arabic) AlfudailyThe Days of the Arabs before Islam (Arabic ) Hassan, Hussein D.; Tribal Structure, Social, and Political Activities Information Research Specialist Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Consultancy Knowledge Services Group (re Iraq) Madawi Al Rasheed: Politics in an Arabian oasis. The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London & New York 1991 (based on a Ph.D. thesis presented to Cambridge University, 1988). ISBN 1-85043-320-8 (English) Tayy (Shammar) tribe official website. Williamson, John Frederich; The History of Shmmar (Arabic) [edit] Notes ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.27 ^ Haydari, ‘Unwan al-Majd, pg.110-15, 118 ^ ‘Abdallah Mahmud Shukri (al-Alusi), “Di’ayat al-Rafd wa al-Khurafat wa al-Tafriq Bayn al-Muslimin”, al-Manar 29 (1928): 440 Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Tribes of Iraq Log in / create account Article Discussion Read Edit View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Español Hrvatski Italiano This page was last modified on 24 March 2011 at 23:49. ### Tajakant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) The Tajakant (also Tadjakant) is a Sahrawi-Moorish tribe of Arab-Berber origins. They speak Hassaniya Arabic. They traditionally lived in Western Sahara, Mauritania and Algeria. They are Muslims, belonging to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Some sources claim they are descendants of the Almoravid dynasty, that ruled Morocco in the 11th century. The Tajakant were known as traders and warriors, and held a strong position in the trans-Saharan trade. In 1852, Tajakant tribesmen founded a settlement and trading post in the oasis of Tindouf, in what is now Algeria. In 1895 the settlement was attacked by a raiding party of Reguibat tribesmen, with whom the Tajakant had fought since 1820. Tindouf was destroyed, and most of the northern Tajakant wiped out; some populations remain in present-day Mauritania, where their members have gained importance as religious scholars. Today's Tajakant are said to be sedentary, and engaged in small-scale trading and farming. Very few remain in Western Sahara, although some live in Tindouf[1]. [edit] References ^ (French)Attilio Gaudio, Populations du Sahara occidental : histoire, vie et culture, Karthala éditions, 1993 (ISBN 9782865374113) [edit] See also Sahrawi Moors Djema'a Polisario Front List of Sahrawi tribes This Western Sahara article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about an ethnic group in Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Bedouin groups | Ethnic groups in Africa | History of Mauritania | History of Algeria | History of North Africa | History of Western Sahara | Sahrawi tribes | Western Sahara stubs | African ethnic group stubs ### Ta’isha tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ta’isha is one of the Baqqara tribes, these nomads originated from the Guhayna group, a clan of Bedouin Arabs who came across the Sinai Peninsula from Arabia. They eventually moved into the Nile region of Upper Egypt and then into Sudan in the beginning of the 16 century around 1504. They settled in the area of Southern Darfur and they called the land Dar El Ta’isha. Their main city is Rehaid Al Berdi, the Ta’isha participated with the rest of western Sudan tribes in the Mahadia revolt (1882-1885) against Turko-Egyptian occupation of Sudan 1821-1885. The most notable leader from the Ta'isha is Khalifa Abdulla Al Ta'ishi who ruled Sudan after the death of Mohamed Ahmed Al Mahdi in 1885 till it was recaptured by the Anglo-Egyption forces in 1899. This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006) This article about a Sudanese ethnicity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Bedouin groups | Darfur | Baggara tribes | Sudanese ethnicity stubs ### Sahrawi people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Sahraoui" redirects here. For the Algerian Islamist militant, see Nabil Sahraoui. For the country named Sahrawi, see Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Saharawi Total population disputed/uncertain (250,000 - 750,000) Regions with significant populations Morocco, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Algeria Spain (diaspora) Languages Hassaniya, Modern Standard Arabic, French, Spanish; a northern minority also speak Shilha (a Berber language). Religion Sunni Islam (Maliki) Related ethnic groups Moors, Berber, Arab Most frequently in English language usage, the term Sahrawi ("Saharaui") is usually used in reference to populations from the disputed Western Sahara territory, sometimes with a nationalist connotation. The modern ethnic Sahrawi group is an Arab and Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria and, at its core, the Western Sahara. As with most Saharan peoples, the tribes reflect a highly mixed heritage, combining Arab, Berber, and other influences, including black African ethnic and cultural characteristics, through mixing with Wolouf, Soninke and other populations of the southern Sahel, and through the acquisition of slaves.Contents [hide] 1 Origin of word and transliterations 2 Early history 3 Colonial history 3.1 Different colonial practices 3.2 Debate on pre-colonial allegiances 4 Postcolonial history 4.1 The Western Sahara question 4.1.1 The Polisario Front 5 Demography of the Western Sahara population 5.1 Ethnic background: Berbers and Arabs 5.2 Social and ethnic hierarchy 5.3 Population 5.3.1 The refugees 6 Culture 6.1 Religion 6.2 Tribalism 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Background information on the Western Sahara conflict 10 Further reading on the Western Sahara conflict 11 External links [edit] Origin of word and transliterations The Arabic word Sahrāwī literally means "of Sahara", and should be understood as "inhabitant of the Sahara" (Saharan). There are several transliterations of the word, several of which are used in English: English, Saharaui, Saharaoui, Sahrawi or Saharawi French, Sahraoui, Saharaui Italian, Saharawi,Saharaui Portuguese, Saaráuis, Sarianos, Saarianos Spanish, Saharaui (saharauita) [edit] Early history Nomadic Berbers, mainly of the Sanhaja tribal confederation, inhabited the areas now known as Western Sahara, southern Morocco, Mauritania and extreme southernwestern Algeria, before Islam arrived in the 8th century AD. The new faith achieved quick expansion, but Arab immigration in the first centuries of Islamic expansion was minimal. However, they introduced the camel to the region, revolutionizing the traditional trade routes of North Africa. Caravans transported salt, gold and slaves between North Africa and West Africa, and the control of trade routes became a major ingredient in the constant power struggles between various tribes and sedentary peoples. On more than one occasion, the Berber tribes of Western Sahara/Mauritania would unite behind religious leaders to sweep the surrounding governments from power, then founding dynasties of their own. This was the case with the Almoravid dynasty of Morocco and Andalusia, and several emirates in Mauritania. In the 11th century, the Arab bedouin tribes of the Beni Hilal and Beni Sulaym emigrated westwards from Egypt (the Fatimid Caliphate) and gained control of most of present-day Morocco, but Western Sahara remained largely unpenetrated by the Arab advances. However, in the early 13th century, the Yemeni Maqil tribes migrated westwards across the entirety of Arabia and northern Africa, to finally settle around today's Morocco. They were badly received by the Zenata Berber descendants of the Merinid dynasty, and among the tribes pushed out of the territory, were the Beni Hassan. This tribe entered the domains of the Sanhaja, and over the following centuries imposed itself upon them, intermixing with the population in the process. Berber attempts to shake off the rule of Arab warrior tribes occurred sporadically, but assimilation gradually won out, and after the failed Char Bouba uprising (1644–74), the Berber tribes would virtually without exception embrace Arab culture and even claim Arab heritage.[1] The Arabic dialect of the Beni Hassan, Hassaniya, remains the mother-tongue of Western Sahara and Mauritania to this day, and is also spoken in southern Morocco and western Algeria, among affiliated tribes. Berber vocabulary and cultural traits remain common, despite the fact that most if not all of the Sahrawi/Moorish tribes today claim Arab ancestry; several are even claiming to be descendants of Muhammad, so-called sharifian tribes (pl. shurfa or chorfa). The modern ethnic group is thus an Arab and Berber people inhabiting the westernmost Sahara desert, in the area of modern Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria and, at its core, the Western Sahara (some tribes would also traditionally migrate into northern Mali and Niger, or even further along the Saharan caravan routes). As with most Saharan peoples, the tribes reflect a highly mixed heritage, combining Arab, Berber, and other influences, including black African ethnic and cultural characteristics. The latter were primarily acquired through mixing with Wolouf, Soninke and other populations of the southern Sahel, and through the acquisition of slaves by wealthier nomad families. In pre-colonial times, the Sahara was generally considered bled es-Siba or "the land of dissidence" by the authorities of the established Islamic states of North Africa, such as the Sultan of Morocco and the Deys of Algeria. The Islamic governments of the pre-colonial sub-Saharan empires of Mali and Songhai appear to have had a similar relationship with the tribal territories, which were once the home of undisciplined raiding tribes and the main trade route for the Saharan caravan trade. Central governments had little control over the region, although the Hassaniya tribes would occasionally extended "beya" or allegiance to prestigious rulers, to gain their political backing or, in some cases, as a religious ceremony. The Moorish populations of today's north Mauritania established a number of emirates, claiming the loyalty of several different tribes and through them exercising semi-sovereignty over traditional grazing lands. This could be considered the closest thing to centralized government that was ever achieved by the Hassaniya tribes, but even these emirates were weak, conflict-ridden and rested more on the willing consent of the subject tribes than on any capacity to enforce loyalty.[2] [edit] Colonial history Modern distinctions drawn between the various Hassaniya speaking Sahrawi-Moorish groups are primarily political, but cultural differences dating from different colonial and post-colonial histories are also apparent. An important divider is whether the tribal confederations fell under French or Spanish colonial rule. France conquered most of North and West Africa largely during the late 19th century. This included Algeria and Mauritania, and, from 1912, Morocco. But Western Sahara and scattered minor parts of Morocco fell to Spain, and were named Spanish Sahara (subdivided into Río de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra) and Spanish Morocco respectively. These colonial intrusions brought the Muslim Saharan peoples under Christian European rule for the first time, and created lasting cultural and political divides between and within existing populations, as well as upsetting traditional balances of power in differing ways. The Sahrawi-Moorish areas, then still undefined as to exact territorial boundaries, proved troublesome for the colonizers, just as they had for neighbouring dynasties in previous centuries. The political loyalty of these populations were first and foremost to their respective tribes, and supratribal allegiances and alliances would shift rapidly and unexpectedly. Their nomadic lifestyle made direct control over the territories hard to achieve, as did general lawlessness, an absence of prior central authority, and a widely held contempt for the kind of settled life that the colonizers sought to bring about. Centuries of intratribal warfare and raids for loot (ghazzu) guaranteed that the populations were well armed and versed in guerrilla-style warfare. Tribes allied to hostile European powers would now also be considered fair game for cattle raids on those grounds, which tied the struggle against France and Spain into the traditional power play of the nomads, aggravating the internal struggles. Uprisings and violent tribal clashes therefore took place with increasing frequency as European encroachment increased, and on occasion took the form of anti-European holy war, or Jihad, as in the case of the Ma el-Ainin uprising in the first years of the 20th century. It was not until the 1930s that Spain was able to finally subdue the interior of present-day Western Sahara, and then only with strong French military assistance. Mauritania's raiding Moors had been brought under control in the previous decades, partly through skilful exploitation by the French of traditional rivalries and social divisions between the tribes. In these encounters, the large Reguibat tribe proved especially resistant to the new rulers, and its fighters would regularly slip in out of French and Spanish territory, similarly exploiting the rivalries between European powers. The last major Reguibat raid took place in 1934, after which the Spanish authorities occupied Smara, finally gaining control over the last unpatrolled border territories. The Sahrawi-Moorish tribes remained largely nomadic until the early to mid-20th century, when Franco-Spanish rivalries (as well as disagreements between different wings of the French colonial regime) managed to impose rigid, if arbitrary, borders on the previously fluid Sahara. The wide-ranging grazing lands of the nomads were split apart, and their traditional economies, based on trans-Saharan caravan trade and raiding of each other and the northern and southern sahel neighbours, were broken. Little attention was paid to existing tribal confederations and zones of influence, when dividing up the Saharan inlands. [edit] Different colonial practices French and Spanish colonial governments would gradually, and with varying force, impose their own systems of government and education over these territories, exposing the native populations to differing colonial experiences. The populations in Algeria were subjected to direct French rule, which was organized to enable the massive settlement of French and European immigrants. In Mauritania, they experienced a French non-settler colonial administration which, if light in its demands on the nomads, also deliberately overturned the existing social order, allying itself with lower-ranking marabout and zenaga tribes against the powerful warrior clans of the Hassane Arabs. In southern Morocco, France upheld indirect rule through the sultanate in some areas, while Spain exercised direct administration in others. Spanish Sahara was treated first as a colony, and later as an overseas province, with gradually tightening political conditions, and, in later years, a rapid influx of Spanish settlers (making Spaniards about 20% of the population in 1975). By the time of decolonization in the 1950s-1970s, Sahrawi tribes in all these different territories had experienced roughly a generation or more of distinct experiences; often, however, their nomadic lifestyle had guaranteed that they were subjected to less interference than what afflicted sedentary populations in the same areas. [edit] Debate on pre-colonial allegiances The period of colonization destroyed existing power structures, leaving a confused legacy of contradictory political affiliations, European-drawn borders with little resemblance to ethnic and tribal realities, and the foundations of modern political conflict. For example, both sides in the Western Sahara conflict (Morocco vs. the Polisario Front) draw heavily on colonial history to prove their version of reality. Proponents of the Greater Morocco ideology point to some Sahrawi tribes calling upon the Moroccan Sultan, who until 1912 remained the last independent Islamic ruler of the area, for assistance against the Europeans (see Ma al-Aynayn). Pro-independence Sahrawis, on the other hand, point out that such statements of allegiance were almost routinely given by various tribal leaders to create short-term alliances, and that other heads of tribes indeed similarly proclaimed allegiance to Spain, to France, to Mauritanian emirates, and indeed to each other; they argue that such arrangements always proved temporary, and that the tribal confederations always maintained de facto independence of central authority, and would even fight to maintain this independence. The International Court of Justice issued a ruling on the matter in 1975, stating that there had existed ties between the Moroccan Sultan and some (mainly northernly Tekna) tribes in then-Spanish Sahara, but that these ties were not sufficient to abrogate Western Sahara's right to self-determination. The same kind of ruling was issued with regard to Mauritania, where the court found that there were indeed strong tribal and cultural links between the Sahrawis and Mauritanian populations, including historical allegiance to some Moorish emirates, but that these were not ties of a state or government character, and did not constitute formal bonds of sovereignty. Thus, the court recommended the UN to continue to pursue self-determination for the Sahrawis, enabling them to chose for themselves whether they wanted Spanish Sahara to turn into an independent state, or to be annexed to Morocco or Mauritania. [edit] Postcolonial history [edit] The Western Sahara question Main article: History of Western Sahara The area today referred to as Western Sahara, remains according to the United Nations one of the world's last remaining major non-self governing territories. Morocco controls most of the territory as its Southern Provinces, but the legality of this is not internationally recognized by any country, and disputed militarily by the Polisario Front, an Algerian-backed movement claiming independence for the territory as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Since 1991, there is a cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario, but disturbances in Moroccan-held territories as well as the ongoing dispute over the legal status of the territory, guarantees continued United Nations involvement and occasional international attention to the issue. For more on this conflict, see History of Western Sahara. For more on Sahrawis/Moors in Mauritania, Algeria and Morocco, see their respective entries. [edit] The Polisario Front Main article: Polisario Front The Polisario Front is the Western Sahara's national liberation movement, militating for the independence of the Western Sahara since 1973 - originally against Spanish rule, but after 1975 against Mauritania and Morocco; since 1979 against Morocco only. The organisation is based in Algeria, where it is responsible for the Tindouf refugee camps. The organisation maintains a cease-fire with Morocco since 1991 (see Settlement Plan), but continues to strive for the territory's independence as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) through peaceful negotiations. The Polisario restricts its claims to the colonially-defined Western Sahara, holding no claim to, for example, the Sahrawi-populated Tarfaya Strip in Morocco, or any part of Mauritania. Since 1979, the POLISARIO is recognized by the United Nations as the representative of the people of Western Sahara.[1] [edit] Demography of the Western Sahara population [edit] Ethnic background: Berbers and Arabs As described above, the Hassaniya speaking tribes are of Arab and Berber descent, and were influenced by the invasion or penetration of Western Saharan region by the Beni Hassan Arab bedouin tribes, who fused with the dominant Sanhaja Berber tribes, as well as black African and other indigenous populations (e.g. various indigenous Soninke speaking groups) migrants and captured in the south for the ancient berbers (black slaves in the anciet/Middle Ages trans-saarian route trade). Even though cultural arabization of the berber people was thorough, especially after the 17th century Char Bouba war, many elements of Berber identity remain. Some tribes, such as the large Reguibat, have a Berber background but have since been thoroughly arabized; others, such as the Oulad Delim, are considered descendants of the Beni Hassan, even though intermarriage with other tribes and former slaves have occurred; a few, such as the Tekna tribal confederation, have retained some Berber dialect of the area. Often, though not in the case of the Tekna, the Berber-Arab elements of a tribe's cultural heritage, reflects social stratification. In traditional Moorish-Sahrawi society, Arab tribes of the Tekna confederation claimed a role as rulers and protectors of the disarmed weaker Berber tribes of the Takna confederation . Thus, the warrior tribes and nobility would be Arab. However, most tribes, regardless of their mixed heritage, tend to claim some form of Arab ancestry, as this has been key to achieving social status. Many (the so-called chorfa tribes) will also claim descendancy from the Prophet Muhammad himself. In any case, no tribal identity is cut in stone, and over the centuries a great deal of intermarriage and tribal re-affiliation has occurred to blur former ethnic/cultural lines; groups have often seamlessly re-identified to higher status identities, after achieving the military or economic strength to defeat former rulers. This was, for example, the case of the largest of the Sahrawi tribes, the Reguibat. A Berber-descended zawiya (scholarly) tribe who in the 18th century took up camel nomadism and warrior traditions, they simultaneously took on more and more of an Arab identity, reflecting their new position alongside the traditional warrior castes of Arab Hassane origin,such as the Oulad Delim and the Arabic-speaking tribes of the Tekna confederation. [edit] Social and ethnic hierarchy Generally speaking, the Hassaniya populations were (or are) divided into several groups, of different social status.[2] At the peak of society were the aristocratic "warrior" lineages or clans, the Hassane, supposed descendants of the Beni Hassan Arab immigrants (cf. Oulad Delim). Below them stood the "scholarly" or "clerical" lineages. These were called marabout or zawiya tribes (cf. Oulad Tidrarine). The latter designation the preferred one in among the Western Sahara-centered tribes, who would also almost invariably claim chorfa status to enhance their religious credibility. The zawiya tribes were protected by Hassane overlords in exchange for their religious services and payment of the horma, a tributary tax in cattle or goods; while they were in a sense exploited, the relationship was often more or less symbiotic. Under both these groups, but still part of the Western Sahara society, stood the znaga tribes - tribal groups labouring in demeaning occupations, such as fishermen (cf. Imraguen), as well as peripheral semi-tribal groups working in the same fields (among them the "professional" castes, mallemin and igawen). All these groups were considered to be among the bidan, or whites. Below them ranked servile groups known as Haratin, a black population, according to some sources descendants of the original Sahara population, but more generally seen the descendants of freed slaves of African origins. (Note that "Haratin", a term of obscure origin, has a different meaning in the Berber regions of Morocco.) They often lived serving affiliated bidan (white) families, and as such formed part of the tribe, not tribes of their own. Below them came the slaves themselves, who were owned individually or in family groups, and could hope at best to be freed and rise to the status of Haratin. Rich bidan families would normally own a few slaves at the most, as nomadic societies have less use of slave labour than sedentary societies; however, in some cases, slaves were used to work oasis plantations, farming dates, digging wells etc. Slavery persisted among Hassaniya-speaking populations well into the colonial age, despite that both French and Spanish colonial authorities formally banned the practice. While slavery is thought to be eradicated in Western Sahara, there are reports that both outright slavery and, more commonly, different forms of informal bondage are still applied to some Haratin lineages in Mauritania.[3] Best reference on Sahrawui population etnography is the work of Spanish anthropologist Julio Caro Baroja, who in 1952-53 spent several months among native tribes all along the then Spanish Sahara. He published in 1955 a monumental book on the subjet, whose thoroughness and depth have not been equaled so far.[4] [edit] Population The exact number of Hassaniya speakers is not clear, but tallying population figures of Western Sahara and Mauritania indicates that the number must be close to three million; additional populations are found in Algeria and south Morocco, as well as north-west Mali. The number of Hassaniya speakers identifying as Sahrawi in the modern political sense, is also unknown, and estimates are hotly contested by partisans in the Western Sahara conflict. Most estimates however center around 200,000 to 400,000. These populations are centered in southern Morocco, Western Sahara, and in the Tindouf Province of Algeria, where large number of refugees from Western Sahara are located. Around 25,000-30,000 Sahrawi refugees also live in Mauritania (mostly around Nouadhibou and Zouerate).[5] In 2010, approximately 3,000 Sahrawis live in Spain.[6] [edit] The refugees The Moroccan-Mauritanian invasion of Western Sahara following the collapse of Spanish colonial rule in 1975 produced an exodus of refugees fleeing the violence, with substantial numbers ending up in the Polisario Front movement's base areas in the Algerian Sahara, where refugee camps were set up south of Tindouf, and a smaller number in camps in Mauritania. The camps south of Tindouf were given names of cities in the Western Sahara (e.g. Awsard, Laâyoune, 27 February, Smara and Dakhla).[7] These refugee populations form the base and recruiting grounds for the Polisario Front, contesting Moroccan control of the territory. The UNHCR has in the past indicated that approximately 155,000,[8] 165,000 or 190,000[9] Sahrawis are present on Algerian territory, while Algerian authorities estimate their number in 165,000, although the Moroccan government contends that the figure is much lower, around 45,000 to 50,000.[8] In 2005, the UNHCR downgraded its estimation from 165,000 (2004) to around 90.000 refugees "of concern to UNHCR"[9] An additional 26,000 Sahrawi refugees reside in Mauritania,[10][11] although they're not assisted by UNHCR.[12] This population consists both of original refugees to the territory, and of former Tindouf dwellers who have since migrated to Mauritania. [edit] Culture Main article: Culture of Western Sahara Also see: Music of Western Sahara, as well as relevant articles on culture in Mauritania. [edit] Religion Religiously, the Sahrawis are Sunni Muslims of the Maliki rite or school. Historically, religious practice has been pragmatically adapted to nomad life and local tradition. Also, since the late medieval period, various Sufi Turuq (brotherhoods or orders), have played an important role in popular religious practice; the most important among these are the Qadiriyya and Tijaniyya. Further, among the Hassaniya tribes, certain lineages reputed to be descended from the Prophet Mohammed, the chorfa, have played an important role in inter-tribal religious society. [edit] Tribalism See article on tribalism and the list of Sahrawi tribes. The tribe was the historical basis of social and political organisation among the Hassaniya speaking tribes of the Sahara, well into the colonial and arguably post-colonial period. Traditionally, Hassaniya Sahrawi society was completely tribal, organized in a complex web of shifting alliances and tribal confederations, with no stable and centralized governing authority. Lawmaking, conflict resolution and central decision-making within the tribe, was carried out by the Djema'a, (Arabic, gathering) a gathering of elected elders (shaykhs) and religious scholars. Occasionally, larger tribal gatherings could be held in the form of the Ait Arbein (Group of Forty), which would handle supratribal affairs such as common defence of the territory or common diplomacy. During colonial times, Spain attempted to assume some of the legitimacy of these traditional institutions by creating its own Djema'a, a state-run political association that supported its claims to the territory. [edit] See also Spanish Sahara Spanish Morocco List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco History of Western Sahara Western Sahara Tindouf Province Mauritania Haratin Moors James Riley (Captain) San Mao's Sahara Stories [edit] Footnotes ^ 34/37 -Question of Western Sahara- 34th General assembly UN, 21-11-1979 ^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mrtoc.html A Country Study: Mauritania, Library of Congress, Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (LaVerle Berry), section Ethnic Groups and Languages, subsection Maures. 1988 (other sections: Zenaga and Black Africans) ^ "Mauritania 'still practising' slavery". BBC News. 2002-11-07. ^ Julio Caro Baroja, Estudios Saharianos, Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Madrid, 1955. Re-edited 1990: Ediciones Júcar. ISBN 84-334-7027-2. Reedited 2009: Ediciones Calamar. ISBN 978-84-96235-28-1. ^ Sons of the Clouds ^ "La policía detuvo a saharauis en Jaén al pedir la residencia". El País. 16-06-2010. Retrieved 03-07-2010. ^ National Geographic Magazine, december 2008 ^ a b UK Border Agencia, Country of Origin Information Report ^ a b 2005 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook Country Data Sheet ^ Mauritania 2010 Regional Operations Profile - North Africa ^ USCRI World Refugee Survey 2007 ^ UNHCR Global Report 2009 - Mauritania UNHCR Fundraising Reports, 1 June 2010 [edit] Background information on the Western Sahara conflict ^ http://zmagsite.zmag.org/oct2002/mundy1002.htm ZMAG - Western Sahara - An interview with Stephen Dunes ^ http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/speech/2003/GreenMarch.htm Speech delivered by H.M. King Mohammed VI on the 28th anniversary of the Green March ^ http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isasummary751016.htm International Court of Justice - WESTERN SAHARA - Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/printable/transcript_sahara_print.html Sahara Marathon: Host Interview with James Baker on PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, an American, private, nonprofit media corporation ^ http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Mar-summary-eng Amnesty International - Morocco/Western Sahara - Covering events from January - December 2002 ^ http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm Human Rights Watch - The United Nations Operation in Western Sahara ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4162790.stm BBC News - Last Moroccan war prisoners freed ^ http://hrw.org/reports/2004/morocco1004/ Morocco: Human Rights at a Crossroads ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/nea/index.cfm?docid=825 US State Department - Western Sahara - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000 ^ http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/mar-summary-eng Amnesty International - Morocco/Western Sahara - Covering events from January - December 2004 ^ http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE290011999 Amnesty International - 1999 - MOROCCO /WESTERN SAHARA "Turning the page": achievements and obstacles ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/nea/804.htm US State department Morocco - Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2000 ^ http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6886&pf Freedom House - Freedom in the World - Western Sahara, Morocco (2005) [edit] Further reading on the Western Sahara conflict Hodges, Tony (1983), Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill Books (ISBN 0-88208-152-7) Jensen, Erik (2005), Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate, International Peace Studies (ISBN 1-58826-305-3) Mercer, John (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwid Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6) Norris, H.T. (1986), The Arab Conquest of the Western Sahara, Longman Publishing Group (ISBN 0-582-75643-X) Pazzanita, Anthony G. and Hodge, Tony (1994), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press (ISBN 0-8108-2661-5) Shelley, Toby (2004), Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?, Zed Books (ISBN 1-84277-341-0) Thobhani, Akbarali (2002), Western Sahara Since 1975 Under Moroccan Administration: Social, Economic, and Political Transformation, Edwin Mellen Press (ISBN 0-7734-7173-1) Thompson, Virginia and Adloff, Richard (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0) [edit] External links http://www.forcedmigration.org/photos/westernsahara/ Photo gallery covering different aspects of life of refugees in Tindouf, by Danielle Van Brunt Smith ### Beni Sakhr From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Beni Sakhr is the name of a large Bedouin tribe living in Jordan. In the 19th century, the Beni Sakhr lived as nomads. Their income came from trading camels and from the protection they could give, or refuse to give, to more settled peoples. In 1867, the Ottoman Empire launched a raid which defeated the Beni Sakhr and ended their practice of collecting khuwwa (protection money) from established settlements. A series of events in the 1920s and 1930s put further pressure on their nomadic lifestyle, eventually leading to famine. The Beni Sakhr were saved from this by the British government ruling Jordan at the time. In exchange, the British required the Beni Sakhr to give up their nomadic lifestyle and become more established sheep, rather than camel, herders. In the decades since then, pressures on the Beni Sakhr to give up part of their land have led to occasional tension between them and the Jordanian government. However, this tribe still the reliable partner for the country. In the last century they defeated those who called them selves Wahabi when they came to occupy Jordan.[1] [edit] References ^ http://landandpeople.blogspot.com/2007/09/baduw.html Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Jordan. ### Banu Yam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Banu Yam (Arabic: بنو يام‎) are a large tribe native to Najran Province in Saudi Arabia, and are the principal tribe of that area. They belong to the Qahtanite branch of Arabian tribes, specifically the group known as Hamdan, and are therefore native to southwestern Arabia. Their traditional way of life was well suited to life in the Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands they once lived in. Most have now moved in to small villages and given up their once nomadic way of life. The tribe of Yam was also the progenitor of two other important tribes: the Al Murrah and the 'Ujman of eastern Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf coast. The Yam are notable among the tribes of Saudi Arabia for the vast majority of its members traditionally follow the small Isma'ili branch of Shi'ite Islam. Religious leadership is currently in the hands of the al-Makrami clan, who joined Yam through alliance some time in the 17th century. Members of the tribe can be found throughout Saudi Arabia due to migration, particularly the areas around Jeddah and Dammam. Unlike some other tribes of southwestern Saudi Arabia, Yam have traditionally had a large bedouin section, due to the proximity of their territories to the formidable desert known as the Empty Quarter. They are also unlike some of their neighboring tribes in that they are recorded to have repeatedly raided the neighboring region of Najd, reaching as far north as Dhruma near Riyadh during the time of the First Saudi State in 1775, and causing much panic. The Yam's home province of Najran. [edit] See also Saudi Arabia portal Bani Yas ‎ Bani Hareth Banu Thaqif Al Saud Al Maktoum House of Al-Falasi [edit] Sources [1] [2] This article related to Shia Islam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it ================== Bani Turuf From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Bani Truf) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please help to ensure that disputed facts are reliably sourced. (March 2009) The Bani Truf tribe lives in Ahwaz, in the south west of Iran and near the Iraqi border. They are originally from Yemen and are part of Tayy tribe. It is not clear what time they came to Ahwaz area and it has been estimated that up to three million people are members of the tribe[citation needed]. [edit] References History of Ahwazi People by Yousef azizi Bani Trufi Categories: Ethnic groups in Iran | Tribes of Arabia | Ahvaz ==================================== Bani Rasheed From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Bani Rasheed (Arabic: بني رشيد, الرشايدة‎), also known as Rashaida, is one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an Adnani tribe (related to Banu Abs). The great-grandfather of the Bani Rasheed is Rasheed alZaul of the Banu Abs tribe. Bani Rasheed tribal lands extend from the western part of Saudi Arabia to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia, and from the north until the Muslim holy city of Madinah. Rashaida are also found in Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Eritrea, North Africa, Kuwait and other Gulf States. Bani Rasheed tribal subdivisions include: Al-Barrakjklljl Al-Mudhaberah Al-Gladan Al-Muhaimezat AL-Awamerah Al-Theybah Al-Ga'abeeb Al-Ara'erah Al-Ruwaidhat Al-Ayedhat Al-Shawale'ah Al-Zuboon Al-Khyarat Al-Juraishat Al-Barage'ah Al-Wahhadeen Al-Makahelah Al-Faradesah Al-Duwameek Al-Sha'aban Al-Ajarma Sayad Al-Owanah Al-Zenemat Al-Btareehk Al-Brasaa [edit] See also Banu Abs Rashaida ------------------------------- Oulad Delim From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Oulad Delim (Arabic: أولأد دليم‎) is a Sahrawi tribe of mainly Arab origins, formerly considered of Hassane status, i.e. part of the ruling warrior stratum. They speak Hassaniya Arabic. They traditionally live in the southern regions of Western Sahara (Río de Oro), especially in the city of Dakhla. They have extensive tribal connections with northern Mauritanian tribes. They are Muslims, belonging to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Their traditional lifestyle was nomadic, based on camel herding. They were active in resisting European colonial advances during the 19th century, but after Spain consolidated its hold over Spanish Sahara, many Oulad Delim enrolled in the Tropas Nómadas and other Spanish auxiliary forces. See also Djema'a Western Sahara Sahrawi Moors Polisario Front ------------------------------------------- Zubaid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (July 2008) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) Zubaid (or 'Zubayd') is a large Arab tribe, which migrated to Iraq, before and after the Islamic conquest. The tribe was an offshoot of the Yemeni tribe of Midhhij (which is a Qahtanite Arab tribe). The Zubaid tribe's first leader was the companion of Prophet Mohammed, named Saad bin Maadi Karb. The main tribe of Zubaid is based in Suwaira, in the Governorate of Wasit in Iraq. Zubaid's overall leader is Shaikh Maad Jassim Al-Samarmad. Many other tribes trace their lineage to Zubaid. During the late 18th century and the 19th century, the bulk of today's Shi'a Zubaid in Iraq converted to Shia Islam.[1][2][3][4] However, the Bani Hukayyim section (of the Zubaid) only converted to Shi'ism during the latter part of the 19th century.[5] Some sections of Zubaid, such as Al-Ajeel tribe in Tikrit, and Al-Jhaishat in Suwaira remain Sunni Muslims. Other tribes that trace their lineage to Zubaid have their own separate Shaikhs, or tribal leaders, including Dulaim, Juboor, Azzah, Ubaid, Al Bu Sultan, Al Bu Mohammed Shuwailat and Al Suwaed. [edit] Notes ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.27 ^ ‘Uthman ibn Sanad al-Basri al-Wa’ili, Mukhtasar Kitab Matali’ al-Su’ud bi-tayyib Akhbar al-Wali Da’ud, ed. Amin al-Hilwani (Cairo, 1951/2), 169 ^ ‘Abdallah Mahmud Shukri [al-Alusi], “Di’ayat al-Rafd wa al-Khurafat wa al-Tafriq Bayn al-Muslimin”, al-Manar 29 (1928): 440 ^ Haydari, ‘Unwan al-majd, pg110-15, 118 ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.42, and “Iraq, 1900 to 1950” by Stephen Longrigg (Oxford, 1953), 25 Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Tribes of Iraq | Shi'a communities ---------------------------------------------- Rizeigat tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) The Rizeigat, or Rizigat, or Rezeigat are a Muslim and Arabic tribe of the nomadic Bedouin Baggara people in Sudan's Darfur region. The Rizeigat belong to the greater Baggara Arabs fraternity of Fur people and Kordofan and speak Sudanese Arabic. Numbering over one million, the Baggara are the second largest people group in Western Sudan, extending into Eastern Chad. They are primarily nomadic cattle herders and their journeys are dependent upon the seasons of the year. They are a branch of the Juhayna group. They are divided into the Abbala (camel-herding) Rizeigat, who live in northern Darfur and Chad, and the Baggara (cattle-herders) who inhabit south-east Darfur. In turn they are divided into several large clans, notably the Mahamid, Mahariya and Nawaiba. The Mahamid, led by Sheikh Musa Hilal, have been deeply implicated in the Darfur conflict. The Rizeigat backed the Sudanese government during the conflict with the SPLA. They formed frontline units as well as Murahleen, mounted raiders that attacked southern villages to loot valuables and slaves. [1] During the Second Sudanese Civil War thousands of Dinka women and children were abducted and subsequently enslaved by members of the Messiria and Rizeigat tribes. An unknown number of children from the Nuba tribe were similarly abducted and enslaved. [2] In the recent Darfur conflict the Baggara Rizeigat have refused to join the government troops under Janjaweed militias to exterminate rebels. Their leader, Saeed Madibo cites the governnment's lack of development in Rizeigat areas, despite the tribe's history of support in recent southern conflicts. He also states that his tribe was not allowed to be part of the southern peace process. Notes ^ "Sudan: Breaking the Abyei Deadlock"PDF (456 KiB), International Crisis Group, 12 October 2007, p. 2 ^ United States Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 - Sudan, 4 June 2008". Online. UNHCR Refworld, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/484f9a3ec.html [accessed 24 June 2008] ========================= Muhammad (While not a Tribe was very influencial in Bedouin Affairs during his lifetime and today.) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Prophet Mohamed) For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation). Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh The name Muhammad in traditional Thuluth calligraphy by the hand of Hattat Aziz Efendi Born ca. 570/571 Mecca, Arabia (present day Saudi Arabia) Died June 8, 632 (age 63) Medina, Arabia Cause of death Illness Religion Muslim Spouse see below Parents Father: Abd Allah Mother: Aminah bint Wahb A series of articles on Prophet of Islam Muhammad Life Companions · Family tree · In Mecca · In Medina · Conquest of Mecca · The Farewell Sermon · Succession Career Diplomacy · Family · Wives · Military career Succession Farewell Pilgrimage · Pen and paper · Saqifah · General bay'ah Interactions with Slaves · Jews · Christians Perspectives Muslim (Poetic and Mawlid) · Medieval Christian · Historicity · Criticism · Depictions v · d · e This article is part of the series: Islam Beliefs Allah · Oneness of God Prophets · Revealed books Angels Practices Profession of faith · Prayer Fasting · Charity · Pilgrimage Texts and laws Qur'an · Sunnah · Hadith Fiqh · Sharia · Kalam · Sufism History and leadership Timeline · Spread of Islam Ahl al-Bayt · Sahaba Sunni · Shi'a · Others Rashidun · Caliphate Imamate Culture and society Academics · Animals · Art Calendar · Children Demographics · Festivals Mosques · Philosophy Science · Women Politics · Dawah Islam and other religions Christianity · Judaism Hinduism · Sikhism · Jainism · Mormonism See also Islam portal v · d · e Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (Arabic: محمد; Transliteration: Muḥammad;[n 1] pronounced [mʊˈħæmmæd] ( listen); also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed)[n 2][n 3] (ca. 570/571 – June 8, 632),[1] (Monday, 12th Rabi' al-Awwal, Year 11 A.H.) is regarded as the founder[n 4] of the religion of Islam,[2] and is by Muslims seen as a messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: الله Allāh), the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims,[n 5] the last prophet of Islam as taught by the Qur'an.[3] Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.[4][5][6] He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action.[7] Born in 570/571 in the Arabian city of Mecca,[8] he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. His father Abdullah died before he was born. His mother Aamnah bint Wahb died shortly after his birth. Because sources date the year of death of his father to before 569AD, some Islamic sources hold that Muhammad’s mother was pregnant with him for two years. When he grew up,he worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd. In his twenties, Muhammad worked in the trade business of a wealthy widow named Khadija. His vocation sent him on trips to modern day Jordan and Palestine. Subsequently, at the age of 25, he married Khadija (ca 595 AD), who was 15 years his senior. Muhammad’s family belonged to a poor branch of the strong tribe of Quraish, which controlled the town of Mecca, and the Kaaba in Mecca, which at the time was used as an idol house of worship that was revered by all Arab tribes. Some 360 idols were housed inside the Kaaba. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn)[n 6] acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.[6][9][10] Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam; and he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.[11][12] The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs of God")–which Muhammad reported receiving until his death–form the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[13] While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so.[10][14] His life and deeds have been debated and criticized by followers and opponents over the centuries.[15] He is revered as a true prophet and Manifestation of God in the Baha'i Faith.[16] ================== Bani Khalid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia .'Bani Khalid'. (Arabic: بني خالد‎) is an Arab tribal confederation of eastern and central Arabia. The tribe dominated the eastern region of modern-day Saudi Arabia (al-Hasa and al-Qatif) from 1670 to 1793, and again under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire for a brief period in the early 19th century. At its greatest extent, the domain of Bani Khalid extended from Kuwait in the north to the borders of Oman in the south, and wielded political influence in the region of Nejd in central Arabia. Most of the tribe's members presently reside in eastern and central Saudi Arabia, while others live in Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Qatar, Bahrain, and Iraq. The vast majority of the Bani Khalid are Sunni Muslims,[1][2] historically following the Maliki[3][4][5][6] and Hanbali rites.Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 First Khalidi Emirate 1.2 Fall to the Saudis 1.3 Return and Fall from Power 2 Present 3 Notes 4 References [edit] History [edit] First Khalidi Emirate The main branches of the tribe are the Al Humaid, the Juboor, the Du'um, the Al Janah, the Grusha, the Al Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Al Subaih and the Mahashir.[7] The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the clan of Al Humaid. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif oases during the 16th and 17th centuries.[8] Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region.[9][10] Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in Al-Mubarraz, where remnants of his castle stand today.[11] The first chieftain of the "Khawalid" was Haddori. [edit] Fall to the Saudis The Bani Khalid of eastern Arabia maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in Nejd during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Nejdi towns, such as the Al Mu'ammar of al-Uyayna. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring Dir'iyyah, where he joined forces with the Al Saud. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Nejd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Nejd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid's domain in al-Hasa and deposed the Al 'Ura'yir in 1793. [edit] Return and Fall from Power When the Ottomans invaded Arabia and deposed the Al Saud in 1818, they reoccupied al-Hasa and al-Qatif and reinstated members of the Al 'Uray'ir as governors of the region on their behalf. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the Ajman, the Dawasir, Subay', and Mutayr began encroaching on the Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the 'Anizzah tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with the Al Saud, who had reestablished their rule in Riyadh in 1823. A battle with an alliance led by the Mutayr and 'Ajman tribes in 1823,[12] and another battle with the Subay' and the Al Saud in 1830, brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over al-Hasa once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived.[13] [edit] Present Many clans and sections of the Bani Khalid had already settled in al-Hasa and Nejd by this time, but many of those who remained leaving east Arabia after their military defeats against the Al Saud, eventually settling in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. Many families from Bani Khalid can be found today in Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar as well. As part of the Saudi king Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud's policy of marrying into the major families and tribes of the country, Ibn Saud married a woman of the 'Amayer clan of Bani Khalid, who gave birth to his two eldest sons Turki and Saud. [edit] Notes bnikhaled official website ^ "Arabia, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Nov. 2007 [1] ^ Nakkash ^ Lorimer, Volume II A, p. 1010 ^ Anscombe, p. 12 ^ Oppenheim, Vol. III, p. 134 ^ Al-Wuhaby, p. 379-81 ^ Al-Jassir ^ Mandaville, p. 503 ^ Fattah, p. 83 ^ Ibn Agil, p. 78 ^ شبكة قبيلة بني خالد ^ Meglio ^ Al-Rasheed, p. 36 [edit] References Anscombe, Frederick F., The Ottoman Gulf: the creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qater, 1870-1914, Columbia University Press, New York 1997 Fattah, Hala Mundhir, The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745-1900, SUNY Press, 1997 [2] Ibn Agil al-Zahiri, Ansab al-Usar al-Hakima fi al-Ahsa ("The Genealogies of the Ruling Families of al-Ahsa, Part II: Banu Humayd (Al 'Uray'ir)"), Dar al-Yamama, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Arabic) أبو عبدالرحمن بن عقيل الظاهري، "أنساب الأسر الحاكمة في الأحساء، القسم الثاني: بنو حميد (آل عريعر)"، من منشورات دار اليمامة، الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية Ingham, B. "Muṭayr." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 1 December 2007 [3] Al-Jassir, Hamad, Jamharat Ansab al-Usar al-Mutahaddirah fi Nejd ("Compendium of the Geanologies of the Settled Families of Nejd"), entry on "Banu Khalid" (Arabic) al-Juhany, Uwaidah, Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002 Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, repubished by Gregg International Publishers Limited Westemead. Farnborough, Hants., England and Irish University Press, Shannon, Irelend. Printed in Holland, 1970 Mandaville, Jon E., "The Ottoman Province of al-Hasā in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 90, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1970), pp. 486–513 (through JSTOR [4]) Meglio, R. Di. "banū Ḵh̲ālid ." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 1 December 2007 [5] Nakash, Yitzhak, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton University Press, 2006, online excerpt at [6], retrieved Dec 5, 2007 Oppenheim, Max Freiherr von, with Braunlich, Erich and Caskill, Werner, Die Beduinen, 4 volumes, Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1952 (German) Szombathy, Zoltan, Genealogy in Medieval Muslim Societies, Studia Islamica, No. 95. (2002), pp. 5–35 (retrieved from JSTOR [7]) Al-Rasheed, Madawi, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (through GoogleBooks [8]) Rentz, George, "Notes on Oppenheim's 'Die Beduinen'", Oriens, Vol. 10, No. 1. (Jul. 31, 1957), pp. 77–89 (retrieved from JSTOR [9]) Al-Wuhaby, Abd al-Karim al-Munif, Banu Khalid wa 'Alaqatuhum bi Najd ("Banu Khalid and their Relations with Nejd"), Dar Thaqif lil-Nashr wa-al-Ta'lif, 1989 (Arabic) ---------------------------- Bani Hamida From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This page is a new unreviewed article. This template should be removed once the page has been reviewed by someone other than its creator; if necessary the page should be appropriately tagged for cleanup. If you are the article's creator, you can seek feedback on your new article. (January 2011) [edit] Bani Hamida A pastoral-nomadic clan that controlled a land East of the Dead Sea before the establishment of the emirate of Jordan. Clients of the Beni Sakhr. In 1869 members of the Bani Hamadi shattered the recently discovered Moabite Stone into pieces by lighting a fire under it and then pouring cold water over it. The stele had been found on Bani Hamadi land and in the dispute over ownership several Bani Hamadi were killed. Though many of the fragments were later retrieved, the full text, one of the earliest Hebrew related scripts, is only preserved through a hurried copy made under difficult conditions.[1] At this time the Bani Hamadi had a reputation for breeding horses: "the best blood horses in Moab" according to explorer Charles M. Doughty, 1876.[2] In 1882 Claude R, Condor describes various small tribes with no superior chief, know collectively as Hameidi, living South of Zerka M'ain. He writes that they were dependents of the Beni Sakhr and allied to "the notorious" sheikh Mujelli of Kerak. To avoid being "pillaged" Condor recommends only travelling with an escort from the Beni Sakhr and comments that the only hold an explorer might have is the fact that the Hamaidi often carried corn to Jerusalem and they "may be detained by the Turks as hostages". He also calls them "a very degraded and turbulent set". [3] F.J. Bliss who visited in March 1895 writes that "the sheikhs of the Hamideh were very civil and anxious to show us all the torn stones which is their phrase covering inscriptions and ornamentation." He was travelling with permission from the Ottoman authorities who in December 1893 had installed a Governor in Kerak improving security for travellers.[4] Gray Hill Esq and his wife, also travelling in 1895, met the Hameideh south of Madeba. This was his fourth attempt to visit Petra. Five year's earlier the tribe had "harassed" and tried to stop them. In 1891 the Beni Sakhr were fighting the Keraki, in 1893 with the Aenezeh. This time their guide Abu Seyne could not continue due to a blood feud. Hill describes travelling in beautiful spring weather through country green with young corn. At Wadi Waleh they found a "sweet little stream amongst the oleanders" from which their cook caught fish by throwing something into the water which "made them insensible for a brief period". One day's travel from Madeba brought them to Dhiban where there was a military camp. Here the Sheikh of the Hameideh, "who had troubled us in 1890", offered to show an inscription "up a winding valley". After walking "a long way in the hot sun" Hill was shown a flat stone "on which three or four Greek (?) letters appeared". The following night while camped halfway on their journey to Kerak their tents were fired on by members of the Mujelli tribe. About twenty shots were fired but no-one was hurt. Hill speculates that the attack was to deter them from making claims against the Mujelli for compensation for "their robbery and detention of us in 1890".[5] [edit] References ^ Doughtey, Charles M. (1888), Travels in Arabia Deserta. Cambridge University Press. Jonathan Cape edition (1936) Volume I, pages 65,66. ^ Doughty, Vol II page 51. ^ Conder, Claude Reignier (1885), Heth and Moab : explorations in Syria in 1882. http://www.archive.org/stream/hethandmoab00conduoft#page/316/mode/1up ^ Palestine Exploration Fund (1895) Quarterly Statement. Pages 203 & 214. ^ Palestine Exploration Fund Magazine (1896). Quarterly Statement, January, 1896. Pages 38-40. Categories: Tribes of Arabia | Tribes of Jordan | Moab ======================= Al-Baggara From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Al-Baggara (Arabic: السادة البَقارة,also spelled Baqqara , Buggara‎) is a large deep-rooted Sunni Muslim Arabian tribe widespread through Iraq, Syria and slightly of them in Turkey and Jordan ,And they were called by this name in relation to their ancient grandfather Muhammad Baqir.There is a tribe with the same name in western Sudan's Darfur area and neighbouring Chad.They are also known as Baggara Arabs in English.They are cattle herders.Contents [hide] 1 Baggara tribe genealogy 2 Subdivisions of the tribe 3 Presence of the tribe 4 References 5 Related links 6 See also [edit] Baggara tribe genealogy They are the descendants Muhammad Al-Sa'eh Bin Abdullah Bin Al-Hussein Bin Jaafar Bin Abdullah Bin Ahmed Albarakdi Bin Muhammad Shihab-Eldin Bin Abid bin Muhammed Hadi bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Albarakdi Bin Ahmad Bin Muhammad Al-Asgar Bin Muhammad Al-Thani Al-Akbar Al-Askari Bin Imam Ali Al-Hadi Bin Imam Muhammad Jawad Bin Imam Ali Al-Reda Bin Imam Musa al-Kadhim Bin Imam Jafar Sadiq Bin Imam Muhammad Baqir Bin Imam Ali Zine El Abidine Bin Imam Al-Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abdullmutaleb bin Hashim Al-Qurayshi. This Means It is A hashemi Qurayshi Adnani Tribe. [edit] Subdivisions of the tribe The tribe is divided into more than thirty branches, including: Albu Hassan Albu Fadel Albu Faraj Albu Arab Albu Sheikh Albu Badran Albu Masa Albu Hamdan Albu shams Albu Rahma Albu Mo'eash Albu Muslem Albu Saleh Albu Sultan Al Rofea' Al Rashid Al grajna Al klizzat Al manasra Al hlamia Al khanjer Al mashahur Al Abdolkarim Al Sahab and other. [edit] Presence of the tribe parts of the tribe are existing in Syria and Iraq where they have a lot of houses and villages,they also have a small presence in Jordan and Turkey.In Syria they deploy from Aleppo to Deir El-Zour.while in Iraq they spread in Fallujah and Mosul and Ninewa and Salah al-Din And their presence in Iraq more than in Syria And most of its individuals live in villages, whereas the others in cities and semidesert,There are some tribes coexist with Baggara such as Shammar and Jabour and Ogiedat and Adwan and Fad'an and many other tribes. [edit] References (The Great Baggara Tribe) by . (Tribes of The Levant) by . (Tribes of Iraq) by . [edit] Related links Baggara tribe forum [edit] See also Tribes of Arabia ======================== 'Azazme From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A Bedouin tribe whose grazing territory used to be the desert around the wells at El Auja and Bir Ain on the border between Israel and Egypt. In 1948 the 'Azazme numbered around 3,500.[1] During 1950 the entire tribe was driven from the area around El Auja. In a series of raids the IDF burnt tents and shot at anyone approaching the wells. The IAF was used to strafe encampments.[2] On 28 September 1953 the IDF established the kibbutz Ktzi'ot on 'Azazme land. A UN investigation into the murder of eleven Israelis at Scorpion Pass, 17 March 1954, found that the killings were committed by men from the 'Azazme who had joined a group know as the Black Hand gang, based at Qussaima. Despite the evidence that the attackers came from across the Egyptian border the IDF launched a reprisal raid against Nahalin in the West Bank.[3][4] [edit] References ^ Burns, Lieutenant-General E.L.M. (1962) Between Arab and Israeli. George G. Harrap. Pages 92, 93 ^ Morris, Benny (1993) Israel's Border Wars, 1949 - 1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 827850 0. Pages 153-157. ^ Love, Kennett (1969) Suez. The twice-fought war. Longman. ISBN 0 582 12721 1. Pages 11, 62, 109. ^ Morris, Benny (1993) Israel's Border Wars, 1949 - 1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 827850 0. Page 64. This Egypt-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This Israel-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Bedouin Israelis | Egypt–Israel relations | Egypt stubs | Israel stubs ------------------------------ Al-Awazem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kuwait This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Kuwait Constitution[show] Monarchy[show] Government[show] Legislature[show] Political Parties[show] Elections[show] Other subjects[show] Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view · talk · edit Tribe Alawazm al-awazem (Arabic: العوازم‎; also spelled azmi and awazm) is a large Sunni tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. The Awazem is an influential tribe in Kuwaiti politics. The tribe has an especially strong base in the first electoral district (in the Kuwait City metropolitan area), where it forms about 14% of the voters, and the fifth electoral district (in the south of the country), where it accounts for about 21% of voters. Six of the fifty elected parliamentarians in the Kuwait National Assembly belong to the Awazem tribe. They are Hussein Nasser Al-Huraiti, Mikhled Al-Azmi, Abdullah Al-Fahma, Fahad Al-Azmi, Jabir Al-Azmi, and Marzouq AlـHubaini Al-Azmi.[1] [edit] References ^ Arab Times MP Profile [1] ===================== `Anizzah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Aniza) `Anazzah (Arabic: عنزة‎, `Anizah, `Aniza) are the largest Arab tribal confederation of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and the Levant.Contents [hide] 1 Genealogy and Origins 2 Modern history 2.1 `Annazah in Syria and Northern Arabia 2.2 `Annazah in Nejd 2.3 The `Utub 2.4 The 20th Century 3 See also 4 References [edit] Genealogy and Origins Currently the largest of the Arab tribes, `Anazzah's existence as an autonomous tribal group, unlike that of many prominent modern tribes, predates the rise of Islam in the 7th century CE. The classical Arab genealogists placed `Anizzah within the large Rabi`ah branch of Adnanite (North Arabian) tribes, alongside the tribes of Abdul Qays, Bakr ibn Wa'il, Bani Hanifa, and Taghlib. In the genealogical scheme, `Anazzah's eponymous ancestor is a great uncle of all of these. Two main branches of `Anazzah are recorded by the early Muslim scholars. One branch was nomadic, living in the northern Arabian steppes bordering Syria and Mesopotamia. The other, known as Bani Hizzan, was sedentary, living within the wadis of the district of Al-Yamama in eastern Nejd, just south of their purported cousins, the Bani Hanifa of the Bakr ibn Wa'il, who inhabited modern-day Riyadh. Families tracing their origin to `Annizah through Hizzan still exist in that area today.[1] The other tribes of Rabi'ah were far more prominent in the events of late pre-Islamic Arabia and the early Islamic era (see Banu Hanifa, Taghlib, and Bakr). According to historians such as Al-Tabari (10th century CE), `Anazzah joined with Bakr ibn Wa'il under an alliance they called "al-Lahazim", becoming one tribe. So complete was the merging of the two tribes that it became unknown which branches belonged to which tribe; although the tribe later came to be known as "`Annazah", their battle cry was "sons of Wa'il", and the names "`Annazah" and "Wa'il" were interchangeable until at least the 19th century. Some believe that this confederation also absorbed the remnants of the once-large and powerful tribe of Taghlib as well, and probably other smaller tribes, as the process of absorption by one tribe of another (called hilf, "alliance") is a common feature of Arab tribal society. The famous genealogist and historian of the tribe of Anazzah, Abdullah Ibn Duhaimeesh Ibn Abbar Al-Fadaani Al-Anizzy stated in his great book, the honest evidence of the brood of Wael "أصدق الدلائل في انساب بني وائل", that All Anazzah tribe are the descendants of Wael Bin Hazzan the son of Sabah the son of Utaik the son of Aslam the son of Yadkur the son of Anizzah. [edit] Modern history [edit] `Annazah in Syria and Northern Arabia Post-card of Emir Mejhem ibn Meheid, chief of the Anaza tribe near Aleppo with his sons after he was decorated with the Croix de Légion d'honneur on 20 September 1920 by General Gouraud The modern tribe of `Annazah became prominent in the Ottoman era, as masters of the oasis towns of northwestern Arabia, particularly Khaybar and Al-Ula. Although not farmers themselves, the `Annizah levied crops from the inhabitants, and only spent the winter months in the area, while migrating northwards into southern Syria in the summer months, where they collected tribute from the inhabitants of the Hawran region. The tribute was known as khuwwa ("brotherhood"), and in exchange, the tribesmen pledged to protect the farmers from other tribes. Other clans of the tribe spread across the northern Arabian steppes as far north and east as the Euphrates. According to Encyclopedia of Islam, "it is not known whence they came", while many such as the Western travelers Philby and Anne Blunt simply assumed they had recently migrated from Nejd, having been pushed northwards into Syria by other tribes. However, the tribe does not appear in the historical or genealogical records of Nejd, and members of the tribe posit a migration from Syria and Iraq southwards to Nejd, which comports with the original lands of the Bakr ibn Wa'il. In particular, it is believed they originated from the area of Ayn Tamr in the Iraqi desert near Karbala. In the 19th century, the Swiss traveler Burckhardt and the British traveler Doughty visited the tribe in their stronghold of Khaybar and gathered from them many details of Bedouin life. One branch of the `Annizah in that area, centered around Al-Jouf and the valley of Wadi Sarhan and extending into Jordan and Syria, became so large and powerful that it practically developed into an independent tribe, known as the Ruwallah. The Ruwallah engaged in battle with other branches of `Annizah, and also became the arch-enemy of the large tribe of Shammar, who inhabited roughly the same area and dominated Nejd in the late 19th century after temporarily deposing the Al Saud. A 19th century oral poetic epic telling the tale of a rivalry between two heroes from Shammar and `Annizah was published in 1992.[2] The Ruwallah were among the tribes that took part in the "Arab Revolt" against the Ottomans in 1916. Another northern branch of `Annizah, the `Amarat, was centered in the deserts of Iraq. According to the tribe's genealogists, the modern tribe in north Arabia is divided into the following branches: Dhana Bishr ("children of Bishr") - which includes the `Amarat of Iraq. Dhana Maslam - which includes the Ruwallah of north Arabia. [edit] `Annazah in Nejd The sparse chronicles of Nejd relating to the pre-Wahhabi era relate a process of penetration of the tribe into northern and western Nejd, where they began to claim pastures during the winter months.[3] One 19th century historian, Ibn La'bun, a descendant of `Annizah who went by the tribal appellation of "Al-Wa'ili", recorded the story of the settlement of several `Annizi families in Nejd, which he placed in the 14th century CE. In the 15th century, the region of Al-Qassim in northern Nejd was being rapidly settled through migration and the majority of this activity was by members of `Annizah. In the early 18th century—just prior to the rise of Wahhabism -- the Bedouins of `Annizah are recorded to have reached as far as the gates of Riyadh, killing its ruler in battle. This battle was part of a tribal war in which Riyadh and its neighboring villages took sides. However, drought and a migration from the mountains of Hejaz (western Arabia) by the tribe of Mutayr helped push `Annizah back northwards shortly thereafter. When the Wahhabi movement gave rise to the First Saudi State in the late 18th century, `Annizah were among the tribes that adopted a favorable attitude towards this new power, but took little active part in supporting it militarily, due to their geographical location. The `Annizah have from an early date adamantly claimed the Al Saud family to be one of their own [4], probably because Al Saud claimed ancestry from Wa'il, and many members of Al Saud claim descent from a branch of `Annizah. However, within Al Saud's native region they are believed to be descendents of Wa'il through the tribe of Banu Hanifa, the region's native inhabitants, rather than through `Annizah, and unlike most other `Annizi families in Nejd, no record of an immigration by the Al Saud's ancestors from `Annizah's tribal territories exists. [edit] The `Utub The clans of Al Sabah and Al Khalifah, rulers of the states of Kuwait and Bahrain, and the Al-Roumi and Al-Jalahma clan, also claim an `Annizzi descent through a clan known as the Jumayla. According to their oral tradition, the Al Sabah and Al Khalifah left southern Nejd for the Persian Gulf coast in the 18th century, where they joined with other clan under the umbrella of well known tribe known as Bani Utbah which is pronounced in plural as Utub, this was the tribe of the Al Bin Ali. Although the Bani Utbah is from Bani Sulaim tribe of Hejaz, many other families have entered under its umbrella from Anizzah as well as other tribes. [edit] The 20th Century Limited settlement of Bedouin tribesmen in nearby towns and villages has always been an on-going process in the region. Settled families in `Annizah are to be found not only in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, where they are most numerous, but also in Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine, where the village of Anzah near Jenin is reportedly named after the tribe. The establishment of the modern borders of the Middle East dealt a severe blow the Bedouin lifestyle of tribes such as `Annizah, which were accustomed to raising their animals over wide areas spanning many modern states. Special arrangements were made in the early 20th century for these tribes, but the vast majority ended up settling within these new states and taking Saudi, Kuwaiti, Iraqi, Syrian, or Jordanian citizenship. These recently settled tribesman are often distinguished from their sedentary cousins by retaining tribal appellations such as al-`Annizi or Al-Ruwaili as their surnames. [edit] See also Bedouin Rabi'ah Ruwallah Banu Hanifa Bakr ibn Wa'il [edit] References ^ Hamad Al-Jassir, "Hizzan", Compendium of the Lineages of the Settled Families of Nejd, pt. II, p. 889 (Arabic) ^ The social context of pre-Islamic poetry: poetic imagery ^ U.M. Al-Juhany, Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002 ^ C.M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta De Gaury, Gerald. Review of the 'Anizah Tribe. Kutub. ISBN 9953-417-97-0. Categories: Semitic peoples | Descendants of Eber | Adnanites | Tribes of Arabia | Bedouin groups ============================== Ajman (tribe) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Ajman) For other uses, see Ajman (disambiguation). This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Al-'Ajman or al-'Ijman (Arabic: العجمان‎, singular "Ajmi") are a bedouin tribe of northeastern Arabia, with members spread across Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and the U.A.E.. The tribe is an offshoot of the tribe of Banu Yam, the principal tribe of Najran near Yemen. The 'Ajman separated from Yam sometime in the 18th century, along with another sub-tribe known as Al Murrah. Both tribes migrated towards the east, with the Ajman settling the region between al-Ahsa and Kuwait, and Al Murrah ending up roaming regions further south on the border of the Empty Quarter desert. Unlike their parent tribe of Yam, who are predominantly Ismaili Shi'as, the Ajman and Al Murrah are entirely Sunni. The 'Ajman were noted for their strength in battle and were important players in the wars and politics of eastern and central Arabia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Their most famous leader (or shaikh) during the 19th century was Rakan ibn Hithlayn, who is still well known in Arabian tribal lore, and who was noted for his poetry as well as aptitude in battle against the Ottoman Turks. The 'Ajman, however, were defeated by Faisal ibn Turki, the second Imam of the Second Saudi State, who later married into the tribe. Later on, they supported the cause of the Saud al-Kabir branch of the Al Saud against their cousin Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia. A section of the Ajman led by Dhaydan ibn Hithlayn joined the Ikhwan movement in 1912, providing military support for Ibn Saud, but later rebelled against him. The Ajman and their allies from the tribes of Mutair and Utaybah were defeated by Ibn Saud in 1930 in the Battle of Sbillah, which put an end to the Ikhwan rebellion. Nearly all the Ajman have abandoned nomadic life and have settled in the Persian Gulf states, especially Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Their main tribal territory is Joudah, also known as Wadi el-Ajman ("the valley of the Ajman"), located on the road between Riyadh and Dammam.. This Saudi Arabia related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Saudi Arabia stubs | Descendants of Eber | Qahtanites | Arab groups | Kuwaiti families | Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabi =========================== Al Adwan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Look for Al Adwan on one of Wikipedia's sister projects: Wiktionary (free dictionary) Wikibooks (free textbooks) Wikiquote (quotations) Wikisource (free library) Wikiversity (free learning resources) Commons (images and media) Wikinews (free news source) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Al Adwan in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings. Start the Al Adwan article, using the Article Wizard if you wish, or add a request for it. Search for "Al Adwan" in existing articles. Look for pages within Wikipedia that link to this title. Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not yet be visible because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes and try the purge function. Titles on Wikipedia are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log, and see Why was my page deleted?. ======================= Haider Al-Abadi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Abbadi) Dr Haider Al-Abadi (Arabic: حيدر العبادي‎) is an Iraqi politician and spokesman for the Islamic Call Party or Islamic Dawa Party. He was appointed Minister of Communications in the Iraqi Governing Council on 1 September 2003. A Shia Muslim and electronic consultant engineer by training with a PhD degree from Manchester university, England in 1980, and a BSc degree from Baghdad University in Electrical engineering in 1975. Al-Abadi lived in exile during the time of Saddam Hussein in London. In 2005 he served as an advisor to the Iraqi Prime Minister in the first elected Government. He was elected member of Iraqi Parliament in 2005 and chaired the influential parliamentary committee for Economy, Investment and Reconstruction. Dr Al-Abadi was re-elected as member of Iraqi parliament representing Baghdad in the general election held on 7 March 2010. While in exile Al-Abadi's past positions also include: DG of a small high tech vertical and horizontal transportation Design and Development firm in London, (1993–2003). a top London Consultant to the industry in matters relating to people movers, (1987–2003). Research Leader for a major modernization contract in London, (1981–1986). Registered a patent in London in rapid transit system, (2001). Was awaded a Smart grant from the UK Department of Trade and Industry, (1998). Politically he is one of the top leaders of the popular Daawa Party, the head of its political office and a spoksman for the party. He became a member of the party in 1967 and a member of its executive leadership in 1979. The Baath regime executed two of his brothers and imprisoned a third brother for ten years. While Al-Abadi was a minister of Communications, the CPA awarded licences to three mobile operators to cover all parts of Iraq. However minister al-Abadi was not prepared to be a rubber stamp and he introduced more conditions in the licenses among them that a sovereign Iraqi government has the power to amend or terminate the licenses and introduce a fourth national license which caused some frictions with the CPA. In 2003 press reports indicated Iraqi officials under investigation over a questionable deal involving Orascom, an Egypt-based telecom, which in late 2003 was awarded a contract to provide a mobile network to central Iraq. However in 2004 a US Defense Department review suggested telecommunications contracting had been illegally influenced by a senior Pentagon official, and not by Iraqis. Dr Al-Abadi's name was circulated as a prime minister candidate during the formation of the Iraqi government in 2006 during which Ibrahim Al-Jaafari was replaced by Noori Al-Maliki as Prime Minister. Once again Mr Al-Abadi was strongly tipped as a possible Prime Minister during the tough negotiations between Iraqi political blocs after the elections of 2010 to choose a replacement to incumbent PM Noori Al-Maliki. [edit] References BBC News (2003-09-01). "Iraq's post-war cabinet". Retrieved 2006-02-24. Council on Foreign Relations (2006). "The New face of Iraq's government". Retrieved 2006-06-06. ====================== Dulaim From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia DulaimTotal population 5 to 7 million Regions with significant populations Iraq 5,000,000 [1] Syria Jordan Saudi Arabia Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Languages Arabic Religion Predominantly Sunni Islam; largest minority: Shia Islam Dulaim or Dulaimi or Al Duliam or Dulaym (Arabic: الدليم‎) is one of the largest of Arab tribes[citation needed] , with over seven million people. The confederation's history goes back to pre-Islamic times and millions descend from the original tribe today in Iraq and neighboring countries such as Syria and Jordan.[2] The Dulaim tribe is best categorized as a tribal confederation of several other tribes. Originally considered sub-tribes, most Dulaim tribes now self-identify as tribes in their own right of the Dulaim Confederation. The leadership tribe of the Dulaim Confederation is the Albu Assaf tribe, which the hereditary leaders of the tribe are from. It is pronounced locally as "Al-Dulaim" but written as Dulaim. Also spelled Dulaimi, Dulaym, Dalaimy. Members of this confederation are commonly identifiable by the surnames of their own tribes or by the name Al-Dulaimi.Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 History 2.1 Republic of Iraq 3 Dulaim region 4 References [edit] Origins The Dulaims are a large Sunni tribe in Iraq, living on the Euphrates from a point just below Al Hillah and southern Baghdad to Fallujah, Ramadi, al-Qaim, Samarra and Mosul.[3] Some scholars believe they were part of the first Arab Conquests in the 7th century. The Shiite Arabs in Iraq believe the Dulaim tribe descends from Iranian Dailamites, however, the Dulaimis now consider themselves Arabs. [edit] History The Dulaimis originally were Bedouins living between Ramadi and Al-Qa'im, but at the end of the fifteenth century The clans of Dulaim began migration towards the east until they arrived to Fallujah and south of Baghdad. The Principality of the Dulaim tribe (Amirate Al-Dulaim; أمارة الدليم) was almost a state of self-rule, the Dulaim tribe flourished in the eighteenth century, and continued their emigration and settlement on agricultural and pastoral areas on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates, and controlled on the areas and subject the other tribes in the region. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the Dulaimis had a role in fighting opponents of the Ottoman Empire from tribes and Persians. When the Turkish nationalists reached to power and when the tribe have abstained paying taxes to the Ottoman Caliphate for nearly a century and a half. occurred between them and the Ottoman troops series of battles from 1790, 1824 and 1890.[4] During and after World War I, most of the clans of the Dulaim tribe were considered well-armed. Their proximity to the desert made it relatively easy for them to obtain arms and ammunition. The Dulaim tribe also had a reputation as raiders who displayed good fighting skills both against other tribes and against Ottoman troops before World War I. Each year when the Ottoman authorities tried to assess the crops of the Dulaim clans, the Dulaimis came into contact with Ottoman troops. In many cases, the Ottoman troops were defeated by the tribesmen.[3] During World War I, the Ottoman Army occupied al-Ramadi and much of the Dulaim tribal area. As a result, the Dulaim assisted the Ottomans in their operations against the British. This changed when the British forced the Ottomans out of the Dulaim’s tribal lands in September 1917, at which time Shaikh Ali Sulaiman made “submission” to the British. Despite this, many clans of the Dulaim whose lands were still occupied by Ottoman forces continued to assist the Ottomans until their lands were occupied by the British.[5] Following World War I, most Dulaim clans went their own way and fought the British – particularly the Al-Bu Nimr, the Al-Bu Qartan, and the Al-Bu Alwan and the Al-Bu Mahal, along with the Zoba' tribe. The Abu Nimr, Albu Mahal, Al-Bu Ubaid, Al-Bu Risha and the Al-Mahamda also joined with the Jaghaifa and the Aqaidat to fight the British during the insurrection of 1920.[6] [edit] Republic of Iraq The Dulaimis had a big role in founding the modern Iraqi state. They contributed to the stability in political and economic situation and the emergence of institutions of the modern state from army and police and other services especially during the monarchy period and during the rule of president Abdul Salam Arif Al-Jumaili.[3] During the Saddam era the Dulaimis formed 10% to 20% of the Iraqi army (Iraqi Republican Guard). [edit] Dulaim region The Dulaimis in iraq The large Dulaim confederation is composed of more than 1000 clans, found mostly in Iraq and Syria. The Dulaim confederation is composed mostly of Sunni Muslims. The Dulaim confederation forms the majority of the Sunnis in north - west Iraq. However, a Shiite branch exists in Najaf, Karbala, Basra, Babil and Baghdad . They are mostly from the Al-Mahamda clans, Al-Bu Alwan, Al-Bu Sultan, and Al-Fatlah clans.[3] The Dulaimi Shi’ites were converted to Shi’ism only from the late 18th century.[7] However, the Daghara section (of the Dulaim) converted to Shi’ism only in the latter part of the 19th century.[8] The confederation is located primarily in Anbar (western Iraq) , however , the other Dulaimis are spread over the area between Ctesiphon (currently known as Salman Pak) stretching south to Babylon (Al Hillah) and west to Ramadi in Anbar Province and to the north Taji, Samarra and Mosul. There also a large presence of the Dulaimis in Baghdad, especially in the western part of the Capital, areas such as Al-A'amiriya, Adhamiyah, Dora and Al-Saydiya in Baghdad and the areas surrounding Baghdad from the south, west and north, the region that lies between Baghdad and Al Hillah.[3] Sunni Muslims in Iraq are predominantly from Dulaim, Al Jubour, Al Janabi, Al Azza, and Al Ubaid. [edit] References ^ Saif al-rawi / The Iraqi tribes (Arabic) / Page 54 / According to the government statistics in 2002 ^ Hamad Al-Jassir, "Hizzan", Compendium of the Lineages of the Settled Families of Iraq, pt. II, p. 889 (Arabic) ^ a b c d e Abbas Al-Azzawi \ Tribes of Iraq (Arabic) \ Page 14-25 ^ U.M. Al-Juhany, Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002 ^ C.M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta ^ Ingham, B. "ʿUtūb." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 08 April 2008 [1] ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.27 ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.42, and “Iraq, 1900 to 1950” by Stephen Longrigg (Oxford, 1953), 25 De Gaury, Gerald. Review of the Dulaim Tribe. Kutub. ISBN 9953-417-97-0. Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Tribes of Iraq | Ethnic groups in Iraq | Arab | Iranian peoples ====================== Dawasir From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Duwasir) This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2006) The al Dawasir (Arabic: الدواسر‎) is an Arabian bedouin tribe divided into clans and families. The word Dawasir is plural for Dossari (Arabic: دوسري‎) (which is also spelled Dosary, Dossary, Dowsary, Doseri, Dosari, Dosseri, Dossery, Dossari, etc.) The tribe gave its name to the famous valley in Najd, Wadi al-Dawasir (The Valley of al-Dawasir), and spread in various parts of the Middle East. The tribe also either gave birth or helped the growth of cities like: al-Dammam, al-Khobar, al-Ahsa, al-Zubara, Zallaq and Budaiya (island of Bahrain) and Kuwait. They were also inhabitants of the juzur Hawar; this helped Bahrain to win on 16 March 2001 its dispute over the archipelago with Qatar. The Al Dowaser are known for their power, wealth, and leadership. Their Homeland is Wadi Al-Dawasir Southern Najid. Seeking For Food some of them left Wadi Al-Dawasir when Najid people face Famine. They are spilted in two branches "Al-zaid" and "Taghlib". Their Shaikh is from "Al zaid" branch and their name is "Robia bin Zid". Famous previous Shaikh are: Robia Bin Zid.One of the richest man from the Dawaser tribe in the Eastern Province is Isa Bin Ahmed Al Doseri, who was one of the most respected leaders in this bedouin tribe. He owned many lands, like Al Dhahran, Ain Al Saih, and many more lands. Another of the most famous leaders of Al Dawasir is the late Sheikh Ahmad bin Abullah bin Hassan also known as the 'young sheikh' from the clan of Al Hassan he is known as the founder of the city of Dammam while also maintaining his leadership over the other Dawasir clans of Bahrain. His brother moved to Al Khobar with a part of the tribe. Currently the shaikh of Dammam and of the Bahrain Dawasir clans is his son Abdulrahman bin Ahmad bin Abdullah from the same clan of Al Hassan. It is mentioned that the origin of the tribe belongs to (Al-Azd), a famous Arabic tribe who later owned (sad Ma'arib) in Yemen in the 3rd and later 6th century AD. Also, branches that Al-Dawasir belongs to include: -ghasasinah rulers in sham [edit] History and descent The history of Wadi al-Dawasir (Valley of Dawasir) dates back to the late 7th Hijri century, when it was called Wadi Al-Aqeq. After Islam, Amir Ibn Ziad became ruler of it in the late 7th Hijri century and changed the name of the valley to Al-dawasir to honor their efforts. The meaning of "Dawasir" or "Dawsir", has several meaning and different stories. The most famous said about the Dawasirs is that Numan Ibn Almunther the King of "Al-Hira", a Yemeni kingdom, had an army of 12000 brave and powerful men from the tribe of Al-Dawasir. Other Genealogists stated that Dawsir in Persian language means "Two heads" by syllogising it, they found out that the Persian meaning relates to the head tribes of Dawsir "Al-Zaid" and "Taghlib". The two heads allied together making this powerful and innumerable tribe. Descendants of the tribe of "Dawasir": Al-Zaid: the brood of Amro Ibn Amir Al-Maltoum, the owner of Dam of Marib in Yemen; descended from Qahtan. They are: Al-gheiathat clan (الغييثات) Al-Msa'rah clan (المساعره) Al-Wada'ien clan (الوداعين) Al-Badereen clan (البدارين) Al-Mukhareem clan (المخاريم) Al-Rujban clan (الرجبان) Al-Furjan clan (الفرجان) Al-Shakra clan (الشكره) Al-Ammar clan (ال عمار) Taghlib: the brood of Taghlib Ibn Wael Ibn Qased from Adnan (the Adnanites) who allied with Al-Zaid from Qahtan and formed the tribe of Dawasir. They are: Al-Higban clan (الحقبان) Al-Mushawiyah clan (المشاوية) Al-Khuyailat clan (الخييلات) Al-Omoor clan (العمور) Al-Musareer clan (المصارير) [edit] See also Juma Mohammed Abdul Latif Al Dossary [edit] External links Dawasir tribe website Opposition Charges Stir Bahraini Identity Crisis Over Citizenship, Voting Rights, Gulf States Newsletter, 9 Sep 2003 Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain Categories: Descendants of Eber | Qahtanites | Adnanites | Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Bahraini families ========================== Ghaamid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Ghamid) This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) Ghamid (Arabic: غامد‎) is an Arab tribe originating primarily from the region of Al-Bahah in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The tribe is of South Arabian stock (see Qahtan), and is believed to be closely related to the neighboring tribe of Zahran. The history of Ghaamid goes back to the pre-Islamic era, and many members of Ghaamid joined the forces of the early Muslim empire. Though no exact or reliable statistics exist, Ghaamid today is generally considered one of the larger tribes in Saudi Arabia in terms of membership. Like most other tribes in the southwestern region of the country, Ghaamid is divided into three large groups, based on geography and lifestyle: the mountaineers (sarat) in the central highlands of Al-Baha and 'Asir, the bedouins (badyah) in the desert regions to the east, and the tohm who inhabit the narrow plain of Tihama on the Red Sea coast. Their religion is entirely Sunni Muslim. Like other tribes from the southwestern region, many members of Ghaamid (called Ghaamdis in Arabic) have emigrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia, namely Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam, in search of better education and employment. Categories: Saudi society | Tribes of Arabia Log in / create account Article Discussion Read Edit View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages العربية Català This page was last modified on 14 February 2011 at 09:48. ========================= Surat al-Hadid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Hadid) ← Sura 57 of the Qur'an →سورة الحديد Sūrat al-Ḥadīd The Iron Arabic text · Translations Classification Medinan Position Juz' 27 Structure 4 rukus, 29 verses v · d · e Surat Al-Ḥadīd (Arabic: سورة الحديد‎ ) (Iron) is the 57th sura of the Qur'an, with 29 ayat. [edit] Iron in the Qur'an Surat Al-Hadid is the 57th Surah of the Qur'an prefixed by the Basmala (the 9th. sura is not - see also Sunnan Abu Dawood ahadith 785-787). This sura is the only one named for a chemical element. The reference to iron is in verse 25 of this Surah, which states: "...We sent down Iron, in which is (material for) mighty power, as well as many benefits for mankind...". Other chemical elements mentioned in the Qur'an include gold and silver as valuables (e.g. Sura 3, 14 & Sura 9, 34), copper (Sura 55, 35) and copper in the context of molten brass or bronze (e.g. Sura 34, 12). =========================== Harb (tribe) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Harb) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Harb (Arabic: حرب‎) is a large confederation of Sunni tribes in the Arabian peninsula. There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately four million in Saudi Arabia. It is originally a Qahtani tribe. Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawlan ibn Amr ibn Qadha'ah ibn Himyar ibn Qahtan.[1] Harb tribal lands extend from the Red Coast in Hijaz (Western Part of Saudi Arabia) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia, and from North the Harbi lands extend from Madinah (a holy city for Muslims) to Al Qunfudhah in the south. The tribe's reach extends to other countries like Kuwait, Iraq, Egypt and UAE . The origins of Harb tribe came from the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar, when Qahtani tribes emigrated from the south of Arabian Peninsula to Hijaz around 131 AH for water and land space after some battles with their cousins Banu Ar-Rabi'ah bin Saad.[2] As a result, this caused several tribal conflicts with the native and mostly Adnani Arab tribes of Hijaz such as Juhainah, Inazah, Muzianah, and Sulaim over land and water.[3] After around three centuries in Hijaz, Harb tribe became a dominant tribe in the heart of Hijaz with territories surrounding the holy city of Madinah. It is important to note that Harb now, like many other Arabian tribes, is a federation of tribes and families, a good example is that Muzaynah in Saudi Arabia are considered from Harb but it is well known that it was a tribe of its own with a known presence in Hijaz in the Pre-Islamic Arabia as well as the time of the Prophet Muhammed i.e. before the origin of Harb tribe in Hijaz. Currently, many of the tribe sons have migrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia, namely Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam, in search of better education and employment. Contents [hide] 1 Tribe Sections 1.1 Masrooh 1.2 Banu Salim 1.2.1 Maymoon 1.2.2 Al-Marawihah 2 Traditions 3 References [edit] Tribe Sections Harb tribe has two main sections, Banu Salim and Masrooh.[4]: [edit] Masrooh Banu Amr Banu Ali Banu Awf Banu As Safar Zubaid (Al-Zubaidi) Mukhallaf [edit] Banu Salim [edit] Maymoon Al-Ahamidah (Al-Ahmadi) Arhelah (Al-Ruhaili) Wild Muhammad (Al-Muhammadi) Subh "As-Subiih" (As-Subhi) As-Surahah (As-Suraihi) Al-Matalihah (Al-Matlahi) Banu Amri (Al-Amri As-Salimi) Al-Mahameed (Al-Mihmadi) Al-Quwad (Al-Qa'idi) Al-Hayadirah (Al-Haidari) Banu Yahya (Al-Yahyawi) Al-Mawari'ah (Al-Muwarra'i) Ar-Roothan (Ar-Ruwaithi) [edit] Al-Marawihah Muzaynah(al-Muzaini) Al-Dhawahrah (Al-Dhahiri) Al-Balajiyah (Al-Ballaji) Al-Hujalah (Al-Hujaili) Al-Hawazim (Al-Hazimi) Al-Hunaitat (Al-Hunaiti) Al-Hananoyah (Al-Hunaini) [edit] Traditions Some of the entertaining traditional games that are usually done by Harbis in meetings, Khbaity (Arabic: خبيتي‎), Bedwany (Arabic: بدواني‎), Hraby (Arabic: حرابي‎), Radeeh (Arabic: رديح‎) and Zeer (Arabic: زير‎). [edit] References ^ al-Hamdānī, al-Ḥasan (2004). Iklil. Yemen: Al-Irshad Library. pp. 392–409. ^ AL-Ikleel by Al-Hamdani (died 334 aH) ^ Same reference ^ www.harb-tribe.org This article about ethnicity or ethnology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Tribes of Arabia | Ethnicity stubs Log in / create account Article Discussion Read Edit View history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages العربية This page was last modified on 1 April 2011 at 12:41. ============================== Ja'alin tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. Thanks! Ja'alin are an Arab, Semitic tribe. They formerly occupied the country on both banks of the Nile from Khartoum to Abu Hamad. They a trace their lineage to Abbas, uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with upper Egyptians and nubians. They emigrated to Nubia in the 12th century. They were at one time subject to the Funj kings, but their position was in a measure independent. At the Egyptian invasion in 1820 they were the most powerful of Arab tribes in the Nile valley. They submitted at first, but in 1822 rebelled and massacred the Egyptian garrison at Shendi. The revolt was mercilessly suppressed, and the Ja'alin were thenceforward looked on with suspicion. They were almost the first of the northern tribes to join the mahdi in 1884, and it was their position to the north of Khartum which made communication with General Gordon so difficult. The Ja'alin are now a semi-nomad agricultural people.They are a proud religious people. Johann Ludwig Burckhardt says the true Ja'alin from the eastern desert of Sudan are exactly like the Bedouin of eastern Arabia. The Jaaliyin claim to be direct descendants of Abbas,uncle to prophet Mohammed, the messenger of the Islamic faith. This group of over two million people live in small villages and cities along the banks of the Nile River. The area is very hot and dry, with an average yearly rainfall of about three inches. In the summer, which lasts from April through November, daytime temperatures can reach as high as 120 or 130 degrees Fahrenheit. The Jaaliyin are easily recognized by their facial scars, many of which are in the form of a T or H. The scars are a sign of tribal pride and are even more common on the women than on the men, for they are considered a sign of beauty. The Jaaliyin are a very close tribe and quickly identify with each other, coming to another’s aid in the event of trouble or during times of celebration. Their Lifestyle Some Jaaliyin still farm and raise livestock along the banks of the Nile River, but today they more commonly consist of the bulk of the Sudanese urban population, forming a large part of the merchant class. Although many have moved to cities, such as the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, they still maintain their tribal identity and solidarity. In some cities they live in quarters inhabited solely by Jaaliyin, and they oppose marriages to people outside their tribe. Famous for maintaining ties with their homeland, they keep in contact with their original home and return for frequent visits, especially for marriages, funerals and Muslim festivals. [edit] References Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Jā'alin". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. ========================== Al Jalahma From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Al Jalahma (Arabic: الجلاهمة‎) are an Arab clan, based primarily in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. It belongs to the Utub tribe. After reaching Kuwait they entered into an alliance with the Al Khalifa, the ruling family of Bahrain and the Al Sabah, the ruling family of Kuwait to rule kuwait equally. The famous captain Rahmah bin Jabir al-Jalahmah belonged to the Jalahimah tribe. External links Al Jalahma website Saudi Aramco World article: Rahmah of the Gulf Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Bahraini families =========================== Khawaled From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Khawalid)Khawaled Council Zevulun Region Western Galilee Khawaled, also known as al-Khawled (Arabic: الخوالد‎; Hebrew: א‏לחַ‏'ואלִד‎) is an Arab-Bedouin village in northern Israel. Located near Nofit, it falls under the jurisdiction of Zevulun Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 299. The Israeli Bedouin diplomat Ismail Khaldi initiated a project called "Hike and Learn with Bedouins in the Galilee" that has brought thousands of young Jews to the village, to learn about Bedouin culture and history. He said these encounters inspired him to become a diplomat. [1][hide] v · d · e Zevulun Regional Council Kibbutzim Kfar HaMaccabi · Ramat Yohanan · Sha'ar HaAmakim · Usha · Yagur Moshavim Kfar Bialik · Kfar Hasidim Alef Communal settlements Kfar Hasidim Bet · Nofit Arab villages Ibtin · Khawaled Other villages Kfar HaNoar HaDati · Oranim Coordinates: 32°46′15.17″N 35°8′12.01″E [edit] References ^ Kalman, Matthew (24 November 2006). "S.F.'s newest consul enjoys being Bedouin, proud to be Israeli / Ishmael Khaldi, who began life as a nomad, is first Muslim envoy to rise through ranks". SF Gate. Retrieved 22 June 2010. Categories: Zevulun Regional Council | Arab villages in Israel ============================== Majali From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Majali) Majali is a Jordanian surname, and may refer to: Abdelsalam al-Majali (20th century), Prime Minister of Jordan Hazza' al-Majali Prime Minister of Jordan Habis Al-Majali (1914-2001), Jordanian soldier Samer Majali (21st century), Jordanian businessman This page or section lists people with the surname Majali. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. Categories: Surnames ========================= Manasir From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Manasir people (Arabic: المناصير‎) constitute one of many Sunni Arab riverine tribes of Northern Sudan. They are not to be confused with the Al Manaseer of the Gulf region in the Arabian Peninsula based mainly in the United Arab Emirates. They inhabit the region of the Fourth Cataract of the Nile and call their homeland Dar al-Manasir. Similar to their neighbouring tribes, the upstream Rubatab (الرباطاب) and the downstream Shaiqiyah (الشايقيّة), the Manasir are Arabs who originally migrated from the Arabian Peninsula. Unlike other riverain tribes of the Sudan a considerable part of their population actually lives as Bedouins in the adjacent Bayudah Desert. The nomadic life of herding their stock of goats, sheep and camels in desert valleys is however limited for many to the rainy season, coinciding with the annual inundation of the Nile.Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Population 3 Tribal marks 4 Economy and culture 5 References 6 External links [edit] Origin Similar to other Arab tribes, the people trace their origins back to one historical ancestor. According to the current oral tradition of many Manasir this person is called Mansur and belongs to the line of descendants of al-'Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad. According to their self presentation in a recent publication by a committee of Manasir responsible for relocation issues resulting from the Merowe Dam, which is going to affect all villages of Dar al-Manasir, multiple explanations of their origin are offered (LAGNAH 2005:2): The Manasir living in Gezira claim that their apical forefather is called Mansur bin Qahtan (منصور بن قحطان), belonging to the Southern Arabs called Qahtaniin (القحطانيين). Some historians (sources not mentioned) trace the origin of the Manasir back to the Kawahla (الكواهلة), saying that they are sons of Mansur bin 'Aim (منصور بن عايم). Other historians (sources not mentioned) insist that they are the descendants of a group of cousins from a Shaiqi clan called al-Hankab (الحنكاب), who had to migrate after internal fights. According to the last opinion Mansur is a direct descendant of King Sabir (الملك صبير). It might be worth mentioning that earlier travellers witnessed Beja and Bisharin influences from the Red Sea Hills among the Manasir (INNES 1931:187). Strong similarities of their burial customs with that of the Nubians can still be observed (cf. CAVENDISH 1966, Local beliefs among the Manasir). Critical research suggests that the current Manasir community should be viewed as a voluntary amalgamation throughout the centuries between indigenous mostly Nubian groups, descendants of emigrating Arabs and recruited tribal minorities living among them or in the adjoining areas. By recognizing a common genealogical pedigree, all members of the tribe establish a system of mutual respect, rights and obligations, thereby uniting themselves in their claims for land and other resources against neighbouring tribes. Varying detailed charts of their genealogy can be studied in SALIH (1999:20) and TAIYEB (1969:between 4-5). The current Manasir clans are divided into Riverain Manasir (Manasir al-Nil, مناصير النيل) and Bedouin Manasir (Manasir al-Badiyah, مناصير البادية), (cf. TAIYEB 1969:2). Manasir al-Nil: al-Wahabab (الوهاب), al-Suleimaniyah (السليمانية), al-Kabanah (الكبانة), al-Diqeisab (الدقيساب), al-Hamsab (الهامزاب), al-Ga'al (الجعل), al-'Ababsah (العبابسة), al-Farei'ab (الفريعاب) [Rubatab], al-Hamdatiab (الحمدتياب) [Shaiqi] and al-'Amasib (العماسيب). Manasir al-Badiyah: sharing the grazing grounds of Abisba' (ابسباع) and Sani (سانى) are al-Khabra (الخبرا), al-Hamamir (الحمامير), al-Muleikab (المليكاب) and al-Kagbab (الكجباب). During the dry season some clans migrate to the desert area of the Kababish tribe to the west (Khala' Kabushiyah, خلاء كبوشية) others to the grazing grounds of Wad Hamid (بادية ود حامد) in the Ga'ali Country (الجعليين) or to the Rubatab (الرباطاب) Country. (cf. LAGNAH 1969:3, TAIYEB 1969:2) Eisa Shikawi - the oldest Manasir [edit] Population The de-facto population of the Manasir (in the Shiri Rural Council) in 1993 had been 30.000, according to data of The Federal Department of Statistics of Sudan cited and empirically verified by SALIH (1999:10-11). The publication of the Manasir committee is talking about 33.000 resident and 17.000 non-resident Manasir (تعداد السكان المقيمين فى 92/1993 م=33.000 نسمة, تعداد الاسر المترددة فى92/1993 م=17.000 نسمة), (LAGNAH 2005:6). Both figures remain vague and don't specify to what extend they include the Bedouin Manasir in the Bayudah Desert. [edit] Tribal marks Like other tribes in Sudan, most Manasir of the grown-up generations have tribal marks (Shilukh, الشلوخ) which possibly originate from a Sheikh's animal burning mark (Wasm, وسم). The tribal marks are cut with a razor on the cheeks of a child to mark it belonging to a specific tribe. Among the Donqolawi and the Shaiqiya these marks usually consist of three horizontal scars, among the Rubatab and the Ga'aliin the lines are vertical, the scars in the case of the Rubatab being rather larger and closer together (cf. CROWFOOT 131-132). The Manasir do not have a unique design of tribal marks, but copy either the upstream or downstream neighbouring tribes. Vertical tribal marks in Suq Salamat Fatnah from Atoyah (Sherari) with horizontal tribal marks [edit] Economy and culture The riverain Manasir pursue small scale agriculture on alluvial soils in the immediate vicinity of the Nile. Their most important cash crop sold on the national market is a wide variety of dates (cf. Date Cultivation in Dar al-Manasir). They are also renown for their skill in building mud houses (Galus, جالوص) and they used to float wood from the region of Atbarah (cf. TAIYEB 1969:3, SALIH 1999:152). Their material culture is simple and consists mainly of a variety of storage containers and tools (cf. Material Culture of the Manasir). An insight into their culture and perception can be obtained by studying the Diwan of their recent poet Ibrahim 'Ali Salman. [edit] References Cavendish, M. W. (1966): "The Custom of Placing Pebbles on Nubian Graves". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.47, pp. 151–156. Crowfoot, J. W. (1918): "Customs of the Rubatab". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.1, pp. 119–134. Innes, N. McL. (1930): "The Monasir Country". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.14, pp. 185–191. Lagnah al-Tanfidhiyah lil-Muta'thirin (2005): Khasan al-Hamdab wa Qissah Tahgir Ahali al-Manasir. 20 p. (اللجنة التنفيذية للمتأثرين (2005): خزان الحامداب و قصة تهجير أهالي المناصير) Qasim, 'A. al-Sh. (2002): Qamus al-Lahgah al-'Amiya fi al-Sudan. 3rd ed. 1076 p. (عون الشريف قاسم (2002): قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان. الطبعة الثالثة. الدار السودانية للكتب) Salih, A. M. (1999): The Manasir of the Northern Sudan: Land and People. A Riverain Society and Resource Scarcity. 282 p. Taiyeb, M. al-T. et al. (1969): Al-Turath al-Sha'ibi li-Qabilah al-Manasir. Salsalah Dirasat fi al-Turath al-Sudani. Khartoum University Faculty of Adab. 155 p. (الطيب محمد الطيب و عبد السلام سليمان و علي سعد (1969): التراث الشعبي لقبيلة المناصير. سلسلة دراسات في التراث السوداني ,جامعة الخرطوم, كلية الآداب ) [edit] External links Homepage of Dar al-Manasir Gallery of Dar al-Manasir Al-Turath al-Sha'ibi li-Qabilah al-Manasir Diwan 'Abqariah al-Manasir. Li-Ustadh Ibrahim 'Ali al-Sha'ir Homepage of the Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (H.U.N.E.) Categories: Sudanese Arabs | Sudanese society =========================== Al-Mawasi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Al-Mawasi Arabic المواصي Governorate Rafah Government Village Council Coordinates 31°19′44″N 34°13′48″ECoordinates: 31°19′44″N 34°13′48″E Population 1,400 (2006) Al-Mawasi (Arabic: المواصي‎) is a Bedouin Palestinian town on the southern coast of the Gaza Strip, approximately one kilometer wide and fourteen kilometers long, that prior to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan in 2005 existed as a Palestinian enclave within the Katif bloc of Israeli settlements. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Mawasi had a population of 1,409 in mid-year 2006. [edit] External links UNICEF Brings Critical Supplies to the Isolated Children of Al-Mawasi Al-Mawasi, Gaza Strip: Impossible Life in an Isolated Enclave B'Tselem publication[hide] v · d · e Rafah Governorate Cities Rafah Municipalities al-Bayuk · Shokat as-Sufi Village councils al-Mawasi · al-Qarya as-Suwaydiya Refugee camps Rafah camp · Tall as-Sultan This geography of Palestine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Rafah Governorate | Villages in the Gaza Strip | Bedouin society | Palestine geography stubs ============================= Al-Mawasi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Al-Mawasi Arabic المواصي Governorate Rafah Government Village Council Coordinates 31°19′44″N 34°13′48″ECoordinates: 31°19′44″N 34°13′48″E Population 1,400 (2006) Al-Mawasi (Arabic: المواصي‎) is a Bedouin Palestinian town on the southern coast of the Gaza Strip, approximately one kilometer wide and fourteen kilometers long, that prior to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan in 2005 existed as a Palestinian enclave within the Katif bloc of Israeli settlements. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Mawasi had a population of 1,409 in mid-year 2006. [edit] External links UNICEF Brings Critical Supplies to the Isolated Children of Al-Mawasi Al-Mawasi, Gaza Strip: Impossible Life in an Isolated Enclave B'Tselem publication[hide] v · d · e Rafah Governorate Cities Rafah Municipalities al-Bayuk · Shokat as-Sufi Village councils al-Mawasi · al-Qarya as-Suwaydiya Refugee camps Rafah camp · Tall as-Sultan This geography of Palestine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Rafah Governorate | Villages in the Gaza Strip | Bedouin society | Palestine geography stubs ================= Al Murrah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Murrah) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Saudi Arabia or the Saudi Arabia Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2008) The Al Murrah is a tribe descended from the well-known Banu Yam tribe. Al Murrah are a tribe of camel-herding nomads, recently some of them have taken up permanent settlement near to traditional Oasis.[1] They exist in many places all over the Arabian Peninsula, but intensively in southern and eastern Arabia. Seven clans make up the Al Murrah, according to Donald Cole, an anthropologist that has studied the Al Murrah.[2][3] Travelling as much as 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) each year, the tribe comprises approximately 15,000 individuals. One of the most noted names among Al Murrah is the leader (shaikh) Sulaiman Bin Ghanim, who lived somewhere between 950-1100 AD. They are considered to be a Sharif tribe; that is, a tribe claiming noble descent.[1] [edit] References ^ a b DOUMATO, ELEANOR ABDELLA. "Al-Murrah Tribe". About.com. Retrieved 2008-12-31. ^ http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/22.htm ^ Donald Cole. Nomads of the Nomads: The Al Murrah Bedouin of the Empty Quarter (1975) (ISBN 978-0-88295-605-3(This article about an ethnic group in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Ethnic groups in the Middle East | Tribes of Arabia | Asian ethnic group stubs ================== Murad From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Murad may refer to: Timothy Winter, aka Abdal-Hakim Murad, British Islamic scholar Abdul Hakim Murad (terrorist), alleged conspirator in the Operation Bojinka planned terrorist attacks Ferid Murad, American physician and pharmacologist Waheed Murad, Pakistani film producer, writer, and actor Murad (actor), Indian character actor Raza Murad, Indian character actor, son of Murad Murad Bey (1750-1801), Mamluk Chieftain Murad Method A seduction Technique [edit] See also Murat, modern Turkish spelling of Murad ====================== Mutayr From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mutair) This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) Mutayr (Arabic: مطير‎; also spelled Mutair and Mtayr) is one of the largest Sunni tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The traditional leaders (or "shaykhs") of Mutayr are the Doshan clan (singular "Dewish"). The main branches of Mutayr today are Banu Abdullah, Al-'Olwa, and Braih. Mutayr's original homelands were the highlands of northern Hejaz near Medina. At some point in the 18th century, however, the tribe began a large-scale migration eastwards into northern Nejd, displacing many other bedouin tribes in the area, such as 'Anizzah who were forced to move northwards. By the 20th century, Mutayr's tribal lands extended from the highlands east of Medina, through the region of Al-Qasim, to the borders of Kuwait. A rivalry developed between Mutayr and Harb, who inhabited roughly the same areas as Mutayr, as well as with 'Utaybah, who had just moved into Nejd from the southern Hejaz. Because Mutayr were the dominant nomadic tribe of Al-Qasim, which was the main bone of contention between the clans of Al Saud and Al Rashid vying for control of Nejd in the early 20th century, Mutayr came to play an important role in the history of Arabia during that era. Mutayr, then, was led by Faisal Al-Dewish, who frequently changed sides in the conflict between the two Nejdi leaders. In 1912, the ruler of Riyadh, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud undertook to settle the nomads of his realm in newly-created villages (hijras), where the bedouins were to be indoctrinated into a puritanical form of Islam and become warriors for Ibn Saud's cause. These new forces were known as the Ikhwan ("Brotherhood"), and Faisal Al-Dewish had led the Ikhwan movement enthusiastically, providing Ibn Saud with crucial military support. The most important Mutayri settlement was al-Artawiyya, at the northern edge of the Dahna desert. in 1920 Al-Dewish led an attack by the Ikhwan of mutayr on Kuwait at al-Jahra, and were compelled to withdraw once and for all under British pressure. Later, a Mutayri contingent, led by Al-Deweish, joined with other sections of the Ikhwan in the conquest of the Hejaz on behalf of Ibn Saud in 1924. Thereafter, a number of Ikhwan leaders from different tribes, led by Al-Dewish, led a rebellion against Ibn Saud. The Ikhwan sought to take over the newly-conquered provinces for themselves and claimed that Ibn Saud had abandoned the true faith by refraining from attacking the European-ruled territories of Iraq and Syria. Ibn Saud, however, defeated the rebels at the Battle of Sbilla in northeastern Nejd, and Al-Dewish sought with the British in Iraq. The British, however, handed him over to Ibn Saud. Al-Dewish was put in prison, and died not long afterwards, possibly by poison. The tribe has historically been mostly bedouin, with only a few representatives among the settled families of Nejd at the turn of the 20th century. Today, however, nearly all members of the tribe are settled in the cities and towns of Saudi Arabia, making up to 400 villages across the country and especially Riyadh, Medina and central region of the country . A large section of the tribe also settled in Kuwait, and now constitute a large segment of the Kuwaiti population. [edit] See also Bedouin Ikhwan Ghatafan Categories: Semitic peoples | Descendants of Eber | Adnanites | History of the Arabian peninsula | Arab | Tribes of Arabia ======================= Mutayr From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Mutair) This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) Mutayr (Arabic: مطير‎; also spelled Mutair and Mtayr) is one of the largest Sunni tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The traditional leaders (or "shaykhs") of Mutayr are the Doshan clan (singular "Dewish"). The main branches of Mutayr today are Banu Abdullah, Al-'Olwa, and Braih. Mutayr's original homelands were the highlands of northern Hejaz near Medina. At some point in the 18th century, however, the tribe began a large-scale migration eastwards into northern Nejd, displacing many other bedouin tribes in the area, such as 'Anizzah who were forced to move northwards. By the 20th century, Mutayr's tribal lands extended from the highlands east of Medina, through the region of Al-Qasim, to the borders of Kuwait. A rivalry developed between Mutayr and Harb, who inhabited roughly the same areas as Mutayr, as well as with 'Utaybah, who had just moved into Nejd from the southern Hejaz. Because Mutayr were the dominant nomadic tribe of Al-Qasim, which was the main bone of contention between the clans of Al Saud and Al Rashid vying for control of Nejd in the early 20th century, Mutayr came to play an important role in the history of Arabia during that era. Mutayr, then, was led by Faisal Al-Dewish, who frequently changed sides in the conflict between the two Nejdi leaders. In 1912, the ruler of Riyadh, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud undertook to settle the nomads of his realm in newly-created villages (hijras), where the bedouins were to be indoctrinated into a puritanical form of Islam and become warriors for Ibn Saud's cause. These new forces were known as the Ikhwan ("Brotherhood"), and Faisal Al-Dewish had led the Ikhwan movement enthusiastically, providing Ibn Saud with crucial military support. The most important Mutayri settlement was al-Artawiyya, at the northern edge of the Dahna desert. in 1920 Al-Dewish led an attack by the Ikhwan of mutayr on Kuwait at al-Jahra, and were compelled to withdraw once and for all under British pressure. Later, a Mutayri contingent, led by Al-Deweish, joined with other sections of the Ikhwan in the conquest of the Hejaz on behalf of Ibn Saud in 1924. Thereafter, a number of Ikhwan leaders from different tribes, led by Al-Dewish, led a rebellion against Ibn Saud. The Ikhwan sought to take over the newly-conquered provinces for themselves and claimed that Ibn Saud had abandoned the true faith by refraining from attacking the European-ruled territories of Iraq and Syria. Ibn Saud, however, defeated the rebels at the Battle of Sbilla in northeastern Nejd, and Al-Dewish sought with the British in Iraq. The British, however, handed him over to Ibn Saud. Al-Dewish was put in prison, and died not long afterwards, possibly by poison. The tribe has historically been mostly bedouin, with only a few representatives among the settled families of Nejd at the turn of the 20th century. Today, however, nearly all members of the tribe are settled in the cities and towns of Saudi Arabia, making up to 400 villages across the country and especially Riyadh, Medina and central region of the country . A large section of the tribe also settled in Kuwait, and now constitute a large segment of the Kuwaiti population. [edit] See also Bedouin Ikhwan Ghatafan Categories: Semitic peoples | Descendants of Eber | Adnanites | History of the Arabian peninsula | Arab | Tribes of Arabia ============================== Rashaida people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Al-Rashaydah) Rashaida The children from a family of the Rashaida ethnic group in the Eritrean lowlands Total population 220,000 - 250,000 Regions with significant populations Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sudan: 120,000[citation needed] Eritrea:100,000 [1] Languages Arabic Religion Sunni Islam The Rashaida or Rashaayda (also see Bani Rasheed) (Arabic: بني رشيد, الرشايدة‎) are an ethnic group populating Eritrea and north-east Sudan.[2] In 1846, many Rashaida migrated from Hejaz in present day Saudi Arabia into what is now Eritrea and north-east Sudan after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The Rashaida of Sudan and Eritrea live in close proximity with the Beja people. Large numbers of Bani Rasheed are also found on the Arabian Peninsula.They are related to the Banu Abs tribe. [3] The Rashaida are Arabs who kept their traditional dress, culture, customs, camel breeds and religion (Sunni Islam).[4] The racing camel breeds of the Rashaida tribe are prized all over Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula and fetch very high prices. The Rashaida speak Hejazi Arabic. [edit] References ^ [1] Eritrean Census, ^ Young, William C., "The Rashaayda Bedouin - Arab Pastoralists of Eastern Sudan", 1996. ^ Rashaida People History, Niaz Murtaza The pillage of sustainablility in Eritrea 1998, p.177 ^ Snap Shots, Al-Ahram Weekly, 29 December 2005 - 4 January 2006, Issue No. 775 [edit] See also Bani Rasheed Banu Abs ==================== Bani Rasheed From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2007) Bani Rasheed (Arabic: بني رشيد, الرشايدة‎), also known as Rashaida, is one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an Adnani tribe (related to Banu Abs). The great-grandfather of the Bani Rasheed is Rasheed alZaul of the Banu Abs tribe. Bani Rasheed tribal lands extend from the western part of Saudi Arabia to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia, and from the north until the Muslim holy city of Madinah. Rashaida are also found in Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Eritrea, North Africa, Kuwait and other Gulf States. Bani Rasheed tribal subdivisions include: Al-Barrakjklljl Al-Mudhaberah Al-Gladan Al-Muhaimezat AL-Awamerah Al-Theybah Al-Ga'abeeb Al-Ara'erah Al-Ruwaidhat Al-Ayedhat Al-Shawale'ah Al-Zuboon Al-Khyarat Al-Juraishat Al-Barage'ah Al-Wahhadeen Al-Makahelah Al-Faradesah Al-Duwameek Al-Sha'aban Al-Ajarma Sayad Al-Owanah Al-Zenemat Al-Btareehk Al-Brasaa [edit] See also Banu Abs Rashaida This article about ethnicity or ethnology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Tribes of Arabia | Ethnicity stubs ------------------------------- Ruwallah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Rwala) The Ruwallah (Arabic: الرولة‎, singular Ruweili/Ruwaili) are a large Arab tribe of northern Arabia and the Syrian Desert, including modern-day Jordan. Until the demarcation of borders in the Middle East in the early 20th century, the Ruwallah were an almost entirely a warrior tribe centered in the region of al-Jauf and Wadi al-Sirhan in northern Arabia, though their tribal territories extended as far southwards as al-Qasim, and as far northwards as Damascus. The tribe apparently came to being some time in the 16th century, or shortly thereafter, and belong to the Dhana Maslam branch of the large 'Anizzah tribal confederation. They had historically been rivals with the neighboring tribe of Shammar, and were active in the "Arab Revolt" against the Ottomans during the First World War. The leadership of the tribe is with the house of Sha'lan (or the Al Sha'lan), who in recent decades have had close ties with the Lebanese Government and Saudi royal family. Most of the tribe's members have settled into sedentary or urban life in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria. Some of the tribe's members have migrated to countries like the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. [edit] Further reading Musil, Alois, 1928, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins Lancaster, William, 1981, The Rwala Bedouin Today (Changing Cultures series) Cambridge University Press Meeker, Michael E., 1979, Literature and Violence in Northern Arabia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, . [edit] See also 'Anizzah Shammar Categories: Tribes of Arabia =========================================== Shaigiya tribe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Shaigiya) Northern Sudan The Shaigiya(Arabic: الشايقيّة) are one of the three dominant tribes in Northern Sudan, the others being the Ja'Alin and Danagla. The leaders of these three tribes share the key positions in the Sudanese government of national unity (GoNU).Contents [hide] 1 People 2 Geography 3 Culture 3.1 Communication 3.2 Art Forms 3.3 Institutions 3.3.1 Family 3.3.2 Religion 3.3.3 Schooling 3.4 Social Behavior 3.5 Social Structure 4 History 5 References 6 External sources [edit] People The Shaigiya are a riverain agricultural people. They are descended from one Shaig Ibn Hamaidan of the Beni Abbas, and declare that they came from Arabia at the time of the conquest of Egypt in the 7th century.They speak Arabic in a Shaiqi dialect which is well known for its "biting off" of the last letter in a word. Traditionally they strongly been represented in the Army, Police, and border guards, while other tribes were involved in occupations such as spinning, weaving and transportation. [edit] Geography The tribe's traditional homeland lies on both banks of the Nile from Kurti down to the Third Cataract, and in portions of the Bayuda Desert. The country is the most fertile along the Nile between Egypt and Khartoum. Many of the villages are well built; some of the houses are fortified. The Merowe Dam, just upstream from this area, is disrupting the local population[1]. [edit] Culture They are known for their bravery, generosity, and enlightenment. "They are the one to hunt the Lion."[citation needed] Freedom-loving and hospitable, they had schools in which all Muslim science was taught, and were rich in corn and cattle. Their fighting men, mounted on horses of the famous Dongola breed, were feared throughout the eastern Sudan. Their chiefs wore coats of mail and carried shields of hippopotamus or crocodile skin. Their arms were lance, sword or javelin. The Shaigiya are divided into twelve sections or sub tribes, each descended from one of the twelve sons of the founder, Shaig. They have adopted the tribal marking custom of cutting three horizontal lines on the cheeks of their children. This was done with a heated knife but is now a dying custom. [edit] Communication The Shaigiya tribe speaks and writes in Arabic. Some sections living towards the Red Sea area have a language that is akin to what the Hadendowa speak. They have an accent which bites off of the last letter of some words. A common name for a male is Al-sir, which means secret. A common name for a female that hardly anyone uses outside of the tribe is Had-Alraid, which means the most amount of love you can give to someone or something.[citation needed] [edit] Art Forms There is a special instrument that you hear in every shaigiya tribe music. One is tambour. A tambour kind of guitar that they make by them selves made with wood and rubber or string. Unlike a guitar the tambour has 5 strings instead of 6. The shaigiya tribe is used to make homes from bricks that are made of mud and cow dung as other northern and Arab tribes did. The roof is made of straws to keep their house cool. The main times when a man puts art on the body is when they put henna on their hands only for a wedding. For the women they put henna for their own marriage. [edit] Institutions [edit] Family In the rural areas of the various subtribes 'Dars' extended family life features strongly. Its quite common that one will stay in one house (mom, dad, grandfather, grandmother, children aunts, uncles, cousin).Most families in the Shaigiya tribe have large families. Some men have more than one wife but not too many of the men do this. The person that is in charge of the house is the father. If the father is not in the home then the mother takes over. If the mother has trouble or isn’t strong enough then the uncle takes over. The uncle is usually the father’s brother and has to act like the father. If the uncle can’t then the grand father will take over. The grandfather they will also end up being the fathers’ father too. [edit] Religion The main religion of the Shaigiya tribe is Islam. [edit] Schooling Most children attend government school. Women are usually the teachers while the men are farming and planting. All lessons are important, but are most emphasized religion, languages, and math. Religion is considered important because children attend religious schools called Khalawi. A Khalawi is a place where kids go to before they enter a school to learn and memorize the Quran. As every body should know they would have to speak a language so somebody understands them, but they also learn different languages to help them later on in life. Math might be very important because if they are selling something, then they will have to do the math so they don’t get mixed up with money and lose their money. [edit] Social Behavior Children in the Shaigiya tribe like to play a kind of game called "Seega" which is similar to tic-tac-toe. First they draw a big square with 9 small squares inside on the sand, two children play, each has five stones, each stone of a different color. Each tries to align their own stones in a line of 3, while the other blocks and tries to prevent his/her adversary from making a straight line. The Shaygiya greeting is similar to most other tribal Sudanese greetings or Muslim greetings. When the Shaigiya people meet someone who is older, they say, ”Assalamulaykum haj” or “Marhaba haj”, pat their hands on the left shoulder and then shake hands. If they meet their friend they will say, ”Marhaba” or “Ezayakum”. Ladies hug each other and shake hands. When there is a wedding, the groom puts on "henna". Henna is a kind of black decoration that people usually put on their hands and feet. Henna is a paste made of a kind of plant’s leaves, people dry the leaves and make it into powder then add some oil and water. After that, they apply the paste over their skin. Brides use it in a decorative manner, usually with floral decorations. If applied once, it takes on a reddish hue, twice will turn it black. Eating habits are standard almost throughout Sudan, breakfast is around 10am, lunch is at 3pm and dinner at 7pm. The main course will always be a kind of bread called “gurassa” which is made of flour. It is usually dipped into meat curries. They have black tea with milk and sugar after every meal. When someone dies, funeral rites for the dead are carried out immediately. The families of the dead wear black or white, and the men take the corpse, wash it and cover it with large white sheet and bury it. Widows usually mourn for a stipulated four month period. When a baby is born, the baby’s mother and the town's women ululate (zagarieet) to announce the baby's arrival, and after 7 days, the family hosts a party to give the newborn baby a name. [edit] Social Structure Men in the Shaigiya tribe are good at hunting animals. Hunting is popular. Most mornings, men work in the fields tending their crops. Women in the Shaigiya tribe work as nurses or teachers. Wives take care of children and give food to their husbands when they are working in the field. Boys in the Shaigiya tribe help in the field after school. Girls stay at home to help their mothers and make themselves more beautiful(decorate themselves with fancy clothes and other decorations). They are not allowed to go out very much until 15 years old. The leader of a family always is the father, but when troubles come to the leader, the mother or the uncle of this family will lead instead. [edit] History Camels in the Sudan The Shaiqiya lived in the north around Karima 18°33′00″N 31°51′00″E and Korti. Their origins are still a mystery, as very little of written evidence is found. Around 1690 the tribe broke loose from the Kingdom of Funj, defeating the Abdelab governor and were the only independent tribe in the region. The first account of the Shaigiya tribesmen was given by the Scottish traveller James Bruce in his book "The discovery of the source of Nile", who noticed the tribe migrated from more southern regions to its present homeland around 1772. Still the best early description came from an adventurer and historian John Lewis Burckhardt, who, mesmerised by the Shaigiya, spent some time with the tribe. His accounts of the events were published at 1819 in the "Travels in Nubia". The predatory character of the tribe speaks of change from Bruce's time, "My guide, in constant dread of the Shaiqiya would not allow me to light a fire although the nights were getting very cold"[W.Burckhardt - Travels in Nubia]. Evidently the tribe was ruled by two Mac/s(the title given by the kings of Funj to tribal chiefs), Mac Jaweesh and Mac Zubeir. Military training of the Shaiqiya youth was brutal, and at very early age they were capable of launching spears from a horseback by astonishing precision. Their unexplainable intolerance of other tribes led to raids against their neighbours and beyond. They attacked villages and caravans as far as Wadi Halfa in the north, and Shendi in the south forcing some families of the neighbouring tribes to emigrate westwards (Danagla). Constantly attacking the town of Shendi and killing some of local Mac Nimr's uncles forced the Ja'Alin to seek help from the king of Funj, who at his political decline was too weakened and unable to help. Burckhardt who spent time in Merowe around 1807 gives us more description of the tribe >>"Shaiqiya are continually at war.They all fight on horseback,in coats of Mail.Fire-arms are not common amongst them,their only weapons being Lance,Target and Sabre.They are all mounted on Dongola Stallions and are famous for their horsemanship.Their youth conduct raids sometimes as far as Darfur.The Shaiqiya are perfectly independent people,and possess great wealth in corn and cattle.They are renowned for their hospitality;and the person of their guest,or companion is sacred.If the traveller possesses a friend among them and has been plundered on the road,his property will be recovered,even if it has been taken by the King.Many of them can write and read.Their learned men are held in great respect by them;they have schools,wherein all the sciences are taught,which form the course of the Mohammedan study,Mathematics and Astronomy excepted.Such of the Shaiqiya as are soldiers,indulge in frequent use of wine and spirits made of Dates.The manners of their women are said to be very depraved."<< [W.Burckhardt - Travels in Nubia]. They were challenged around 1811 at Dongola by the Mamelukes, but continued to dominate a considerable part of Nubia. They resisted the Turkish/Egyptian invasion in 1820, at the battle of Korti after refusing to submitt and were defeated due to the use of fire-arms and cannons and retreated southwards. Mac Jaweesh along the majority of his men sought asylum in Shendi in hope to persuade the Ja'Ali chief Mac Nimr to join forces against the much stronger enemy. Mac Nimr declined the offer and the Shaiqiya were handed over to the Turks, who promised to pardon the Shaiqiya warriors and return their land if they accepted the service in Turkish ranks.After the deal was struck Shaiqiya were used during the suppression of the Ja'Alin revolt(1822) and demonstrated astonishing brutality. For their services they obtained lands of the Ja'Alin between Shendi and Khartoum 15.633°N 32.533°E. In the Mahdist War of 1884/85, General Gordon's first fight was to rescue a few Shaiqiya (still serving with the invader) besieged in a fort at Al Halfaya, just north of Khartoum. The fortress at Al-Ubayyid in 1883, was held by Major Ahmed Hussein Pasha (Suarab Section) and despite Hicks Pasha's attempt to relieve him, the fortress fell to the Mahdi. (Major Hussein escaped to Egypt in 1891 and came back during to the reconquest in 1898. His family still resides in Omdurman and Hajar al Asal.) In April 1884, Saleh Bey (Saleh Wad el Mek), head of the tribe, and 1400 men surrendered to the Mahdi's forces. Numbers of Shaigiya continued in the service of General Gordon and this led to the proscription of the tribe by the Mahdi. When Khartoum fell, Saleh's sons were sought out and executed by the Dervishes On the reconquest of the Sudan by the Anglo-Egyptian army (1896/98) it was found that the Shaigiya were reduced to a few hundred families. After this the tribe thrived. They figured prominently in the Egyptian Army and later the Sudan Defence Force. General Ibrahim Abboud, decorated with the MBE for his valour at Keren in 1941, was a Shaiqi from the Onia section and later President of the Sudan in 1964. [edit] References ^ Tide of censure for African dams Egbal. Mohammed Personal interview. 28 Sept. 2009. Egbal. Mohammed Personal interview. 4 Oct. 2009 Egbal. Mohammed Personal interview. 10 Oct. 2009 Egbal. Mohammed Personal interview. 14 Oct 2009 [edit] External sources Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, edited by Count Gleichen (London, 1905) Ethnology of the Egyptian Sudan, A. H. Keane, (London, 1884) The Shaikiya of the Northern Sudan, Nicholls, 1903, Dublin The Making of the Modern Sudan, KDD Henderson 1953, Faber and Faber The discovery of the source of Nile, J.Bruce 1790 Travels in Nubia, 1819 W.Burckhardt History of Sudan, P.M.Holt and M.W.Daly 1981 This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2010) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. Categories: Sudanese Arabs ====================================== Shammar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2010) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008) The tribe of Shammar (Arabic: شمّر Šammar) is one of the largest tribes of Arabia, with an estimated 1 million in Iraq, over 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia (concentrated in Hail), a Kuwaiti population (centered in Aljahra) of around 100,000, the Palestinian population that was not displaced by war is the house of Abu Ghousa, a Syrian popolution is thought to exceed 1 million and with an unknown number in Jordan. In its "golden age", around 1850, the tribe ruled much of central and northern Arabia from Riyadh to the frontiers of Syria and the vast area known as Al Jazira in Northern Iraq. The most famous figure from Tayy "Shammar" in that period was the legendary Hatim Al-Ta'i (Hatim of Tayy), said to be a Christian, and renowned among the Arabs for generosity and hospitality. He also figures in the Arabian Nights. The early Islamic historical sources report that his son, 'Adiyy ibn Hatim, whom they sometimes refer to as the "king" of Tayy, converted to Islam before Muhammad's death. He is particularly revered by the Shi'a, who consider him a partisan of Ali. Another figure from Tayy during this period was Zayd al-Khayr, a prominent member of Tayy who is said to have led Tayy's delegation to Muhammad accepting Islam. Contents [hide] 1 Origins 2 History 3 House of Al Rashid 4 Shammar in Iraq 5 Timeline 6 Main sections 7 References 8 Notes [edit] Origins The Shammar is a tribal confederation made up of three main branches: the Abdah, the Aslam, and the Zoba. The modern Qabila of Shammar are descendants of the Tayy tribe of Yemen. The earliest non Arab sources refer to Arabs as Taits, generally thought of as referring to Tayy. Ayas ibn Qabisa, a man from the Tayy tribe, ruled pre-Islamic Iraq for several years. This contact with Persian is reason for the belief that Taits refers to Tayy.[1] Though sections of Tayy began migrating to neighboring regions such as Iraq and Syria before Islam, Tayy participated heavily in the Muslim Conquests of the early centuries of Islam, with sections or individual members of the tribe settling in many parts of the Islamic Empire, including Lebanon and Egypt. Most of these, however, were later assimilated into the general populations of these areas or into other tribes. In the Namarah Inscription (the second oldest pre-Islamic Arabic inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen. Although, "the city of shammar" may refer to the city where Shammar lives. The currently named Rada City, is said to have been taken by the Himyarite King, Shammar Yahri'sh, as residence. It is located about 100 km from Dhamar it is one of the ancient historic sites. Since Shammar Yahrish ruled during the last decade of the 3rd century AD, it could be referring to the city he lives in or one named after him. IT could also be referring to he city of Hayel, although there is no evidence that Imru alqais fought Tai. Although, By that time, Tai would have been in Ija and salma for 400 years. Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept referring to the spiritual condition of pre-Islamic Arabian society. Led by Usma bin Luai in their massive exodus out of Yemen (115 BCE), the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajaa and Salma from Banu Assad and Banu Tamim in northern Arabia. These mountains are now known as Jabal Shammar. The Tayy became camel herders and horse breeders and lived a nomadic lifestyle in northern Nejd for centuries. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (Ghassan) and Iraq (the Lakhmids), they expanded north into Iraq all the way to the capital at the time al-Hirah. The first mention of Shammar comes from the 14th century. The area of the two mountains subsequently came to be known as Jabal Shammar ("Shammar's Mountain") from that time. In modern times, it has become common to link the Shammar with the tribe of Tayy, the ancient inhabitants of that area, and some genealogists believe that Shammar may have indeed absorbed some remnants of that tribe. [edit] History Oral tradition mentions that the first chiefs of the Shammar tribe were the family of Dhaigham, (Arar & Omair) from 'abda, who supposedly ruled Shammar at the center of their presence in Jabal Shammar. In the 17th century, a large section of the Shammar left Jabal Shammar under the leadership of Al Jarba and settled in Iraq, reaching as far as the northern city of Mosul. The Shammar are currently one of the largest tribes in Iraq, and are divided into two large branches. The northern branch, known as Shammar al-Jarba, is mainly Sunni, while the southern branch, Shammar Toga, converted to Shi'ism largely just before or during the 19th century[1][2][3] after settling in southern Iraq. The Shammar that remained in Arabia had their tribal territories in the area around the city of Ha'il, and extending from Ha'il northwards to the frontiers of the Syrian Desert. The Shammar had a long traditional rivalry with the confederation of 'Anizzah, who inhabited the same area. The city of Ha'il became the heart of the Jabal Shammar region and was inhabited largely by settled members of Shammar and their clients. Two clans succeeded each other in ruling the city in the 19th century. The first clan, the Al Ali, were replaced by the Al Rashid with their uncles Al Sabhan, who pledged allegiance to the Al Saud family in Riyadh. Both these clans belonged to the 'Abda section of Shammar. During the civil war that tore apart the Second Saudi State in the late 19th century, the emirs ("rulers") of Ha'il from Al Rashid intervened and were able to gradually take control of much of the Saudi realm, finally taking over the Saudi capital Riyadh in 1895 and expelling the Saudi leaders to Kuwait. The bedouin Shammari tribesmen provided the majority of the Al Rashid's military support. The Al Rashid were defeated by Ibn Saud during his campaign to restore his family's rule in the Arabian Peninsula in the first two decades of the 20th century, with Jabal Shammar falling to Saudi rule in 1921. Later, some sections of Shammar were incorporated in the Ikhwan militias loyal to Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud also married a daughter of one of the Shammari chiefs, who bore him the current Saudi king, Abdullah. After the establishment of modern borders, most bedouins gradually left their nomadic lifestyle. Today, most members of Shammar live in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and some sections have settled in Syria and Jordan. [edit] House of Al Rashid The House of Rasheed (Arabic: آل رشيد‎ Āl Rashid or Alrasheed) were a historic dynasty of the Arabian Peninsula from shammar tribe, and the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud in Nejd. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in northern Nejd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the Hajj. The Al Rasheed derived their name from the grandfather of Abdullah, the first Rasheedi amir ("prince") of Ha'il, who was named Rasheed. The Rasheedi amirs cooperated closely with the Ottoman empire. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottoman empire lost popularity. As with many Arab ruling dynasties, the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession was a recurrent problem with the Rasheedi rule. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession to the position of amir should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These internal divisions within the family led to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rasheedi leaders died violently. Nevertheless The Al Rasheed Family still ruled and fought with each other hand with hand against Ibn Saud. During the first twenty years of the 20th century the Arabian Peninsula saw a long-running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula under their rule. While the Al Rasheed rallied the majority of other tribes to their side the effort proved futile, and by 1921 Ha'il was captured and given to Ibn Saud's army by the British command. Some members of the Rasheed family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Iraq. By the 1990s only a handful were still outside Saudi Arabia[citation needed] [edit] Shammar in Iraq Under the leadership of Banu Mohamad known as Al Jarba, there was a massive exodus into Iraq. Many of the Shammar in Iraq gave up the nomadic life to settle in the major cities, especially the Jazirah plain, which is the area between the Tigris and Euphrates from Baghdad all the way to Mosul. In times of drought, there were several migrations of Shammar into Iraq, which, according to the Ottoman census upon its annexation, had only 1.5 million inhabitants. Today, Alhuchaim tribes of Samawa have a large majority of Shammar. Clans from Abda in Ain Tamur, Hacham of Alaslam in Souq Alshiokh, Aladhadh of Alaslam in the city of Nasiriyah are a few examples of Shammar outside of the Jazirah. The Shammar took over the Jazirah after displasing Al-Ubaid tribe. According to the Sheikh Abdullah Humaid Alyawar, the son of the sheikh of all of Shammar, in Iraq the total population of Shammar is estimated to be 1.5 million. Abdullah Alyawar also stated that the majority of Shammar in Iraq is in the South and is Shia, but it does not affect the tribe's unity. Iraq is also the home of Aljarba, the Sheikh ("chief") of all of Shammar. Shammar Toga, which is entirely Shiite, is based in Al Hafriya, very close to Al Suwayrah, in the province of Wasit. Its head was Shaikh Hamed Hmayed Al-Sayyid. The Shammar Alsayeh, a tribal confederation of tribes from Shammar, is the branch of Shammar who were independent of Aljraba's authority. Shammar is divided in to groups for example Al-Zuhairy and Al-Towej in Najaf. In Iraq the Shammar became one of the most powerful tribes, owning vast tracts of land. They were important supporters of the Iraqi monarchy of the House of Hashem. Shammar power was threatened after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 by Abdul-Karim Qassem, and the Shammar welcomed Ba'athist rule. With the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Saddam Hussein, the tribe of Shammar lost favour in Iraq due to their close links to their Saudi relatives. After the overthrow of Saddam, Ghazi al-Yawar, from the Al Jarbah clan, was unanimously chosen as interim president. His uncle is the current Sheikh of Sheikhs of the tribe of Shammar. Samir, an Iraqi-American Shammari, pulled Saddam out of his "spider hole" in the famous picture of the capture of Saddam. [edit] Timeline 1171–1172 – Abda joins Saladin against the crusaders Internet source cites an Arabic source below 1442 – The city of Mujmaa is built by abdullah ibn saif alwibari alshammari 1521 (Circa) – the name shammar becomes prominent 1522 – Shammar backs bani Khalid against aluyonien 1609 Shammar unites with Bani Khalid against the sheriff of Makkah 1690 Exodus into Iraq Reference(JFW)P.43 1696 Shammar Raids Baghdad (JFW)P.43 1749-1762 Shammar raids reaches northern baghdad despite the strong ruler Sulaiman abul laila 1750-1760 Wahabi movement emerges 1765 alaslam and zaghareet between Heet and karabla (JFW)P.44 1776 Shikh Mutlag bin Thanian invades Alhafeer Area 1779 Jabal Shammar falls to Saudi Domination 1781 Aladwa battle between Aljarba and Ibn Saud 1780 Shammar joins bani Khalid and Muntafig and the Sheriff of Mecca to attack Alsaud they win 1790 Early that year Wahabis raid southern Iraq P46 1790 Shammar is allied with the Sherif of Mecca against Alasaud. Muslat Iben mutlag is killed Shammar lost 6000 camels and 10000 sheep PAO 1791 Alsaud launches a surprise attack on Shammar and wins two battles 70 miles SE of Hayel 1791 Late that year some Shamaris join other bedouins in an attack against Alsaud and Muslit bin mutlag dies 1791 Mutlag Aljarba takes Shammar to safer places in southern Iraq 1792 Sheikh abudl Wahab dies, Wahabi forces raid southern Iraq defeating Bani Khalid JFW P.46 1792 Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali Also believed to be "Alsamn alurabi" becomes Emir of Hail internet source 1795 Saudi forces attack Shammar near Samawa and Mutlag is killed PAO 35 1797 Alsaud attacks north of Soug Alshiokh, Faris Bin mohamma aljarba takes over, Wahabis turned back (JFW) 1798 A large coalition including Shammar alubaid and Ottoman Armies more than 500 strong goes to Basra) and Mutlag dies(JFW)47 1799 Ali basha leaves Zuabir with new allies from almuntafig, althufair, and bani Khalid and fights for a year(JFW) 1800 Truce is broken and an indecisive battle take place near karbala with the Wahabi's(JFW) 1801 Wahabi pressure on Southern Iraq subsides, Shammar migrates to reach Jabal Sinjar in northern Iraq(JFW). The Shiite holy city of Karbala was raided by 10k men on 6k camels plundering Hussien's tomb 1802 Late that year, an anti Yezedi campaign was launched By the Ottomans, shammar, and Alubaid (JFW)P50 1803 Ottoman seeks Shammar's help in a campaign against Al ubaid mutiny, campaign fails (JFW)50 1805 Faris Aljarba decisively defeats Alubaid(JFW)50 1808–1812 Baghdad comes under Saudi threats 1809 Anti Thufair rebellion Ottoman- campaign under Faris aljarba and Sulaimna Basha alsaghir, Althufair and Rola Triomph 1814 Shammar aljarba raids several Iraqi cities 1815 Khazaal, Zuabair, and Shammar rebel against Said Basha Uniza, alubaid, and thufair put down the rebellion, Shiekh Banaia is killed in battle 1818 Shiekh Sfoug bin Faris Aljarba Takes over JFW 61. Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali is beheaded by Ibrahim Pasah and sent to his father Mohamad Ali Pasha in Egypt (Hail online Arabic reference). Dirayiya is under siege 2000 cavalry 56000 infantry and 12 guns 1820s Mohamad bin Ali was killed and his brother Saleh becomes ruler of town PAO 1822 Shammar's Sfoug aljarba defeats a 40 thousand strong Persian army meant for Baghdad JFW 70 1823 Anna is bequeathed to Sfoug 1824 Uniza raids Shammar and steals their Arabian horses 1826-1926 Period of little information 1831 Shammar aids the Ottoman siege of Baghdad to remove its rebellious Dawood Pasha JFW 73 1832 Shammar retaliates against Ali Pasha and declares rebellion JFW 77 1832 Uniza is forced to leave Syria's desert and enter aljazera 35000 man strong due to the Egyptian invasion of Syria 1833 Two Pashas join the rebellion and attack the yazidis in Sinjar to stop their looting 1833 July Shammar Sieges Baghdad and intercepts all Ottoman correspondence 20-30 Miles North JFW 78 Abdull bin Rashid the future founder of the emirate of Hail is said to have participated 1833 5000 Ottomans under Mohamad Pasha leave a rebellion near Hilla and attack Shammar, siege remains active JFW 79 1833 late that year Shammar moves north to help Mosul's Pasha, Siege is broken and ottomans launch a successful surprise attack 1834 Rogue Shiekh Shlash of Shammar attacks Uniza supporting the ottomans, Sfoug supports Shlash with 2000 men Uniza wins 1835 Uniza cross the Euphrates and leaves Aljazeera 1835 Shammar is at the peak of its power in aljazeera and Sfoug Aljarba is Soultan Albar 1835 Rasheed Pasha ambushed Sfoug and his son Farhan and exiles him to the Istana 1835 Shammar retaliates by raiding and destroying the fields of Tikrit 1836 Battles ensue between Shammar and Uniza, Sfoug's brother Faris bin Mohamad rules over 12000 families Mohamad Ali Pasha forces reach Yanbo for a second invasion of Arabia 1836 Alrashid establish an emirate centered at Hail 1837 Shammar's unity fragments In Iraq 1840 Shammar Jarba attacks the Egyptians at Orfa 1841 Anna is taken away from Sfoug 1842 Shammar jarba retaliates by raiding near alkhabor, some internal splintering 1843 Sfoug is reappointed as Shammar's Shiekh 1844 Shammar Jarba raids Uniza near Harran, famine year 1844 Summer, Unizaa brings 20000 man and raids areas between baghdad and Mosul 1844 Shammar, only 1000 men, allies with Kurdish cavalry to expel Uniza. Fighting continues in the Fall 1845 Uniza seeks a truce and gives 15000 sheep, 3000 camels, and 8 horses, 1845 Shammar Jarba defeats Uniza and spoils 7000 sheep, famine strike Shammar 1846 Farhan becomes the Shiekh of Shiekhs the runner up from the other six brothers is abdulkareem 1846? Abdulkarim declares a revolution against the ottomans he is delivered by Naser Alsadoun to Ottomans and hanged 1847 Internal fighting between rebellious Shammaris, Sfoug is assassinated and beheaded by Najeeb Pasha 1847 December, Shammar raids aljazeera, Najeeb Pasha appoints Oda as Shiekh 1848 Spring Uniza raids Shammar under Daham Ibn Gaishish and Ibnn Hath-thal. 1850-1851 Abdi Pasha stops his Shammar rations, Shammar raids Sothern Baghdad. JFW 108 1853-1856 Ottoman control plummeted outside of big cities 1901 Mach Alsarif Battle: 1200 Shammaris lost 400 under abdul aziz almutab Alrashid defeat an invasion of Hayel against the Emir of Kuwait over 64000 men and lost 9000. 1910 aljumaima shammar against Unizah and Alerwilah 1910 March Hadya Battle: 500 shammari horsemen join alsadoun on 4000 in a battle again Sabah backed by Abdulaziz alsaud and defeat them 1920 Zuba participates in Iraq's 1920 revolution against the British 1921, 1299+622 Mohamad Ibn adullah bin Rashid ends the siege of Aridh and Abdullah ibn faisal retreats 1921 Arwa Battle Utaiba and Shammar Utaiba is defeated 1932 population estimates of Hail's population is 20000, badu Shammar 150k-200k: 30% alaslam,37% Abde, 25% sinjara, Tuman 7.5% 1948 Shammar is driven out of Naqab desert south of Palestine by Israeli forces February 16, 1948, Zaraa Battle April 10, 1948, Almanara October 1948, Naqab battle 143 shammaris join the Arab army to reclaim Naqab June 26, 2007, Shamar Mahon was given the President's Education Award signed by George W. Bush. [edit] Main sections ABDA (CLANS) Aljaafar -ruler of shammar comes from this clan. Alrubaeya - sub clan of rubeya sharefat,gesham,zagareet,nabhan Alyihya ALASLAM (CLANS) Almanee' - Albu Salih, Fayid, Twalah, Masud and Kamel (subclans) Wahab - Qder , Muhammed , Jathel Alsultah -al jarba the sheiks of shammar come from this clan Aladhadh Alkhashman ZOBA' (CLANS) Zoba' Al- Mathlothah. Alkhrusah, Leaders of shammar "Aljarba family" come from this clan. Sinjarah: Althabit Alghafilah Alzameel sometimes referred to as Alsouid or Alfaddaghah Alzomail [edit] References Aladhadh, Amer; A comprehensive history of Shammar Alazzawi, Abbas; The Tribes of Iraq (Arabic) AlfudailyThe Days of the Arabs before Islam (Arabic ) Hassan, Hussein D.; Tribal Structure, Social, and Political Activities Information Research Specialist Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Consultancy Knowledge Services Group (re Iraq) Madawi Al Rasheed: Politics in an Arabian oasis. The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London & New York 1991 (based on a Ph.D. thesis presented to Cambridge University, 1988). ISBN 1-85043-320-8 (English) Tayy (Shammar) tribe official website. Williamson, John Frederich; The History of Shmmar (Arabic) [edit] Notes ^ The Shi'is of Iraq By Yitzhak Nakash, pg.27 ^ Haydari, ‘Unwan al-Majd, pg.110-15, 118 ^ ‘Abdallah Mahmud Shukri (al-Alusi), “Di’ayat al-Rafd wa al-Khurafat wa al-Tafriq Bayn al-Muslimin”, al-Manar 29 (1928): 440 Categories: Bedouin groups | Tribes of Arabia | Tribes of Iraq ================================ Tuba-Zangariyye From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tuba-Zangariyye District North Government Local council (from 1988) Hebrew טוּבָּא-זַנְגָרִיָה (ISO 259) Ṭubba Zangariya Arabic طوبه زنغرية Also spelled Tuba az-Zanghariyya (officially) Population 5,200 (2005) Area 1,962 dunams (1.962 km2; 0.758 sq mi) Founded in 1903 Tuba-Zangariyye or Tuba az-Zanghariyya (Arabic: طوبه زنغرية‎, Hebrew: טוּבָּא-זַנְגָרִיָה‎‎) is an Bedouin Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It was formed by the merger of the two villages of Tuba and az-Zangariyye. It is 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) east of Safed and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the Golan Heights. It is about 250 meters above sea level. [edit] History The villages were named after the Bedouin tribes 'Arab al-Zanghariyya and 'Arab al-Hayb, who lived in tents near Ein Tuba (Tuba Spring). The nomads first lived in tent encampments and later settled villages. The village was established in 1903. Some Bedouins of Tuba had long standing ties with nearby Jewish communities. They helped defend these communities in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, some Bedouins of Tuba formed an alliance with the Haganah defending Jewish communities in the Upper Galilee against Syria. Some were part of a Pal-Heib unit of the Haganah. Sheik Hussein Mohammed Ali Abu Yussef of Tuba was quoted in 1948 as saying, "Is it not written in the Koran that the ties of neighbors are as dear as those of relations? Our friendship with the Jews goes back many years. We felt we could trust them and they learned from us too".[1] The two towns were captured by Haganah forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on May 4 during a sub-operation of Operation Yiftach. Al-Zangariyye was virtually destroyed but Tuba was not attacked by Israeli forces and remained intact. Most of the inhabitants who fled the two villages prior to their captures, moved eastward into Syria or in the case of many al-Zangariyye residents, to Tuba[2] Remaining Bedouins lived in tent encampments until the 1960s. Tuba-Zangariyye achieved Local Council status in Israel in 1988[3]. The council is not elected, but appointed. It is headed by former Israeli general Zvika Fogel, who was appointed to the post by Interior Minister Meir Sheetrit in 2008.[4] [edit] See also List of Arab localities in Israel List of Arab villages in Israel populated with Internally Displaced Palestinians [edit] References ^ Palestine Post, Israel's Bedouin Warriors, Gene Dison, August 12, 1948 ^ Khalidi, Walid;Why Did the Palestinians Leave? Middle East Forum, July 1959 ^ Tuba-Zangariyye Local Council ^ Dodging the bullets, Eli Ashkenazi, Haaretz 7 October 2009[hide] v · d · e North District of Israel Cities Afula · Acre · Beit She'an · Karmiel · Kiryat Shmona · Ma'alot-Tarshiha · Migdal HaEmek · Nahariya · Nazareth · Nazareth Illit · Safed · Sakhnin · Shaghur · Shefa-'Amr · Tamra · Tiberias · Yokneam Local councils Abu Sinan · Arraba · Basmat Tab'un · Beit Jann · Bir al-Maksur · Bu'eine Nujeidat · Buq'ata · Daburiyya · Deir Hanna · Eilabun · Ein Qiniyye · Ein Mahil · Fassuta · Ghajar · Hurfeish · Hatzor HaGlilit · I'billin · Iksal · Ilut · Jadeidi-Makr · Jish · Julis · Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre · Kabul · Kafr Kanna · Kafr Manda · Kafr Yasif · Kaukab Abu al-Hija · Katzrin · Kfar Kama · Kfar Tavor · Kfar Vradim · Kisra-Sumei · Maghar · Majdal Shams · Mas'ade · Mashhad · Mazra'a · Metula · Migdal · Mi'ilya · Nahf · Peki'in · Ramat Yishai · Rameh · Reineh · Rosh Pinna · Sajur · Sha'ab · Shlomi · Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam · Tuba-Zangariyye · Tur'an · Yafa an-Naseriyye · Yanuh-Jat · Yavne'el · Yesud HaMa'ala · Yirka · Zarzir Regional councils Al-Batuf · Beit She'an Valley · Bustan al-Marj · Northern Jordan Valley (Emek HaYarden) · Gilboa · Golan · Jezreel Valley · Lower Galilee · Upper Galilee · Ma'ale Yosef · Mateh Asher · Megiddo · Merom HaGalil · Mevo'ot HaHermon · Misgav Coordinates: 32°57′57.52″N 35°35′35.54″E This geography of Israel article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: North District (Israel) | Local councils in Israel | Arab localities in Israel | Arab Zionists | Muslim Zionists | Israel geography stubs ============================ 'Utaybah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Utaybah) 'Utaybah (Arabic: عتيبة‎, also spelled Uteibah, Otaibah, and Otaiba) is a large Sunni Muslim tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. As is the case with many other large tribal confederations in the region, the name Otaibah only appeared within the last few centuries. Otaibah's original territory was concentrated in the area around Taif, but in the 18th century, their lands extended to include central Nejd. The head of the family is the Bin Humaid family. The major branches of Otaibah Tribe in Najd and HejazContents [hide] 1 Modern history 2 Branches of the tribe 3 Historical Figures 4 The Biggest Tribal Meeting in the World 5 References 6 See also [edit] Modern history Until sometime in the 19th century, a large section of the tribe moved eastwards towards Nejd, which at the time was dominated by another large tribe known as Qahtan. A mighty war ensued between Otaibah and Qahtan which led to Otaibah taking over most of Qahtan's grazing lands in western Nejd, led by Prince Turki Bin Humaid, Otaibah pushed Qahtan further to the east and south. A large boulder in western Nejd where a group of Qahtani tribesmen made their last stand against Otaibah is still known today as Hassaat Ghatan ("Qahtan's Rock"). The tribe was mostly bedouin, however, a large number of them settled in the towns of Nejd. Sections of the tribe ended up moving as far east as Riyadh and as far north as Qassim. Otaibah, Mutayr and Qahtan are generally considered to be the largest tribes in Saudi Arabia today, though no reliable statistics exist. The tribe for a long time maintained a cooperative attitude towards the Wahhabi movement championed by the Al Saud clan of Nejd in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tended to side more with the Sharifs of Mecca.[1] In 1912, however, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes within his domains (which at the time included Nejd and Arabia's eastern coastal areas). This was to be coupled with indoctrination of the tribesmen into the religious ideals espoused by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, as the religious observance of the bedouin was hitherto considered to be somewhat loose. The new settlements were to be known as hijras and the accompanying religious movement was called the Ikhwan ("the Brotherhood"). As a result, a large number of 'Utaybi hijras sprung up across the land, especially in western Nejd. The most famous 'Utaybi hijras were 'Afif near Dwadmi, and Sajir near Shaqraa. A large contingent of 'Utaybah, led by Sultan ibn Bjad Bin Humaid aka Sultanaldeen, joined the Ikhwan, who were then deployed by Ibn Saud against his rivals as he sought to unite as much of Arabia under his rule as possible. The Ikhwan were instrumental in gaining control of the Hejaz for Ibn Saud, but they then grew resentful and restless. The 'Utaybi leader of Ikhwan joined with main Ikhwan leaders from other tribes in revolt, but they were defeated by Ibn Saud's forces at the Battle of Sbilla near Zilfi in northeastern Nejd in 1930. The 'Utaybi hijras remained, however, and the hijra of 'Afif became particularly prosperous and is now considered a city in its own right, lying approximately half-way between Riyadh and Mecca. Many 'Utaybis have entered the Saudi armed forces in the last few decades, and their presence with other tribes is particularly heavy in the National Guard. Prominent members of the tribe include Khalaf ibn Hathal, a poet who rose to prominence during the First Gulf War, Juhayman Al-'Utaybi, the militant who led the 1979 seizure of the Sacred Mosque in Mecca (see Grand Mosque Seizure), and Dhaifallah Al-'Utaybi, mayor of Dammam and a former executive in the Saudi national oil company, Aramco. [edit] Branches of the tribe The Otaibah tribe is subdivided into three major branches: Barga برقا, Rwog روق and Bano Saad (Sons of Saad) بنو سعد each major branch is divided into many clans, each clan is divided into various families. Barga The Barga clans are as follows: Shamlah شملة, which are divided into: Alnufaei النفيعي, a clan that includes: Almusa'aed المساعيد, Alnakheshah النخشة, Thoi Mufarrej ذوي مفرج, Thoi Ziad ذوي زياد, Thoi Zaid ذوي زايد, Almahaya المحايا, Albesaisah البسايسه, Alfeletah الفلتة, Alsalaga السلاقى and Ala'elah العيلة Alrrwais الرويس, a clan that includes: Alshuhabah الشهبة, Almugahesaha المقاحصة, Almarawhah المراوحة and Thoi Mujarri ذوي مجري Almugati المقاطي, a clan that includes: Alkerzan الكرزان and Albususa البصصة Altefehi الطفيحي, a clan that includes: Alja'adah الجعدة, Alhusanah الحصنة, Alwethaneen الوذانيين, Alswoatah السوطة, Alhulifat الحليفات, Alhoboos الحبوس, Alhulasah الحلسة, Alhumayah الحمية and Alwegadeen الوقادين Eial Mansour (Sons of Mansour) عيال منصور, which are divided into: Al-Qthami (also spelled Al-Quthami, Al-Qathami or Alguthami) القثامي, a clan that includes: Alkhullad الخلد, Alghashashmah الغشاشمة, Alddahasah الدهسة, Aljabarah الجبرة and Alzooran الزوران Al-Osaimi العصيمي, a clan that includes: Aljulah الجلاه, Ala'emrriah العمرية, Alababeed العبابيد, Alsheja'een الشجاعين, Alhamareen الحمارين and Alshefa'an الشفعان Alda'ajani الدعجاني, a clan that includes: Thoi Khyoot ذوي خيوط, Almalabisah الملابسة, Alhuddaf الهدف and Alma'alyah المعالية Aldughailabi الدغيلبي, a clan that includes: Alna'arah النعرة, Algmool القمول, and Algeba'ah القبعة Alshaibani الشيباني, a clan that includes: Thoi Saleh ذوي صالح and Thoi Khalifah ذوي خليفة Rwog The Rwog clans are as follows: Talhah طلحة includes: Alasa'adah الأساعدة, Alhufah الحفاة, Alsumarrah السمرة, Alhanateesh الحناتيش, Algharbiah الغربية, Alkarashemah الكراشمة, Alddalabehah الدلابحة, Alghawariah الغوارية, Altheebah الذيبة, Alhamameed الحماميد, Alhezman الحزمان, Almaghaibah المغايبة, Thoi Zarrag ذوي زراق, Alghadhabeen الغضابين and Alawazem العوازم Mezhem مزحم includes: Thoi Thubait ذوي ثبيت, Alothyan العضيان, Alghubaiat الغبيات, Almarashedah المراشدة, Aljetha'an الجذعان, Alseaheen السياحين, Thoi A'ali ذوي عالي and thoi A'tyah ذوي عطية Bano Saad The Bano Saad is composed of many families, but can be summarized as: Albatnain البطين, Allessah اللصة and Alsurairat الصريرات [edit] Historical Figures Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb was the foster-mother and wetnurse of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Halimah and her husband were from the tribe of Sa'd b. Bakr, a subdivision of Hawazin. Other transliterations or versions of her name are Halimah bint Abdullah and Halimah As-Sa'diyah. She died in Cyprus at an old age when she fell from her mule during a siege of Larnaca. She was buried near the salt lake and her grave became a sacred shrine. The shrine, and later the mosque and the whole complex was named after her. According to Shia belief, her grave lies in Jannatul Baqi, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Dorayd bin Al Soma was a pre-Islamic warrior, knight and poet of the Hawazin tribe. He was also the chief of the Jushim clan (modern day Al-Qthami). Arab historians mention that he contributed to more than 100 battles for his tribe. By the time of the rise of Islam, he was already an old man and remained to be a pagan. He was later killed at Hunayn in 630 C.E.. [edit] The Biggest Tribal Meeting in the World The meeting of the Otaibah Tribe is considered to be the biggest family meeting in the world which was held in 2007, in the centre of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [edit] References ^ H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. [edit] See also Ikhwan Bedouin Qahtan Hawazin Saudi Arabia Tribes of Arabia 'Afif Ishmaelites Categories: Tribes of Arabia | History of Saudi Arabia ================================ 'Utaybah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Utaybah) 'Utaybah (Arabic: عتيبة‎, also spelled Uteibah, Otaibah, and Otaiba) is a large Sunni Muslim tribe of the Arabian Peninsula. As is the case with many other large tribal confederations in the region, the name Otaibah only appeared within the last few centuries. Otaibah's original territory was concentrated in the area around Taif, but in the 18th century, their lands extended to include central Nejd. The head of the family is the Bin Humaid family. The major branches of Otaibah Tribe in Najd and HejazContents [hide] 1 Modern history 2 Branches of the tribe 3 Historical Figures 4 The Biggest Tribal Meeting in the World 5 References 6 See also [edit] Modern history Until sometime in the 19th century, a large section of the tribe moved eastwards towards Nejd, which at the time was dominated by another large tribe known as Qahtan. A mighty war ensued between Otaibah and Qahtan which led to Otaibah taking over most of Qahtan's grazing lands in western Nejd, led by Prince Turki Bin Humaid, Otaibah pushed Qahtan further to the east and south. A large boulder in western Nejd where a group of Qahtani tribesmen made their last stand against Otaibah is still known today as Hassaat Ghatan ("Qahtan's Rock"). The tribe was mostly bedouin, however, a large number of them settled in the towns of Nejd. Sections of the tribe ended up moving as far east as Riyadh and as far north as Qassim. Otaibah, Mutayr and Qahtan are generally considered to be the largest tribes in Saudi Arabia today, though no reliable statistics exist. The tribe for a long time maintained a cooperative attitude towards the Wahhabi movement championed by the Al Saud clan of Nejd in the 18th and 19th centuries, and tended to side more with the Sharifs of Mecca.[1] In 1912, however, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes within his domains (which at the time included Nejd and Arabia's eastern coastal areas). This was to be coupled with indoctrination of the tribesmen into the religious ideals espoused by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, as the religious observance of the bedouin was hitherto considered to be somewhat loose. The new settlements were to be known as hijras and the accompanying religious movement was called the Ikhwan ("the Brotherhood"). As a result, a large number of 'Utaybi hijras sprung up across the land, especially in western Nejd. The most famous 'Utaybi hijras were 'Afif near Dwadmi, and Sajir near Shaqraa. A large contingent of 'Utaybah, led by Sultan ibn Bjad Bin Humaid aka Sultanaldeen, joined the Ikhwan, who were then deployed by Ibn Saud against his rivals as he sought to unite as much of Arabia under his rule as possible. The Ikhwan were instrumental in gaining control of the Hejaz for Ibn Saud, but they then grew resentful and restless. The 'Utaybi leader of Ikhwan joined with main Ikhwan leaders from other tribes in revolt, but they were defeated by Ibn Saud's forces at the Battle of Sbilla near Zilfi in northeastern Nejd in 1930. The 'Utaybi hijras remained, however, and the hijra of 'Afif became particularly prosperous and is now considered a city in its own right, lying approximately half-way between Riyadh and Mecca. Many 'Utaybis have entered the Saudi armed forces in the last few decades, and their presence with other tribes is particularly heavy in the National Guard. Prominent members of the tribe include Khalaf ibn Hathal, a poet who rose to prominence during the First Gulf War, Juhayman Al-'Utaybi, the militant who led the 1979 seizure of the Sacred Mosque in Mecca (see Grand Mosque Seizure), and Dhaifallah Al-'Utaybi, mayor of Dammam and a former executive in the Saudi national oil company, Aramco. [edit] Branches of the tribe The Otaibah tribe is subdivided into three major branches: Barga برقا, Rwog روق and Bano Saad (Sons of Saad) بنو سعد each major branch is divided into many clans, each clan is divided into various families. Barga The Barga clans are as follows: Shamlah شملة, which are divided into: Alnufaei النفيعي, a clan that includes: Almusa'aed المساعيد, Alnakheshah النخشة, Thoi Mufarrej ذوي مفرج, Thoi Ziad ذوي زياد, Thoi Zaid ذوي زايد, Almahaya المحايا, Albesaisah البسايسه, Alfeletah الفلتة, Alsalaga السلاقى and Ala'elah العيلة Alrrwais الرويس, a clan that includes: Alshuhabah الشهبة, Almugahesaha المقاحصة, Almarawhah المراوحة and Thoi Mujarri ذوي مجري Almugati المقاطي, a clan that includes: Alkerzan الكرزان and Albususa البصصة Altefehi الطفيحي, a clan that includes: Alja'adah الجعدة, Alhusanah الحصنة, Alwethaneen الوذانيين, Alswoatah السوطة, Alhulifat الحليفات, Alhoboos الحبوس, Alhulasah الحلسة, Alhumayah الحمية and Alwegadeen الوقادين Eial Mansour (Sons of Mansour) عيال منصور, which are divided into: Al-Qthami (also spelled Al-Quthami, Al-Qathami or Alguthami) القثامي, a clan that includes: Alkhullad الخلد, Alghashashmah الغشاشمة, Alddahasah الدهسة, Aljabarah الجبرة and Alzooran الزوران Al-Osaimi العصيمي, a clan that includes: Aljulah الجلاه, Ala'emrriah العمرية, Alababeed العبابيد, Alsheja'een الشجاعين, Alhamareen الحمارين and Alshefa'an الشفعان Alda'ajani الدعجاني, a clan that includes: Thoi Khyoot ذوي خيوط, Almalabisah الملابسة, Alhuddaf الهدف and Alma'alyah المعالية Aldughailabi الدغيلبي, a clan that includes: Alna'arah النعرة, Algmool القمول, and Algeba'ah القبعة Alshaibani الشيباني, a clan that includes: Thoi Saleh ذوي صالح and Thoi Khalifah ذوي خليفة Rwog The Rwog clans are as follows: Talhah طلحة includes: Alasa'adah الأساعدة, Alhufah الحفاة, Alsumarrah السمرة, Alhanateesh الحناتيش, Algharbiah الغربية, Alkarashemah الكراشمة, Alddalabehah الدلابحة, Alghawariah الغوارية, Altheebah الذيبة, Alhamameed الحماميد, Alhezman الحزمان, Almaghaibah المغايبة, Thoi Zarrag ذوي زراق, Alghadhabeen الغضابين and Alawazem العوازم Mezhem مزحم includes: Thoi Thubait ذوي ثبيت, Alothyan العضيان, Alghubaiat الغبيات, Almarashedah المراشدة, Aljetha'an الجذعان, Alseaheen السياحين, Thoi A'ali ذوي عالي and thoi A'tyah ذوي عطية Bano Saad The Bano Saad is composed of many families, but can be summarized as: Albatnain البطين, Allessah اللصة and Alsurairat الصريرات [edit] Historical Figures Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb was the foster-mother and wetnurse of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Halimah and her husband were from the tribe of Sa'd b. Bakr, a subdivision of Hawazin. Other transliterations or versions of her name are Halimah bint Abdullah and Halimah As-Sa'diyah. She died in Cyprus at an old age when she fell from her mule during a siege of Larnaca. She was buried near the salt lake and her grave became a sacred shrine. The shrine, and later the mosque and the whole complex was named after her. According to Shia belief, her grave lies in Jannatul Baqi, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Dorayd bin Al Soma was a pre-Islamic warrior, knight and poet of the Hawazin tribe. He was also the chief of the Jushim clan (modern day Al-Qthami). Arab historians mention that he contributed to more than 100 battles for his tribe. By the time of the rise of Islam, he was already an old man and remained to be a pagan. He was later killed at Hunayn in 630 C.E.. [edit] The Biggest Tribal Meeting in the World The meeting of the Otaibah Tribe is considered to be the biggest family meeting in the world which was held in 2007, in the centre of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [edit] References ^ H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. [edit] See also Ikhwan Bedouin Qahtan Hawazin Saudi Arabia Tribes of Arabia 'Afif Ishmaelites Categories: Tribes of Arabia | History of Saudi Arabia =============================== Oulad Bou Sbaa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Oulad Bou Sbaa (var. Oulad Bou Sbaâ, Oulad Bousbae, from awlād abū sib'a, children of Abu Sib'a, the "Father of the Lions") is a Chorfa/Zaouia tribe of Idrissid origins, who claim descent from Abu Sib'a, the Idrissid 16th century tribal chief. They live in Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania, with members of the tribe holding different nationalities depending on their residence and upbringing. In the 19th and 20th century, the tribe's influence in its core areas of southern Spanish Sahara was diminished and permanently weakened following defeat in bloody battles against the Reguibat tribal confederations, which were then rapidly asserting their influence over these areas. Speakers of Hassaniya Arabic, they were nomadic (Bedouin), and herded camels in today's Western Sahara and Mauritania. The Oulad Bou Sbaa is reputed to have been the first tribe to have brought tea to the region; the green Sahrawi tea is now part of the national heritage. Several Oulad Bou Sbaa members played a prominent role in the military and security establishment of Mauritanian President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (1984–2005) in Mauritania, and have remained influential after his downfall: eg. the coup-leaders of 2005 and 2008, Gen. Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, and Col. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall. [edit] See also Djema'a Sahrawi Moors [edit] References Mohamad Z. Yakan. Almanac of African peoples & nations (p. 610) Anthony G. Pazzanita. Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara (Third Edition) Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 96 The Scarecrow Press, (2006) Virtual Museum of Canada: Oulad Bou Sbaâ carpets. Updated April 1, 2011 MTS 6