Introduction to Personal Computer

Section 1.2 Introduction to Personal Computer : Section 1.2 Introduction to Personal Computer Made By : Gagandeep Singh A+ Hardware

What you learn today : What you learn today CompTIA A+ 220-701 , Section 1.2 Explain the motherboard components, types and features. - I/O interfaces - Memory Slots - Processor Socket. - Bus Architecture - Bus Slots - Floppy Drives - Hard drives. - BIOS/CMOS/POST

Introduction to Personal Computer : Introduction to Personal Computer The outside - Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Computer Case. The inside - Power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory, cooling fans. Computer operation primer.

The Outside : The Outside

The Inside : The Inside

The Inside : The Inside

SMPS : SMPS

Motherboard : Motherboard

CPU : CPU

LGA VS PGA : LGA VS PGA

Components : Components Socket CPU Heat Sink FAN

Memory (RAM) : Memory (RAM)

System FAN : System FAN

Floppy Drive : Floppy Drive

Hard Disk : Hard Disk External Hard Disk Internal Hard Disk

CMOS /BIOS : CMOS /BIOS

Slide 17 : OS Booting Sequence Steps

OS Booting Sequence Steps : OS Booting Sequence Steps First is the POST, this stands for Power On Self Test, for the computer. The computer power-on self-test (POST) tests the computer to make sure it meets the necessary system requirements and that all hardware is working properly before starting the remainder of the boot process. If the computer passes the POST the computer will have a single beep (with some computer BIOS manufacturers it may beep twice) as the computer starts and the computer will continue to start normally. However, if the computer fails the POST, the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code, which tells the user the source of the problem.

The steps of a POST : The steps of a POST Each time the computer boots up the computer must past the POST. Below is the common steps a POST performs each time your computer starts. 1. Test the power supply to ensure that it is turned on and that it releases its reset signal. 2. CPU must exit the reset status mode and thereafter be able to execute instructions. 3. BIOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable. 4. CMOS checksum must be valid, meaning that it must be readable.

The steps of a POST : The steps of a POST CPU must be able to read all forms of memory such as the memory controller, memory bus, and memory module. 6. The first 64KB of memory must be operational and have the capability to be read and written to and from, and capable of containing the POST code. 7. I/O bus / controller must be accessible. 8. I/O bus must be able to write / read from the video subsystem and be able to read all video RAM.

The steps of a POST : The steps of a POST If the computer does not pass any of the above tests, your computer will receive an irregular POST. An irregular POST is a beep code that is different from the standard one or two beeps. This could be either no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps indicating what is causing the computer not to past the POST.

Original IBM POST beep codes : Original IBM POST beep codes 1 short beep - Normal POST - system is OK 2 short beeps - POST error - error code shown on screen No beep - Power supply, system board problem, disconnected CPU, or disconnected speaker, Continuous beep - Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem Repeating short beeps - Power supply or system board problem or keyboard 1 long, 1 short beep - System board problem 1 long, 2 short beeps - Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA) 1 long, 3 short beeps - Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) 3 long beeps - 3270 keyboard card

XP Booting Sequence : XP Booting Sequence 2. Once the POST is complete and the BIOS is sure that everything is working properly, the BIOS will then attempt to read the MBR (Master Boot Record). This is the first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HD0). When the MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control. 3. The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active partition). That is where NTLDR is located, NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER for Windows XP. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot.ini and load the boot menu.

XP Booting Sequence : XP Booting Sequence 4. NTLDR has to be in the root of the active partition as do NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, BOOTSECT.DOS (for multi-OS booting) and NTBOOTDD.SYS (if you have SCSI adapters)Once XP is selected from the Boot Menu, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded. 5. The system starts in 16-bit real mode and then moves into 32-bit protected mode. NTLDR will then load NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL. Effectively, these two files are windows XP. They must be located in %SystemRoot%System32. 6. NTLDR reads the registry, chooses a hardware profile and authorizes device drivers, in that exact order. At this point NTOSKRNL.EXE takes over. It starts WINLOGON.EXE that in turn starts LSASS.EXE, this is the program that display the Logon screen so that you can logon.

Expansion Slots : Expansion Slots

RISER CARD : RISER CARD

Slide 27 : Computer Operation Primer

IPO Cycle : IPO Cycle INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORAGE