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Part IV: Eukaryotes 4
I. An Introduction to the Molecular Basis of Cancer.

The term molecular biology was first used in 1945 by
William Astbury who was referring to the study of the
chemical and physical structure of biological
macromolecules. By that time, biochemists had discovered
many fundamental intracellular chemical reactions. The
importance of specific reactions and of protein structure in
defining the numerous properties of cells was also appreciated.
However, the development of molecular biology had to await
the understanding that the most advantageous approaches
would be made by studying “simple” systems such as bacteria
and bacteriophages which yield information about the basic
biological processes more readily than animal cells.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO BE MET BY GENETIC MATERIAL
According to the molecular biologists certain requirements must be met by any molecule if it is
to be qualified as the substance that transmits genetic information from one generation to next. These
requirements extend directly from what is known about the continuity of species and the process of
evolutionary change.
1. The genetic material must contain biologically useful information that is maintained in a stable
form.
2. The genetic information must be reproduced and transmitted faithfully from cell to cell or from
generation to generation.
3. The genetic material must be able to express itself so that other biological molecules, and
ultimately cells and organisms, will be produced and maintained. Implicit in this requirement is that
some mechanism be available for decoding, or translating, the information contained in the genetic
material into its “productive” form

Molecular Biology

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Presentation Transcript

Molecular Biology : 1 Molecular Biology Part IV: Eukaryotes 4 I. An Introduction to the Molecular Basis of Cancer

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Slide 5 : 5 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 6 : 6 normal human karyotype human cancer – aneuploidy Marx, J. 2002 Science

Slide 7 : 7 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology

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Slide 10 : 10 Lewin 2000 Genes VII

Slide 11 : 11 Lewin 2000 Genes VII

Slide 12 : 12 Experiment by Stehelin, Bishop, & Dulbecco 1976 Figure based on Bishop, 1982 Scientific American

Slide 13 : 13 Watson et al. 1987 Mol. Bio. of the Gene 4th ed.

Slide 14 : 14 Watson et al. 1987 Mol. Bio. of the Gene 4th ed.

Slide 15 : 15 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed. oncogenes can also be activated WITHOUT VIRUSES

Slide 16 : 16 Lewin 2000 Genes VII

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Slide 18 : 18 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

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Slide 21 : 21 the human “kinome”

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Slide 26 : 26 Lewin 2000 Genes VII

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Slide 31 : 31 Watson et al. 1992 Recombinant DNA 2nd ed.

Slide 32 : 32 Watson et al. 1992 Recombinant DNA 2nd ed.

Slide 33 : 33 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 34 : 34 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 35 : 35 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 36 : 36 E2F: transcription factor required for cell to enter S phase RB protein binds E2F, preventing cell from entering S (and RB + E2F represses other genes) cyclin + cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) can phosphorylate RB, causing it to release E2F, which then binds to DNA and activates S phase genes

Slide 37 : 37 recessive mutation: one functional allele produces RB, which binds E2F and holds cell in Go --- -- no functional alleles --> no RB --> E2F activates S-phase

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Slide 40 : 40 What are some of the mutations that occur here?

Slide 41 : 41 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 42 : 42 Karp 1999 Cell & Molecular Biology 2nd ed.

Slide 43 : 43 McKinnell et al. 1998 The Biological Basis of Cancer