International General Certificate of Secondary Education UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/3 PAPER 3 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2001 2 hours Candidates answer on the question paper. No additional materials are required. This question paper consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages. SB (SJF1613/CG) S03401/5 © UCLES 2001 [Turn over TIME 2 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24. Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate Number FOR EXAMINER’S USE 123456789 10 TOTAL2 0654/3/O/N/01 1 The electronic structures of five atoms, A to E, are shown in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.1 (a) Explain, in terms of electronic structure, which of the atoms in Fig. 1.1 (i) are of elements in the same group of the Periodic Table; ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) does not form any chemical bonds; ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (iii) forms an ion by gaining one electron. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows a schematic diagram of the industrial process used to make ammonia. Fig. 1.2 nitrogen hydrogen ammonia catalyst For Examiner’s Use atom 1st shell 22 5 2 8 2 2 8 7 2 8 8 2 2nd shell 3rd shell 4th shell ABCDE3 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (i) Write the balanced equation for the formation of ammonia. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Name one gas, other than ammonia, which is present in the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel. Explain briefly why the gas you have named is present. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (c) Much of the ammonia produced in industry is used to make nitric acid. In this process, ammonia gas is mixed with air and passed over a heated catalyst. (i) Write the chemical formula of nitric acid. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Name the substance which oxidises ammonia in this process. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (d) Ammonia reacts with acids to make ammonium salts which are used as fertilisers. (i) State the type of reaction which occurs between ammonia and acids. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) One salt used in fertilisers is ammonium hydrogenphosphate, (NH4)2HPO4. The formula of the ammonium ion is NH4+. Deduce the formula of the hydrogenphosphate ion. Explain your answer. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] For Examiner’s Use4 0654/3/O/N/01 2 (a) A mutation is an unpredictable change in the DNA of a cell. (i) In which part of a cell is the DNA found? ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) State one factor that increases the chance of a mutation occurring. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (iii) Explain why a mutation in a cell in the testes of a man may cause more harm in his child than in the man himself. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) A mutation occurred in a cell in an anther of a flower, forming a new allele. The cell divided to form pollen grains that contained this new allele. The normal allele, A, was dominant and coded for red flowers. The new allele, a, was recessive and coded for white flowers. One of the pollen grains containing allele a landed on the stigma of a flower whose ovule contained the normal allele A. The fertilised ovule developed into a seed, which grew into a new plant that produced flowers. (i) Describe how the allele a travelled from the pollen grain to the ovule. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) State the genotype of the new plant, and the colour of its flowers. genotype …………………………… flower colour ...........................................[2] For Examiner’s Use5 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (iii) The pollen produced by the new plant fertilised its own ovules. Some of the resulting offspring had red flowers, and some had white flowers. Use a genetic diagram to explain how this occurred. [3] For Examiner’s Use6 0654/3/O/N/01 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows some apparatus used by two students. Fig. 3.1 Student A says that it is an electric motor. Student B says that it is a generator. Explain carefully why both students could be correct. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] coil magnetN S For Examiner’s Use7 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (b) Fig. 3.2 shows a transformer whose primary circuit is connected to a d.c. supply. Fig. 3.2 Nothing happens in the secondary circuit except when the current in the primary circuit is switched off. Then, a spark is produced. (i) Suggest why nothing happens in the secondary circuit while the current is flowing steadily in the primary circuit. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Suggest why a spark is produced when the current in the primary circuit is switched off. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] A spark will be produced here if the potential difference between these points is large enough. secondary circuit primary circuit switch For Examiner’s Use8 0654/3/O/N/01 4 Diesel is a liquid fuel obtained from crude oil (petroleum). (a) (i) Name the process which is used to separate diesel from crude oil. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Gasoline is also obtained from crude oil. The molecules in gasoline are, on average, smaller than those in diesel. State two ways in which the physical properties, other than colour, of gasoline differ from those of diesel. 1. ........................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................. 2. ........................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Dodecane is an alkane found in diesel. A sample of dodecane is thought to be contaminated with alkenes. Describe how this sample of dodecane could be tested to see if it contained any alkenes. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] Biodiesel is a fuel made from oil obtained from the seeds of plants such as sunflower and rape. It can be used in engines instead of diesel produced from crude oil. Fig. 4.1 shows the main steps in producing biodiesel from rape seeds. Fig. 4.1 rape seed oil reaction vessel biodiesel methanol and potassium hydroxide For Examiner’s Use9 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (c) Methanol has the formula CH4O. Calculate the mass of one mole of methanol. Show your working. .................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Biodiesel is the preferred fuel for use in the engines of boats used on rivers and canals. Suggest and explain why each of the differences shown in Fig. 4.2 makes biodiesel a better fuel than diesel for use in the engines of these boats. Fig. 4.2 ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [4] For Examiner’s Use sulphur content much lower in biodiesel compared to diesel carbon monoxide emissions lower in biodiesel compared to diesel biodegradability bacteria consume biodiesel in the environment more quickly than they consume diesel10 0654/3/O/N/01 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the nutrient content in 100 g of four foods. Wheat flour and cabbage are derived from plants, while chicken and eggs are from animals. Fig. 5.1 (a) Calculate how many times greater the carbohydrate content of cabbage is than its vitamin C content. .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) State the nutrient shown in Fig. 5.1 that is found in both plant foods but neither animal food, and suggest why this is so. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Carbohydrates are a major source of energy in food. (i) Which two other nutrients are sources of energy? 1. ................................................. 2. ..................................................... [2] (ii) Describe how energy is released from the carbohydrate glucose inside a cell. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] For Examiner’s Use food wheat flour 1340 13.0 1.7 23.0 12.3 2.0 0 14.0 10.9 66.0 2.0 00 4.0 0.4 0.8 2.0 35 400 50 0 2000 60 920 630 cabbage chicken eggs energy /kJ protein /g fat /g carbohyddrat /g iron /mg calcium /mg vitamin C /mg11 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (d) Describe where and how fats are digested in the human alimentary canal. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] (e) Fig. 5.2 shows a food chain and a pyramid of biomass based on this food chain. Fig. 5.2 (i) Explain why the pyramid of biomass is this shape. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) The pyramid of biomass indicates that we could obtain more energy from the same area of land if we ate plant products rather than animal products. However, in many parts of the world, most farmers keep animals and eat animal products such as milk, eggs and meat. Suggest reasons for this. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] cabbages cabbage chickens chickenhumans human For Examiner’s Use12 0654/3/O/N/01 6 (a) A popular cartoon film shows a cat chasing a mouse. As the mouse runs past the cat, at time = 0, the cat starts chasing the mouse. Fig. 6.1 The subsequent movements of the cat and mouse are described by the graph in Fig. 6.1. Using the graph, show that the cat caught the mouse at time = 8 seconds. You will need to calculate the distance travelled by both the cat and the mouse and show your working. ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The cat has a mass of 2 kg and jumps 2m vertically upwards into a tree. If the gravitational field strength is 10N/kg, calculate the work done by the cat. Show your working and state any assumptions that you make. ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] 15 10500 1 2 3 4 5 time s cat mouse 6 7 8 speed m /s For Examiner’s Use13 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (c) The mouse has crept along a narrow wooden beam, pivoted in the middle, and is sitting on a heavy stone. The stone and mouse have a combined weight of 100 N. The cat sits on the beam and balances it. See Fig. 6.2. Fig. 6.2 (i) Calculate the distance d cm when the beam is balanced. Show your working and state any formula that you use. ............................................................................................................................. [3] (ii) Describe and explain what happens if the cat walks along the beam towards the mouse. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] stone 10 cm d cm For Examiner’s Use14 0654/3/O/N/01 7 Glucose is changed into ethanol (alcohol) when wine is produced from grape juice. (a) The equation for the reaction is shown below. C6H12O6 →2C2H6O + 2CO2 (i) Name the type of chemical bonding in glucose. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) The displayed formula of carbon dioxide is O=C=O. Draw a diagram to show how the outer electrons are arranged in one molecule of carbon dioxide. [2] (b) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the reaction rate. The reaction is catalysed by enzymes present in the grape juice. The student predicts that the rate of reaction would be much greater at 80 °C than at 20 °C. Explain why his prediction is not correct. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] For Examiner’s Use15 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (c) The pH value of wine is below 7 because it contains acids, including citric acid and tartaric acid. (i) Describe how a solution of sodium hydroxide could be used to compare the overall acid content of two wines. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [4] (ii) A sample of wine was found to have a tartaric acid concentration of 0.04mol /dm3. Calculate the mass of tartaric acid in 1 dm3 of this wine. The relative formula mass of tartaric acid is 150. Show your working. .................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) A breathalyser is a device used to test exhaled air for the presence of ethanol, C2H6O. In one type of breathalyser, ethanol is converted into ethanoic acid, C2H4O2. Suggest the type of chemical reaction which occurs in this breathalyser. Explain your answer. ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] For Examiner’s Use16 0654/3/O/N/01 8 Radar uses microwaves with a frequency of about 10 000 MHz. A short pulse is sent from a transmitter, reflected by an aircraft and picked up by a receiver next to the transmitter. The time it takes for the wavefront to make the journey there and back is measured. See Fig. 8.1. Fig. 8.1 (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term frequency. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Microwaves travel at the speed of light, 300 000 000m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the microwaves. Show your working and state any formula that you use. ............................................................................................................................. [3] wave pulse from transmitter pulse reflected from aircraft transmitter and receiver in control tower on ground For Examiner’s Use17 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (iii) The aircraft was 5000m away from the transmitter. Calculate the time interval between the transmission of the pulse and its arrival at the receiver. Show your working and state any formula that you use. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Radio signals are electromagnetic waves. They can be either digital or analogue. Explain the difference between these two terms. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Light signals can be sent through optical fibres. Explain how this happens. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] For Examiner’s Use18 0654/3/O/N/01 9 Fig. 9.1 shows a section through an eye of a person looking at a candle. Fig. 9.1 (a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. A ................................................................................................................................. B ................................................................................................................................. C ............................................................................................................................. [3] (b) On the diagram, draw two light rays from the top of the candle flame to show how its image is focused on to the retina. [3] (c) Describe how the shape of the lens is changed when the eye focuses on an object that is further away from the eye. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [3] A C X B For Examiner’s Use19 [Turn over 0654/3/O/N/01 (d) A boy catches sight of a ball out of the corner of his eye, so that the image is focused on the area marked X. Explain why he cannot tell the colour of the ball. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... [2] For Examiner’s Use20 0654/3/O/N/01 10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the current being measured in different parts of a circuit, which includes three identical lamps and three ammeters, P, Q and R. Fig. 10.1 (i) Which ammeter, P, Q or R, shows the largest current? Explain your answer. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii) Which ammeter, P, Q or R, shows the smallest current? Explain your answer. ................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Fig. 10.2 shows a similar circuit, containing three identical resistors but no ammeters. Fig. 10.2 (i) A voltmeter connected across AB reads 3 V. What would the voltmeter read when connected across CD, …………………… FG? …………………… [2] D CFA E GB Q P RAA A For Examiner’s UseFor Examiner’s Use 21 0654/3/O/N/01 (ii) The current through CD is 0.1 A. Calculate the resistance of one resistor. Show your working and state any formula that you use. ............................................................................................................................. [2] (iii) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit between C and E. Show your working and state any formula that you use. ............................................................................................................................. [2]22 0654/3/O/N/01 BLANK PAGE23 0654/3/O/N/01 BLANK PAGE24 0654/3/O/N/01 Group DATA SHEET The Periodic Table of the Elements 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 162 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103 1 H Hydrogen 1 7 Li Lithium 3 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 27 Al Aluminium 13 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulphur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 20 Ne Neon 10 4 He Helium 2 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 39 K Potassium 19 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 227 Ac Actinium 89 † 9 Be Beryllium 4 I II III IV V VI VII 0 85 Rb Rubidium 37 133 Cs Caesium 55 226 Ra Radium 88 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). aX b a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Key *58-71 Lanthanoid series †90-103 Actinoid series