Ellipse

Slide 1 : The Ellipse MATHPOWERTM 12, WESTERN EDITION 3.4.1 3.4 Chapter 3 Conics

Slide 2 : An ellipse is the locus of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from two given points in the plane, the foci, is constant. Major Axis Minor Axis Focus 1 Focus 2 Point PF1 + PF2 = constant 3.4.2 The Ellipse

Slide 3 : The standard form of an ellipse centred at the origin with the major axis of length 2a along the x-axis and a minor axis of length 2b along the y-axis, is: 3.4.3 The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse

Slide 4 : The standard form of an ellipse centred at the origin with the major axis of length 2a along the y-axis and a minor axis of length 2b along the x-axis, is: 3.4.4 The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d]

Slide 5 : F1(-c, 0) F2(c, 0) The Pythagorean Property b c a a2 = b2 + c2 b2 = a2 - c2 c2 = a2 - b2 Length of major axis: 2a Length of minor axis: 2b Vertices: (a, 0) and (-a, 0) Foci: (-c, 0) and (c, 0) 3.4.5

Slide 6 : The standard form of an ellipse centred at any point (h, k) with the major axis of length 2a parallel to the x-axis and a minor axis of length 2b parallel to the y-axis, is: (h, k) 3.4.6 The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d]

Slide 7 : (h, k) The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d] 3.4.7 The standard form of an ellipse centred at any point (h, k) with the major axis of length 2a parallel to the y-axis and a minor axis of length 2b parallel to the x-axis, is:

Slide 8 : The general form of the ellipse is: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 A x C > 0 and A ≠ C The general form may be found by expanding the standard form and then simplifying: Finding the General Form of the Ellipse 3.4.8 25x2 + 9y2 - 200x + 36y + 211 = 0 [ ] 225

Slide 9 : State the coordinates of the vertices, the coordinates of the foci, and the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipse, defined by each equation. The centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). Since the larger number occurs under the x2, the major axis lies on the x-axis. The coordinates of the vertices are (4, 0) and (-4, 0). The length of the major axis is 8. The length of the minor axis is 6. To find the coordinates of the foci, use the Pythagorean property: c2 = a2 - b2 = 42 - 32 = 16 - 9 = 7 Finding the Centre, Axes, and Foci 3.4.9 b c a a) The coordinates of the foci are: and

Slide 10 : b) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 The centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). Since the larger number occurs under the x2, the major axis lies on the x-axis. The coordinates of the vertices are (3, 0) and (-3, 0). The length of the major axis is 6. The length of the minor axis is 4. To find the coordinates of the foci, use the Pythagorean property. c2 = a2 - b2 = 32 - 22 = 9 - 4 = 5 3.4.10 Finding the Centre, Axes, and Foci b c a The coordinates of the foci are: and

Slide 11 : Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (0, 0) a) Find the equation of the ellipse with centre at (0, 0), foci at (5, 0) and (-5, 0), a major axis of length 16 units, and a minor axis of length 8 units. Since the foci are on the x-axis, the major axis is the x-axis. The length of the major axis is 16 so a = 8. The length of the minor axis is 8 so b = 4. Standard form 64 64 x2 + 4y2 = 64 x2 + 4y2 - 64 = 0 General form 3.4.11

Slide 12 : b) The length of the major axis is 12 so a = 6. The length of the minor axis is 6 so b = 3. Standard form 36 36 4x2 + y2 = 36 4x2 + y2 - 36 = 0 General form 3.4.12 Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (0, 0)

Slide 13 : Find the equation for the ellipse with the centre at (3, 2), passing through the points (8, 2), (-2, 2), (3, -5), and (3, 9). The major axis is parallel to the y-axis and has a length of 14 units, so a = 7. The minor axis is parallel to the x-axis and has a length of 10 units, so b = 5. The centre is at (3, 2), so h = 3 and k = 2. 49(x - 3)2 + 25(y - 2)2 = 1225 49(x2 - 6x + 9) + 25(y2 - 4y + 4) = 1225 49x2 - 294x + 441 + 25y2 - 100y + 100 = 1225 49x2 + 25y2 -294x - 100y + 541 = 1225 49x2 + 25y2 -294x - 100y - 684 = 0 Standard form General form 3.4.13 Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (h, k) (3, 2)

Slide 14 : (-3, 2) b) The major axis is parallel to the x-axis and has a length of 12 units, so a = 6. The minor axis is parallel to the y-axis and has a length of 6 units, so b = 3. The centre is at (-3, 2), so h = -3 and k = 2. (x + 3)2 + 4(y - 2)2 = 36 (x2 + 6x + 9) + 4(y2 - 4y + 4) = 36 x2 + 6x + 9 + 4y2 - 16y + 16 = 36 x2 + 4y2 + 6x - 16y + 25 = 36 x2 + 4y2 + 6x - 16y - 11 = 0 Standard form General form 3.4.14 Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (h, k)

Slide 15 : Find the coordinates of the centre, the length of the major and minor axes, and the coordinates of the foci of each ellipse: F1(-c, 0) F2(c, 0) b c a a2 = b2 + c2 b2 = a2 - c2 c2 = a2 - b2 Length of major axis: 2a Length of minor axis: 2b Vertices: (a, 0) and (-a, 0) Foci: (-c, 0) and (c, 0) Recall: a P PF1 + PF2 = 2a c 3.4.15 Analysis of the Ellipse

Slide 16 : a) x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0 x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0 (x2 - 2x ) + (4y2 + 8y) - 11 = 0 (x2 - 2x + _____) + 4(y2 + 2y + _____) = 11 + _____ + _____ 1 1 1 4 (x - 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 16 h = k = a = b = 1 -1 4 2 Since the larger number occurs under the x2, the major axis is parallel to the x-axis. c2 = a2 - b2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12 The centre is at (1, -1). The major axis, parallel to the x-axis, has a length of 8 units. The minor axis, parallel to the y-axis, has a length of 4 units. The foci are at 3.4.16 Analysis of the Ellipse [cont’d] and

Slide 17 : x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0 F1 F2 3.4.17 Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d] Centre (1, -1) (1, -1)

Slide 18 : b) 9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0 9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0 (9x2 - 18x ) + (4y2 + 40y) - 35 = 0 9(x2 - 2x + _____) + 4(y2 + 10y + _____) = 35 + _____ + _____ 1 25 9 100 9(x - 1)2 + 4(y + 5)2 = 144 h = k = a = b = 1 -5 6 4 Since the larger number occurs under the y2, the major axis is parallel to the y-axis. c2 = a2 - b2 = 62 - 42 = 36 - 16 = 20 The centre is at (1, -5). The major axis, parallel to the y-axis, has a length of 12 units. The minor axis, parallel to the x-axis, has a length of 8 units. The foci are at: 3.4.18 Analysis of the Ellipse and

Slide 19 : 9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0 F1 F2 3.4.19 Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d]

Slide 20 : Graphing an Ellipse Using a Graphing Calculator (x - 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 16 4(y + 1)2 = 16 - (x - 1)2 3.4.20

Slide 21 : 3.4.21 General Effects of the Parameters A and C When A ≠ C, and A x C > 0, the resulting conic is an ellipse. If | A | > | C |, it is a vertical ellipse. If | A | < | C |, it is a horizontal ellipse. The closer in value A is to C, the closer the ellipse is to a circle.

Slide 22 : Assignment 3.4.22 Pages 150-152 A 1-20 B 21, 23, 25, 33, 36, 39, 40 Suggested Questions: