Version 1.0: 0708 abc General Certificate of Secondary Education Economics 3144 Paper 2 Foundation Tier Mark Scheme 2008 examination -June series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX Dr Michael Cresswell Director GeneralEconomics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 3 Economics -Paper Two, Foundation Tier (3144/2F) General Marking Guidance The task is structured in four questions; answers are to be marked holistically according to the following criteria/levels. Start at the highest level for each criteria, and look at the candidate’s response to see if you can identify evidence of achievement of that level. If you cannot find evidence of that level, move down to the next level. It is not necessary to obtain the lower levels below that which is actually rewarded. For many levels it is only necessary for candidates to show the applicable evidence once to be awarded in that level. There are some levels, however, where candidates need to show evidence more than once. This particularly applies where the term ‘consistently uses’ is in the level descriptor. Layout/style/structure are not to be rewarded. Guidance will be provided to examiners at the standardisation meeting on how to differentiate between the range of marks at each level. Quantity may be misleading. Please note the mark scheme will be supplemented by extracts from candidates’ answers selected during the standardisation process. These should be used to assist in determining the levels reached by the candidate being assessed. Details of general instructions for markers will be found in the AQA booklet Instructions for examiners marking scripts, which follows the Mandatory Code of Practice. Further supplementary detailed instructions will be given by the Principal Examiner at the standardisation meeting. Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 4 Terms and concepts Candidates may elect to use a variety of relevant terms and concepts including: Economic Growth Employment/Unemployment External Benefits External Costs Opportunity Cost Private Benefits Private Costs Profits Shift in Demand Shift in Supply Social Benefits Social Costs Supply & Demand The following symbols are to be used to indicate the AOs in the marking: AO1 – Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information K AO2 – Application A AO3 – Select, Organise, Analyse and Interpret S AO4 – Evaluation and Judgement E Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 5 1 Total for this question: 20 marks Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information Level 4 Substantial evidence of using economic knowledge and gathering of information to answer the question is demonstrated. The candidate has assembled relevant evidence and shows very good understanding. 7–8 marks Level 3 The candidate has used economic knowledge in relation to the context of the question. The candidate has copied some material, but has summarised and adopted other information. The candidate has demonstrated good understanding of evidence. 4–6 marks Level 2 Some attempt to use economic knowledge, but limited in its relevance. Most of the answer is copied from source material and understanding is limited. 1–3 marks Level 1 No relevant information is presented. 0 marks Candidates are likely to mention some of the following: Item B • percentage increase rises each year in numbers using UK airports; • diminishing increase 2004-6; • largest increase in 2002; • smallest increase in 2006. Item C • passenger numbers up by 6%; • regional airports passenger numbers rose on average by 9%; • regional airport passenger numbers have doubled since 1995; • flights to Europe increased by 6% -Italy by 11%; • fastest growth in passenger numbers was to: -North Africa 38% -Australia 33%. NB To reach Levels 3 and 4 candidates must use both Items B and C. 1 (a) Describe the trends in passenger numbers using UK airports. To answer this question, you must use Items B and C. (8 marks) Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 6 Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information Level 4 Substantial evidence of using economic knowledge and gathering information is demonstrated. The candidate has assembled relevant evidence and shown very good understanding. 4 marks Level 3 The candidate has used economic knowledge in relation to the context of the question. Has copied some material, but has summarised and adopted other information. Has demonstrated good understanding of evidence. 2–3 marks Level 2 The candidate has made an attempt to use economic knowledge, but is limited in its relevance. Most of the answer is copied from source material and understanding is limited. 1 mark Level 1 No relevant information is presented. 0 marks Candidates are likely to mention some of the following: Item D • passenger satisfaction; • attitude of staff; • good road and rail access; • good links to major international airports. Item E • planes fly to major UK and European airports; • customers see us as a friendly airport. In addition candidates may refer to: • general rise in passenger numbers – Items B and C; • rise in regional passenger numbers – Item C; • rise in Flights to Europe – Item C gives growth in passenger numbers; • evidence from Item A to support comments on links. Expect candidates to make use of some of the concepts given in the Terms and Concepts list. Application Level 4 Clear evidence of applying at least three economic concepts and theories appropriately to the question is demonstrated. Precise use of economic terminology and methodology is used in addressing the question. 7–8 marks Level 3 A good attempt is made to apply economic concepts and/or terms to the question. The candidate has applied at least two economic concepts and theories to the question. The candidate has made use of appropriate economic terminology and methodology with some success. 4–6 marks Level 2 Some attempt is made to apply at least one economic concept and/or theory and/or term to the question, but there is a tendency to make unsupported generalisations. 1–3 marks Level 1 No attempt is made to apply economic knowledge to the question. 0 marks 1 (b) Explain three reasons why ‘Shoreworth Airport is one of the fastest growing regional airports in the UK’. To answer this question, you must use Items D and E and your own knowledge of economics. (12 marks) Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 7 2 Total for this question: 20 marks Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information Level 4 Substantial evidence of using economic knowledge and gathering information is demonstrated. The candidate has assembled relevant evidence and shown very good understanding. 7–8 marks Level 3 The candidate has used economic knowledge in relation to the context of the question. Has copied some material but has summarised and adopted other information. Has demonstrated good understanding of evidence. 4–6 marks Level 2 The candidate has made some attempt to use economic knowledge, but is limited in its relevance. Most of the answer has been copied from source material and understanding is limited. 1–3 marks Level 1 No relevant information is presented. 0 marks Application Level 4 Clear evidence of applying at least three economic concepts and theories appropriately to the question is demonstrated. Precise use of economic terminology and methodology is used in addressing the question. 7–8 marks Level 3 A good attempt is made to apply economic concepts and/or terms to the question. The candidate has applied at least two economic theories to the question. The candidate has made use of appropriate economic terminology and methodology with some success. 4–6 marks Level 2 Some attempt is made to apply at least one economic concept and/or theory and/or term to the question, but there is a tendency to make unsupported generalisations. 1–3 marks Level 1 No attempt is made to apply economic knowledge to the question. 0 marks Select/Organise/Analyse and Interpret Level 4 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information/data are well organised; at least three items are analysed. Evidence of interpretation of information/data, applicable to the question, is clearly demonstrated. 4 marks Level 3 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information is organised; at least two items are analysed. The candidate begins to interpret information/data in relation to the question. 2–3 marks Level 2 Some evidence that data/information is selected from at least one item. There is some relevant analysis of the information used, but little or no interpretation is carried out. 1 mark Level 1 No attempt is made to select, organise, analyse or interpret. 0 marks 2 Explain the possible effects of the proposed airport expansion on the people and businesses in the Shoreworth area. To answer this question, you must use Items E, F and one other item as well as your own knowledge of economics. (20 marks) Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 8 Candidates are likely to refer to some of the following: People: • increase in employment opportunities at the airport [E]; • increase in employment opportunities in support services and in other businesses, eg tourism [E]; • easier to fly on holiday/business; • loss of homes [F]; • more pollution – air & noise [F & G]; • climate change affecting gardens/environment etc [G]. Business: • more business opportunities at/with the airport [E]; • expansion opportunities for local business – easier to trade/go to meetings [E]; • expansion of tourism businesses [E]; • public transport businesses would gain [E]; • more housing needed to replace Debenton [F]; • could also refer to climate change, pollution etc so long as the correct link is made; • greater profit as business expands; • could take customers away from road/rail companies. Expect candidates to make use of some of the concepts given in the Terms and Concepts list. Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 9 3 Total for this question: 20 marks Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information Level 3 Substantial evidence of using economic knowledge and relevant evidence is demonstrated. Very good understanding is shown. 2 marks Level 2 The candidate has used economic knowledge in relation to the context of the question and has summarised information. Good understanding is demonstrated. 1 mark Level 1 No relevant information is presented. 0 marks Application Level 4 Clear evidence of applying at least three economic concepts and theories appropriately to the question is demonstrated. Precise use of economic terminology and methodology is used in addressing the question. 8–10 marks Level 3 A good attempt is made to apply economic concepts and/or terms to the question. The candidate has applied at least two economic theories to the question. The candidate has made use of appropriate economic terminology and methodology with some success. 4–7 marks Level 2 Some attempt is made to apply at least one economic concept and/or theory and/or term to the question, but there is a tendency to make unsupported generalisations. 1–3 marks Level 1 No attempt is made to apply economic knowledge to the question. 0 marks Select, Organise, Analyse and Interpret Level 4 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information/data are well organised; at least three items are analysed. Evidence of interpretation of information/data, applicable to the question, is clearly demonstrated. 4 marks Level 3 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information is organised; at least two items are analysed. The candidate begins to interpret information/data in relation to the question. 2–3 marks Level 2 Some evidence that data/information is selected from at least one item. There is some relevant analysis of the information used, but little or no interpretation is carried out. 1 mark Level 1 No attempt is made to select, organise, analyse or interpret. 0 marks 3 Discuss whether or not Shoreworth Airport is likely to remain ‘one of the fastest growing regional airports in the UK’. (20 marks) Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 10 Evaluation/Judgement Level 4 The candidate has examined the problem and drawn conclusions which are supported with evidence. Judgements and recommendations are made, using their economic knowledge. There is good evaluation of evidence with some reasoned judgements. 4 marks Level 3 The candidate has begun to examine critically and drawn conclusions supported by some evidence with judgements and recommendations based on their economic knowledge. There is some relevant evaluation of evidence. 2–3 marks Level 2 The candidate has made a limited attempt to draw conclusions and reasoned judgements in an elementary way. There is some attempt to evaluate the evidence. 1 mark Level 1 No attempt is made to draw conclusions. 0 marks Candidates may mention: For: • good transport links [A]; • passengers satisfaction [D]; • passenger numbers rose in 2005 by 32% -numbers will continue to rise [E]; • very convenient with good links to major airports. Reduces road travel to London, Manchester or Birmingham. [E] Against: • fastest growth to N Africa & Australia – not served by Shoreworth [C]; • not on a direct main road [A]; • passenger discontent with car parking, staff attitudes, facilities [E]; • permission not granted for second runway [E & F]; • action by environmental groups [G]. In addition, candidates may mention other points using their own knowledge, ie government policy on airports/air flights might change due to climate change. .Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 11 4 Total for this question: 20 marks Knowledge and Understanding and Use of Information Level 3 Substantial evidence of using economic knowledge and relevant evidence to answer the question is demonstrated. Very good understanding is shown. 2 marks Level 2 The candidate has used economic knowledge in relation to the context of the question and has summarised information. Good understanding is shown. 1 mark Level 1 No relevant information is presented. 0 marks Application Level 2 Clear evidence of applying at least two economic concepts and theories precisely and appropriately to the question is demonstrated. 2 marks Level 1 A good attempt is made to apply at least one economic concept and/or theory and/or term to the question. The candidate has made use of appropriate economic terminology. 1 mark Level 0 No attempt is made to apply economic knowledge to the question. 0 marks Select, Organise, Analyse and Interpret Level 4 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information/data are well organised; at least three items are analysed. Evidence of interpretation of information/data, applicable to the question, is clearly demonstrated. 4 marks Level 3 Information/data are selected in an effective way. The selected information is organised; at least two items are analysed. The candidate begins to interpret information/data in relation to the question. 2–3 marks Level 2 Some evidence that data/information is selected from at least one item. There is some relevant analysis of the information used, but little or no interpretation is carried out. 1 mark Level 1 No attempt is made to select, organise, analyse or interpret. 0 marks 4 Would you recommend to Shoreworth County Council that it should approve or reject the expansion of Shoreworth Airport? Justify your answer. To answer this question, you should use your answers to questions 1, 2 and 3 and your own knowledge of economics. (20 marks) Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 12 Evaluation/Judgement Level 4 The candidate has examined the problem and drawn conclusions which are supported with evidence. Judgements and recommendations are made, using their economic knowledge. There is good evaluation of evidence with some reasoned judgements. 9–12 marks Level 3 The candidate has begun to examine critically and drawn conclusions supported by some evidence with judgements and recommendations based on their economic knowledge. There is some relevant evaluation of evidence. 5–8 marks Level 2 The candidate has made a limited attempt to drawn conclusions and reasoned judgements in an elementary way. There is some attempt to evaluate the evidence. 1–4 marks Level 1 No attempt is made to draw conclusions. 0 marks Candidates are likely to refer to previous answers and/or source material, as well as their own knowledge. Item A • good transport links could encourage further passenger numbers; • relatively poor road links, no direct rail could lead to transport problems. Item B • continuing rise in passenger numbers. Item C • passenger numbers up by 6%; • regional airports passenger numbers rose on average by 9%; • regional airport passenger numbers have doubled since 1995; • flights to Europe increased by 6% -Italy by 11%. Item D • mixed views of passengers – could point to increase or possible switch to other airports; • need to improve facilities/staff attitudes for passengers. Item E • passenger numbers rose in 2005 by 32% -numbers will continue to rise; • new runway needed as the single runway can only just cope with existing numbers; • customers see us as a friendly airport, but we need to provide better facilities in some areas; • over 500 people are employed at the Airport; • in addition, many businesses in the area are involved in supplying services to the Airport and/or benefit from people visiting the area; • profitable business putting money into the local economy; • over 200,000 visitors used the airport in 2005; • trying to encourage more people to come to the airport by public transport. Item F • destruction of Debenton; • large rise in air/noise pollution. Economics 3144/2F -AQA GCSE Mark Scheme 2008 June series 13 Item G • noise from night flights; • effect on climate change & wider environment; • subsidies could be spent on other needs. Candidates should recommend whether or not the expansion should be approved. They may link approval to improvement in facilities/staff attitudes etc. Candidates may mention in evaluation of the evidence: • no knowledge of other competing airports and distance from Shoreworth; • no information on costs; • no information on possible benefits or future passenger numbers; • no interview with any anti person/organisation; • negative view is largely a national not a regional one; • only 5/6 passengers’ views – not representative? • conflict between optimistic view of Manager and the actual passenger numbers for 2006? • pressure on prominent figures, eg Prince Charles, politicians, etc to reduce their ‘global imprint’; • allow any other valid comments. Quality of Written Communication Following assessment of all answers, a mark for Quality of Written Communication should be awarded using the following scheme. Level 4 Information is clearly and logically presented using an appropriate form. The text is legible. Candidates spell, punctuate and use the rules of grammar accurately, enabling the meaning to be clearly understood. 4 marks Level 3 Information is presented in an appropriate format. The text is legible. Candidates generally spell, punctuate and use the rules of grammar accurately, although there may be some errors. The meaning is clear. 2–3 marks Level 2 Some of the information presented is in an appropriate form. Generally the text is legible. Although there are errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar, candidates’ meaning can be understood. 1 mark Level 1 Candidates have failed to reach the standard required for the award of a mark. 0 marks