General Certificate of Secondary Education November 2007 SCIENCE A BLY1B Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1b (Evolution and Environment) Thursday 22 November 2007 Morning Session For this paper you must have: a black ball-point pen an objective test answer sheet. You may use a calculator. Time allowed: 30 minutes Instructions Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Check that your name, candidate number and centre number are printed on the separate answer sheet. Check that the separate answer sheet has the title ‘Evolution and Environment’ printed on it. Attempt one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. Make sure that you use the correct side of the separate answer sheet; the Foundation Tier is printed on one side and the Higher Tier on the other. Answer all the questions for the Tier you are attempting. Record your answers on the separate answer sheet only. Do all rough work in this book, not on your answer sheet. Instructions for recording answers Use a black ball-point pen. For each answer completely fill in the circle as shown: Do not extend beyond the circles. If you want to change your answer, you must cross out your original answer, as shown: If you change your mind about an answer you have crossed out and now want to choose it, draw a ring around the cross as shown: Information The maximum mark for this paper is 36. Advice Do not choose more responses than you are asked to. You will lose marks if you do. Make sure that you hand in both your answer sheet and this question paper at the end of the test. If you start to answer on the wrong side of the answer sheet by mistake, make sure that you cross out completely the work that is not to be marked. BLY1B Surname Other Names Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Signature G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B 6/6/6/6 2 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B You must do one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. The Higher Tier starts on page 14 of this booklet. FOUNDATION TIER SECTION ONE Questions ONE to SIX. In these questions, match the letters, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4. Use each answer only once. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION ONE This question is about pollution. Match substances, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the table. A carbon dioxide B sewage C pesticide D sulfur dioxide Information 1 used in farming to kill insects 2 large quantities are released by some cities into the sea 3 dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain 4 a greenhouse gas released by burning timber3 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over QUESTION TWO The diagram shows a method that may be used to clone frogs. 2 Frog Frog Egg cell Intestinal cell 1 3 4 Match statements, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 on the diagram. A egg cell nucleus removed B intestinal cell nucleus inserted into egg cell C cells from the intestine removed from frog D egg develops into an embryo4 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION THREE Penguins live in the Antarctic where the land is often frozen and the sea is cold. Penguins are good swimmers and feed on fish. They lay their eggs on land and carry them with their feet. Penguins have adaptations that help them to survive in Antarctic conditions. Oily feathers Egg Streamlined body Layer of fat under the skin Large, wide feet Match adaptations, A, B, C and D, with the conditions 1–4 in the table. A oily feathers B large, wide feet C thick layer of fat under the skin D streamlined body The adaptation . . . 1 helps the penguins to survive the cold conditions of the land and the sea. 2 prevents the penguins from becoming waterlogged when swimming. 3 helps the penguins to carry their eggs on land. 4 helps to reduce resistance when the penguins are swimming.5 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over QUESTION FOUR The human population is increasing rapidly. This increases the amount of waste produced. The bar chart shows the mass of waste produced by homes and industry in the UK in 2005. 2 3 4 0 Paper Glass Steel Homes Key Plastic 1 Mass in millions of tonnes Waste material Industry Match materials, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the table. A glass B paper C plastic D steel Information 1 recycling of this material means fewer forests are cut down 2 industry produced 1.7 million tonnes of waste of this material 3 the material that formed the smallest mass of waste from homes 4 one third of this waste material came from industry Turn over for the next question6 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION FIVE New individuals of animals and plants can be produced by different methods. Match methods, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the sentences. A tissue culture B taking cuttings C sexual reproduction D transplanting embryos A method used to produce plants quickly and cheaply is . . . 1 . . . . A method using small groups of cells from a plant is . . . 2 . . . . A method that involves joining of male and female gametes is . . . 3 . . . . A method that involves splitting apart cells from a developing animal and then putting them into host mothers is . . . 4 . . . .7 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over QUESTION SIX The drawing shows a museum specimen of an ivory-billed woodpecker which is now thought to be extinct. Some birdwatchers claim to have heard its distinct call. Other birdwatchers have heard knocking on the trunk of a tree. Some people on websites claim to have seen it but nobody has a photograph. Match statements, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the sentences. A a recent photograph of an ivory-billed woodpecker B people claiming to have seen the ivory-billed woodpecker C the distinct bird calls D the knocking on the trunk of a tree The most reliable evidence, so far, that the ivory-billed woodpecker is not extinct is . . . 1 . . . . After that, the next most reliable evidence would be . . . 2 . . . . The most valid evidence that the ivory-billed woodpecker is not extinct would be . . . 3 . . . . The evidence that must be considered carefully for any bias must be . . . 4 . . . .8 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B SECTION TWO Questions SEVEN to NINE. Each of these questions has four parts. In each part choose only one answer. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION SEVEN This question is about the effect of extra ultraviolet (UV) light on the growth of pea plants. The mean height of 120 plants grown with normal light but without extra UV light was recorded. The mean height was 50cm. Five more batches of seeds were grown, each with normal light but different amounts of extra UV light. The results are shown in the graph. 4 6 8 0 0 20 40 60 10 30 50 2 Intensity of extra UV light in arbitrary units Mean height of plants in cm 10 7A Which instrument would be best for measuring the height of the pea plants? 1 a 15cm ruler 2 a microscope 3 a protractor 4 a metre rule9 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 7B Why were 120 plants used in each batch instead of just 1 plant? 1 because the independent variable is the number of plants 2 because the plants grow to different heights 3 to make it easier to calculate the mean 4 to make the results more precise 7C One of the results seems to be anomalous. Which is this? 1 0 units of extra UV light 2 2 units of extra UV light 3 4 units of extra UV light 4 6 units of extra UV light 7D Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the data in the graph? 1 Above a certain level of UV light there is no further effect on the height of the plants. 2 All plants will grow taller if they are given extra UV light. 3 Too much UV light will eventually kill the plants. 4 Below a certain level of UV light the plants fail to grow. Turn over for the next question10 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION EIGHT Rabbits and hares are closely related species. They are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that is now extinct. 8A Extinction may be caused by . . . 1 an increase in variation. 2 a lack of new competitors. 3 fossilisation. 4 changes in the environment. 8B The evidence that rabbits and hares have evolved from a common ancestor would be shown by . . . 1 comparing modern rabbits and hares with other related species. 2 studying the fossil record of rabbits and hares. 3 studying the fossils of predators of rabbits and hares. 4 comparing the behaviour of rabbits and hares. 8C Rabbits and hares both feed on plants and have teeth adapted for this. Which one of the following is not a possible factor for the development of the specialised teeth of rabbits and hares? 1 adaptation to the environment 2 changes in the environment 3 evolution of predators 4 natural selection 8D What is a mutation? 1 a change in the physical appearance of an organism 2 a change in a gene 3 a form of natural selection 4 a change in the environment11 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over Turn over for the next question12 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION NINE This question is about global warming. 9A Methane contributes to global warming. Which human activity has increased the release of methane into the atmosphere? 1 deforestation 2 growing more rice 3 producing more sewage 4 producing more smoke from industries 9B How does an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to an increase in global temperature? 1 More of the radiation from the Sun is trapped in the atmosphere. 2 The atmosphere radiates more heat back to the Earth. 3 The Earth radiates more heat back into the atmosphere. 4 The Earth absorbs more heat from the Sun. Graph 1 shows the changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere between 1840 and 2000. Graph 1 1880 1900 1920 1840 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.034 0.038 1860 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Percentage concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere13 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B 9C The average increase in the percentage concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere between 1880 and 2000 was . . . 1 0.000012 % per year 2 0.00013 % per year 3 0.00012 % per year 4 0.014 % per year Graph 2 shows the changes in the average global temperature between 1840 and 2000. Graph 2 1880 1900 1920 1840 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.6 1860 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Average global temperature in °C 9D The data from Graph 1 and Graph 2 suggests that . . . 1 there is no link between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature. 2 carbon dioxide causes global warming. 3 there may be an association between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature. 4 global temperature varies too much to draw a conclusion. END OF TEST14 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B You must do one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. The Foundation Tier is earlier in this booklet. HIGHER TIER SECTION ONE Questions ONE and TWO. In these questions, match the letters, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4. Use each answer only once. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION ONE The drawing shows a museum specimen of an ivory-billed woodpecker which is now thought to be extinct. Some birdwatchers claim to have heard its distinct call. Other birdwatchers have heard knocking on the trunk of a tree. Some people on websites claim to have seen it but nobody has a photograph. Match statements, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the sentences. A a recent photograph of an ivory-billed woodpecker B people claiming to have seen the ivory-billed woodpecker C the distinct bird calls D the knocking on the trunk of a tree15 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over The most reliable evidence, so far, that the ivory-billed woodpecker is not extinct is . . . 1 . . . . After that, the next most reliable evidence would be . . . 2 . . . . The most valid evidence that the ivory-billed woodpecker is not extinct would be . . . 3 . . . . The evidence that must be considered carefully for any bias must be . . . 4 . . . . QUESTION TWO The drawing shows a penguin. Penguins live in the Antarctic. They swim underwater to catch fish. Match adaptations A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the table. A oil gland near the tail B heavy, solid bones C dark coloured feathers on back D webbed feet The adaptation . . . 1 helps the penguin to swim quickly 2 helps the penguin to absorb heat from the Sun 3 helps the penguin to stay underwater when fi shing 4 helps to keep the surface of the penguin waterproof16 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B SECTION TWO Questions THREE to NINE. Each of these questions has four parts. In each part choose only one answer. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION THREE Rabbits and hares are closely related species. They are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that is now extinct. 3A Extinction may be caused by . . . 1 an increase in variation. 2 a lack of new competitors. 3 fossilisation. 4 changes in the environment. 3B The evidence that rabbits and hares have evolved from a common ancestor would be shown by . . . 1 comparing modern rabbits and hares with other related species. 2 studying the fossil record of rabbits and hares. 3 studying the fossils of predators of rabbits and hares. 4 comparing the behaviour of rabbits and hares. 3C Rabbits and hares both feed on plants and have teeth adapted for this. Which one of the following is not a possible factor for the development of the specialised teeth of rabbits and hares? 1 adaptation to the environment 2 changes in the environment 3 evolution of predators 4 natural selection17 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 3D What is a mutation? 1 a change in the physical appearance of an organism 2 a change in a gene 3 a form of natural selection 4 a change in the environment Turn over for the next question18 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION FOUR This question is about global warming. 4A Methane contributes to global warming. Which human activity has increased the release of methane into the atmosphere? 1 deforestation 2 growing more rice 3 producing more sewage 4 producing more smoke from industries 4B How does an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to an increase in global temperature? 1 More of the radiation from the Sun is trapped in the atmosphere. 2 The atmosphere radiates more heat back to the Earth. 3 The Earth radiates more heat back into the atmosphere. 4 The Earth absorbs more heat from the Sun. Graph 1 shows the changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere between 1840 and 2000. Graph 1 1880 1900 1920 1840 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.034 0.038 1860 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Percentage concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere19 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 4C The average increase in the percentage concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere between 1880 and 2000 was . . . 1 0.000012 % per year 2 0.00013 % per year 3 0.00012 % per year 4 0.014 % per year Graph 2 shows the changes in the average global temperature between 1840 and 2000. Graph 2 1880 1900 1920 1840 13.5 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.3 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.6 1860 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Average global temperature in °C 4D The data from Graph 1 and Graph 2 suggests that . . . 1 there is no link between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature. 2 carbon dioxide causes global warming. 3 there may be an association between carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature. 4 global temperature varies too much to draw a conclusion.20 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION FIVE This question is about indicator species. 5A Which one of the following is not a definition of an indicator species? 1 a species of animal or plant that may show a change in population due to environmental change 2 a species of animal or plant that may show a change in population due to pollution 3 a species whose population may fall in response to damage to the environment 4 a species of animal or plant whose population is affected only by changes in the population of another species The bar chart shows the results of a survey into the water quality of a river. S U W Key 0 10 20 30 355 15 25 Q R T V P Survey point downstream of starting point Starting point Plants Number of animal and plant species Animals 5B Which part of the river is most likely to contain a source of pollution? 1 at R 2 between R and S 3 at S 4 between S and T21 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 5C Which row in the table is correct? Change in the number of plant species between points P and W Change in the number of animal species between points P and W 1 –2 –2 2 +2 –3 3 –3 +2 4 +3 –3 5D How could the results have been made more reliable? 1 repeating the survey at each point on the river 2 sampling more points on the river above starting point P 3 calculating the mean number of plants and animals at each point on the river 4 increasing the distance between each point Turn over for the next question22 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION SIX This question is about genetically modified food. Read the passage. In 1996, two supermarkets started to sell genetically modifi ed (GM) tomato puree, a paste made by cooking GM tomatoes. It was cheaper than non-GM puree and sold very quickly. The GM tomatoes contained a transferred gene which allowed them to keep ripe longer. The GM tomatoes were grown in America because the British climate was not suitable. Laws prevented uncooked GM tomatoes from being sold in Europe. The cans of tomato puree were clearly labelled to show that the GM puree was made from GM tomatoes. In 1999, the supermarkets stopped selling the GM tomato puree. 6A Why were the GM tomatoes produced in the first place? 1 to produce cheaper puree 2 to produce tastier puree 3 to produce a bigger crop in America 4 to produce larger tomatoes 6B Which of the following is the most likely reason to explain why people stopped buying the GM tomato puree? 1 concern about the effects on the British economy 2 concern about the effect on the environment of growing GM crops 3 European laws prohibiting the sale of GM tomatoes 4 the tomatoes could not be grown in Britain23 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 6C How are GM tomatoes produced in the first place? 1 producing clones from a mutated plant 2 fusing cells of young tomato plants 3 sexual reproduction of two varieties of tomato plant 4 transferring genes from another species 6D Why were the tins of tomato puree labelled to show that they had been made using GM tomatoes? 1 because the supermarkets were worried about health effects 2 so that the public could choose GM or non-GM puree 3 to inform the public about genetic engineering 4 to raise public concern over GM crops Turn over for the next question24 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION SEVEN The diagram shows one way in which a human baby could be produced. X Nucleus removed Nucleus inserted Egg cell Body cell of father 7A The baby will have the characteristics of . . . 1 the father. 2 the mother. 3 both the father and the mother. 4 neither the father nor the mother. 7B Structure X is . . . 1 a tissue culture. 2 an organ. 3 a gamete. 4 an embryo.25 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Turn over 7C This method of producing a baby involves . . . 1 asexual reproduction. 2 sexual reproduction. 3 fertilisation. 4 mutation. 7D This method of producing a baby is banned at present. This is because of . . . 1 cultural issues. 2 economic issues. 3 environmental issues. 4 ethical issues. Turn over for the next question26 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION EIGHT This question is about evolution. 8A Darwin suggested the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin’s theory states that . . . 1 living organisms respond quickly to changes in the environment. 2 all living organisms are related to each other. 3 organisms mutate if environmental conditions change. 4 organisms with successful adaptations are more likely to survive. 8B Darwin suggested that humans and apes have a common ancestor. This suggestion was most strongly opposed at the time by . . . 1 the general public. 2 teachers. 3 religious leaders. 4 members of parliament.27 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B Modern humans belong to the species Homo sapiens. Most scientists think that Homo sapiens is related to more primitive species. Three of these primitive species were Australopithecus, Homo habilis and Homo erectus. These three species are now extinct. The graph shows the volume of the brain of several specimens from each of the species. 2 1 0 Present day 4 0 500 1000 1500 2000 3 Millions of years ago Brain volume in cm3 AustralopithecusHomo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens 8C Which method of measuring the volume of the brain of the extinct species would give the most accurate results? 1 weighing the fossil skulls on an electronic balance 2 measuring the radius of the fossil skulls, then using this to calculate the volume 3 filling the fossil skulls with sand, then pouring the sand into a measuring cylinder 4 measuring the volume of water displaced by fossil skulls 8D The data suggests that . . . 1 Australopithecus had a mean brain volume of 500 cm3. 2 all modern humans have bigger brains than their fossil ancestors. 3 Homo sapiens is more intelligent than Homo habilis. 4 mean brain volume has increased during the evolution of humans. Turn over 28 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B QUESTION NINE The use of pesticides by farmers affects the environment. The table gives the characteristics of some pesticides. Pesticide Relative leaching potential Halfliif in days Relative toxicity to fi sh (LC50) Toxicity to rats (LD50) in mg per litre Amdro high 10 high 128 Cygon medium 7 medium 6000 Dioxin low 5 very high 0.0002 Diazinon high 30 high 1202 Durisban low 30 very high 230 Malathion low 1 very high 5500 Orthene low 3 very low 833 Sevin low 10 medium 250 Storm high 6 very high 0.25 Temik high 12 very high 0.9 Relative leaching potential is a measure of how quickly the pesticide passes through the soil into rivers. Half-life is the time taken for 50% of the pesticide to be broken down in the soil. Relative toxicity to fish (LC50) is the concentration of the pesticide which will kill 50% of the fish tested. Very high = less than 0.1 mg pesticide per litre of solution. Toxicity to rats (LD50) is the dose in mg which will kill 50% of the rats tested. 9A Many small mammals, such as mice, feed on crops grown in the fields. Which insecticide, applied in the same concentration, is likely to have the greatest effect on the populations of these small mammals? 1 Cygon 2 Dioxin 3 Sevin 4 Storm29 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B 9B The LD50 for Temik is 75 times greater for humans than for rats. What is the LD50 of Temik for humans? 1 67.5 2 150 3 675 4 18750 9C A farmer grows crops close to a river that is popular with anglers. Which pesticide should he use on his crops in order to minimise the concentration of pesticides in the river water? You should assume that all the pesticides are applied in the same concentration. 1 Amdro 2 Cygon 3 Malathion 4 Orthene 9D When using a pesticide, the majority of farmers are least likely to consider . . . 1 the cost of the pesticide. 2 the ease of application of the pesticide. 3 how the pesticide kills the pests. 4 the types of pests killed by the pesticide. END OF TEST30 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B There are no questions printed on this page31 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B There are no questions printed on this page32 G/K28112/Nov07/BLY1B There are no questions printed on this page Copyright © 2007 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.