General Certificate of Secondary Education November 2006 SCIENCE A BLY1A Unit Biology B1a (Human Biology) BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1a (Human Biology) Wednesday 22 November 2006 Morning Session Time allowed: 30 minutes Instructions Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Check that your name, candidate number and centre number are printed on the separate answer sheet. Check that the separate answer sheet has the title ‘Human Biology’ printed on it. Attempt one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. Make sure that you use the correct side of the separate answer sheet; the Foundation Tier is printed on one side and the Higher Tier on the other. Answer all the questions for the Tier you are attempting. Record your answers on the separate answer sheet only. Do all rough work in this book, not on your answer sheet. Instructions for recording answers Use a black ball-point pen. For each answer completely fill in the circle as shown: Do not extend beyond the circles. If you want to change your answer, you must cross out your original answer, as shown: If you change your mind about an answer you have crossed out and now want to choose it, draw a ring around the cross as shown: Information The maximum mark for this paper is 36. Advice Do not choose more responses than you are asked to. You will lose marks if you do. Make sure that you hand in both your answer sheet and this question paper at the end of the test. If you start to answer on the wrong side of the answer sheet by mistake, make sure that you cross out completely the work that is not to be marked. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A 6/6/3/3 BLY1A For this paper you must have: a black ball-point pen an objective test answer sheet. You may use a calculator. Surname Other Names Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Signature2 You must do one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. The Higher Tier starts on page 14 of this booklet. FOUNDATION TIER SECTION ONE Questions ONE to SIX. In these questions match the letters, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4. Use each answer only once. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION ONE The drawing shows a tennis player. The player uses different receptors during a tennis match. Match statements, A, B, C and D, with the labels 1– 4 on the drawing. A contains receptors that help him to feel the racket B contains receptors that help him to see the ball C contains receptors that help him to keep his balance D contains receptors that help him to smell the grass on the court 12 34 G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1ATurn over 3 QUESTION TWO The drawing shows some of the stages in IVF (in vitro fertilisation). Match statements, A, B, C and D, with the labels 1– 4 on the drawing. A egg and sperm mixed together B egg taken from ovary C embryo placed into womb D sperm taken from male Ovary Egg Embryo Womb 4 3 2 1 FSH injected to stimulate eggs to mature G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A4 QUESTION THREE The drug thalidomide was once banned. Now the drug is being tested to see whether it can be used to treat the disease AIDS. Match words, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4 in the sentences. A research scientists B pregnant women C the government D volunteers The trials will be carried out by . . . 1 . . . . In the trials, the drug will be given to . . . 2 . . . . The drug should not be given to . . . 3 . . . . The final decision on whether the drug is licensed for use by AIDS patients will be taken by . . . 4 . . . . QUESTION FOUR The diagram shows the pathway of impulses in a reflex action. Match words, A, B, C and D, with the labels 1– 4 on the diagram. A spinal cord B muscles C response D stimulus G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A5 QUESTION FIVE This question is about some substances taken into the body or produced in the body when we are ill. Match substances, A, B, C and D, with the features 1– 4 in the table. A antibiotics B antibodies C painkillers D toxins Turn over for the next question Feature 1 chemicals produced by white cells 2 drugs taken to kill bacteria in the body 3 drugs taken to relieve the symptoms of some diseases 4 poisons produced by bacteria Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A6 QUESTION SIX Match words, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4 in the sentences. A control B hearsay C hypothesis D investigation The opinion that ‘the cure for a disease would be found where you caught the disease’ is an example of . . . 1 . . . . Edward Stone’s guess that the cure was to be found in the willow tree is an example of a . . . 2 . . . . His . . . 3 . . . involved giving ground-up bark to a patient suffering from a fever. He could not be sure that it was the bark that had cured the fever because he did not use a . . . 4 . . . . Hundreds of years ago, it was thought that the cure for a disease would be found where you caught the disease. In 1760, The Reverend Edward Stone thought that a cure for a fever would be found in wet and boggy ground. One plant that grew there was the willow tree. He guessed that willow trees would contain a cure for a fever. He ground up willow tree bark and gave it as a medicine to a person suffering from the fever. The patient recovered. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A7 Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A8 SECTION TWO Questions SEVEN to NINE. Each of these questions has four parts. In each part choose only one answer. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION SEVEN A study was carried out to measure the mean daily salt intake of men and women in different age groups. 1100 men and women took part in the study. The results are shown in the chart. 7A The largest difference between the mean daily intakes of salt by men and women was in the . . . 1 19–24 age group. 2 25–34 age group. 3 35–49 age group. 4 50–64 age group. 19–24 25–34 35–49 50–64 013579 112468 10 12 Age in years Salt intake in grams per day Men Key Women G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A9 7B A second similar study was carried out. How could the results from the second study be made more reliable than those from the first study? 1 ensure that a control is used for each age group 2 increase the number of men and women in the study 3 measure the salt intake of men and women below 19 years of age and above 64 years of age 4 measure the salt intake of men and women over smaller age ranges 7C The salt in food is sodium chloride. Food labels give the amount of salt in the food either as salt per 100 g of food, or sodium per 100 g of food. The amount of salt in food can be calculated by multiplying the amount of sodium in the food by 2.5 Amount of salt = amount of sodium in the food × 2.5 What is the amount of salt in 200 g of a food containing 0.6 g of sodium per 100 g? 1 1.2 g 2 1.5 g 3 3.0 g 4 30.0 g 7D Which condition is associated with high salt intake? 1 arthritis 2 cancer 3 high blood pressure 4 irregular periods Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A10 QUESTION EIGHT The graph shows the effect of smoking during pregnancy on the birth masses of babies. 8A The graph indicates that . . . 1 cigarette smoke contains nicotine. 2 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy always reduces the birth mass of babies. 3 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy has no effect on the birth mass of babies. 4 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy often leads to a lower birth mass of babies. 8B The chemical in cigarette smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen is . . . 1 carbon dioxide. 2 carbon monoxide. 3 carcinogen. 4 nicotine. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A11 8C One addictive substance in tobacco is . . . 1 alcohol. 2 carbon monoxide. 3 nicotine. 4 tar. 8D When deprived of certain harmful drugs, a person may suffer from . . . 1 addiction. 2 a coma. 3 obesity. 4 withdrawal symptoms.Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A12 QUESTION NINE The chart shows the main stages involved in the development of a new drug. 9A How long after the end of the discovery and evaluation stage did it take to get final approval for the drug’s use? 1 8 years 2 9 years 3 10 years 4 14 years 12 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Drug discovery and evaluation Laboratory testing Phase 1 clinical trials Phase 2 clinical trials Phase 3 clinical trials Review and approval Stage Years G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A13 9B How long was the drug in clinical trial phases? 1 7 years 2 8 years 3 8 years 4 10 years 9C At which stage would the drug first be tested to find out whether it was toxic? 1 during clinical trials 2 when it was discovered 3 during laboratory testing 4 during review and approval 9D When clinical trials of a new drug are carried out, half of the volunteers are given a placebo (a pill which does not contain the drug). What is the purpose of this? 1 so that only the dependent variable is changed 2 so that the results from both groups of the volunteers are the same 3 so that the results of the trial are due only to the drug being tested 4 so that the trial is carried out on a random basis END OF TEST 12 1212 G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A14 You must do one Tier only, either the Foundation Tier or the Higher Tier. The Foundation Tier is earlier in this booklet. HIGHER TIER SECTION ONE Questions ONE and TWO. In these questions, match the letters, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4. Use each answer only once. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION ONE Match words, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4 in the sentences. A control B hearsay C hypothesis D investigation The opinion that ‘the cure for a disease would be found where you caught the disease’ is an example of . . . 1 . . . . Edward Stone’s guess that the cure was to be found in the willow tree is an example of a . . . 2 . . . . His . . . 3 . . . involved giving ground-up bark to a patient suffering from a fever. He could not be sure that it was the bark that had cured the fever because he did not use a . . . 4 . . . . Hundreds of years ago, it was thought that the cure for a disease would be found where you caught the disease. In 1760, The Reverend Edward Stone thought that a cure for a fever would be found in wet and boggy ground. One plant that grew there was the willow tree. He guessed that willow trees would contain a cure for a fever. He ground up willow tree bark and gave it as a medicine to a person suffering from the fever. The patient recovered. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A15 QUESTION TWO This question is about the possible effects of some substances on the body. Match effects, A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1– 4 in the table. A may cause damage to the liver and brain B may lead to heart disease C may lead to becoming addicted to hard drugs D may lead to a reduced level of cholesterol in the blood Turn over for the next question Effect may be caused by . . . 1 drinking large amounts of alcohol. 2 eating food containing a lot of polyunsaturated fats. 3 eating large amounts of low density lipoproteins. 4 taking cannabis. Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A16 SECTION TWO Questions THREE to NINE. Each of these questions has four parts. In each part choose only one answer. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION THREE The graph shows the effect of smoking during pregnancy on the birth masses of babies. 3A The graph indicates that . . . 1 cigarette smoke contains nicotine. 2 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy always reduces the birth mass of babies. 3 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy has no effect on the birth mass of babies. 4 the smoking of cigarettes during pregnancy often leads to a lower birth mass of babies. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A17 3B The chemical in cigarette smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen is . . . 1 carbon dioxide. 2 carbon monoxide. 3 carcinogen. 4 nicotine. 3C One addictive substance in tobacco is . . . 1 alcohol. 2 carbon monoxide. 3 nicotine. 4 tar. 3D When deprived of certain harmful drugs, a person may suffer from . . . 1 addiction. 2 a coma. 3 obesity. 4 withdrawal symptoms.Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A18 QUESTION FOUR The chart shows the main stages involved in the development of a new drug. 4A How long after the end of the discovery and evaluation stage did it take to get final approval for the drug’s use? 1 8 years 2 9 years 3 10 years 4 14 years 12 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Drug discovery and evaluation Laboratory testing Phase 1 clinical trials Phase 2 clinical trials Phase 3 clinical trials Review and approval Stage Years G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A19 4B How long was the drug in clinical trial phases? 1 7 years 2 8 years 3 8 years 4 10 years 4C At which stage would the drug first be tested to find out whether it was toxic? 1 during clinical trials 2 when it was discovered 3 during laboratory testing 4 during review and approval 4D When clinical trials of a new drug are carried out, half of the volunteers are given a placebo (a pill which does not contain the drug). What is the purpose of this? 1 so that only the dependent variable is changed 2 so that the results from both groups of the volunteers are the same 3 so that the results of the trial are due only to the drug being tested 4 so that the trial is carried out on a random basis Turn over for the next question 12 1212 Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A20 QUESTION FIVE The diagram shows some of the changes in a woman’s menstrual cycle. 5A For how many days does menstruation last for this woman? 1 3 2 5 3 9 4 14 005 10 15 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 Concentration of FSH and LH in arbitrary units Concentration of oestrogen in arbitrary units Thickness of womb lining Days LH FSH Ovarian cycle 0 Start of menstruation 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A21 5B Between Day 12 and Day 14 . . . 1 the concentration of oestrogen falls from 16 arbitrary units to 8 arbitrary units. 2 the concentration of FSH rises from 9 arbitrary units to a maximum and then falls to 21 arbitrary units. 3 the concentration of LH reaches a peak of 50 arbitrary units and then begins to fall. 4 the concentration of FSH reaches a peak of 25 arbitrary units. 5C Which organ produces oestrogen? 1 the brain 2 the ovary 3 the pituitary gland 4 the womb 5D The table gives some information about hormones. Which row in the table is correct? Turn over for the next question Produced by . . . Transported by the . . . 1 the blood nerves 2 the brain nerves 3 glands blood 4 target organs blood Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A22 QUESTION SIX Digitalis is a toxin which is extracted from plants such as foxgloves. Digitalis can be used to treat patients who are likely to suffer from heart failure. Digitalis affects the rate of heartbeat and the volume of blood pumped per heartbeat. The table shows the effect of using different concentrations of digitalis on the heart action of a male patient. 6A If 20 arbitrary units of digitalis were used on this patient, the amount of blood pumped by his heart, at rest, would be . . . 1 1.91 cm3 per minute 2 5.15 cm3 per minute 3 2060.0 cm3 per minute 4 5562.0 cm3 per minute Concentration of digitalis in arbitrary units Mean rate of heartbeat in beats per minute Mean volume of blood pumped per heartbeat in cm3 0 136 35 10 120 46 20 103 54 30 71 59 40 59 62 50 47 63 G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A23 6B Which one of the following best describes the effect that increasing the dose of digitalis has on the activity of the heart? 6C It would be unsafe to use the results from this patient to decide the dose for other patients because . . . 1 digitalis has not been trialled on human volunteers. 2 side-effects may harm the patient. 3 the sample size is not large enough to draw clear conclusions. 4 drug companies may put undue weight on the results from the first patient. 6D Which of the following best describes the term ‘toxin’? 1 a chemical that affects the heart 2 a poisonous substance 3 a substance produced by a plant 4 a useful drug Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A Effect on heart rate Effect on volume of blood pumped per beat 1 increase increase 2 increase decrease 3 decrease decrease 4 decrease increase24 QUESTION SEVEN A person accidentally touches a drawing pin. Their hand automatically moves away from the pin. The diagram shows the parts involved in this reflex action. 7A Which of the following shows the pathway of nerve impulses of this reflex? 1 R Q P T S 2 S R Q P T 3 S T P Q R 4 T P Q R S 7B Which row in the table shows the correct names of the neurones in the diagram? SR Q Effector T P G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A Sensory neurone Relay neurone Motor neurone 1 P Q T 2 Q T P 3 T P Q 4 T Q P25 7C For the structures in the diagram, which row in the table is correct? 7D How does information pass across a synapse? 1 by an electrical signal passing along a relay neurone 2 by an impulse jumping across the gap 3 by an impulse passing along a sensory neurone 4 by movement of a chemical Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A Receptor Effector 1 pain receptor in the skin motor neurone in the arm 2 pain receptor in the skin muscle in the arm 3 pressure receptor in the skin motor neurone in the arm 4 touch receptor in the skin sensory neurone in the arm26 QUESTION EIGHT The graph shows the number of cases of measles in the world from 1980 to 2004. It also shows the percentage of children vaccinated against measles over the same period. 8A How many cases of measles were there in 1988? 1 1 700 2 170 000 3 1 700 000 4 17 000 000 8B By how much did the percentage of children that were vaccinated increase between 1982 and 2004? 1 by 4 times 2 by 4 times 3 from 20 % to 84% 4 by 400% 12141980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 0 500 1500 2500 3500 1000 2000 3000 4000 4500 010 30 50 70 20 40 60 80 90 Year Number of cases of measles in thousands Percentage of children vaccinated Number of cases of measles Percentage of children vaccinated G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A27 8C The percentage of children vaccinated against measles fell after 1996. The most likely reason for this is . . . 1 the measles virus mutated. 2 governments stopped recommending the vaccination. 3 parents became worried about the side effects of the vaccine. 4 the vaccine became too expensive. 8D The data for time and number of cases of measles are presented as a line graph. This is because . . . 1 both variables are continuous. 2 both variables are categoric. 3 the dependent variable is categoric and the independent variable is continuous. 4 the dependent variable is continuous and the independent variable is categoric. Turn over for the next question Turn over G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A28 QUESTION NINE Cholesterol is needed to form cell membranes. It can be made in the body or taken in as part of food. 9A In the body, cholesterol is made in the . . . 1 brain. 2 heart. 3 kidney. 4 liver. 9B Which one of the following statements about cholesterol is true? 1 Cholesterol is a type of enzyme involved in digesting lipids. 2 Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are considered to be ‘good’ cholesterol. 3 The concentration of cholesterol in the blood depends only on the amount of fat in the diet. 4 Cholesterol is carried around the body by both types of lipoprotein. G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A29 9C The graph shows how the amount of cholesterol in the diet affects both the amount of cholesterol made in the body and the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. When the amount of cholesterol in food eaten is 35 arbitrary units, . . . 1 the body makes 12 arbitrary units of cholesterol. 2 the body makes 34 arbitrary units of cholesterol. 3 there are 24 arbitrary units of cholesterol in the blood. 4 there are 34 arbitrary units of cholesterol in the blood. 9D When four similar people, who had eaten the same food, were tested for their blood cholesterol levels, values of 5.6, 4.9, 5.7 and 4.8 arbitrary units were recorded. These differences are likely to be due to . . . 1 poor accuracy of the measuring instruments. 2 poor calibration of the measuring instruments. 3 systematic error. 4 variation in inherited factors of the people. END OF TEST 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 20 30 40 50 Amount of cholesterol in food eaten, in arbitrary units Concentration of cholesterol in the blood, in arbitrary units Amount of cholesterol made in the body, in arbitrary units 60 Cholesterol in the blood Cholesterol made in the body G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A30 There are no questions printed on this page G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A31 There are no questions printed on this page G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A32 There are no questions printed on this page G/M21571/Nov06/BLY1A Copyright © 2006 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.