GCSE Additional Science Jan 2008 Physics paper

For Examiner’s Use General Certifi cate of Secondary Education January 2008 ADDITIONAL SCIENCE PHY2H Unit Physics P2 PHYSICS Unit Physics P2 Higher Tier Monday 21 January 2008 1.30 pm to 2.15 pm For this paper you must have: 􀁺 a pencil and a ruler. You may use a calculator. Time allowed: 45 minutes Instructions 􀁺 Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. 􀁺 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 􀁺 Answer all questions. 􀁺 Answer the questions in the spaces provided. 􀁺 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information 􀁺 The maximum mark for this paper is 45. 􀁺 The marks for questions are shown in brackets. 􀁺 You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. 􀁺 You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Advice 􀁺 In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. PHY2H H Surname Other Names Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Signature (JAN08PHY2H01) G/K29375 6/6/6 For Examiner’s Use Question Mark Question Mark 1 3 2 456 Total (Column 1) Total (Column 2) TOTAL Examiner’s Initials2 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (02) Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1 (a) The diagram shows the circuit used to investigate the resistance of a material. The diagram is incomplete: the ammeter and voltmeter are missing. 6 V Material (i) Draw the symbols for the ammeter and voltmeter on the diagram in the correct places. (2 marks) (ii) How can the current through the material be changed? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (b) The material, called conducting putty, is rolled into cylinders of different lengths but with equal thicknesses. Graph 1 shows how the resistance changes with length. 20 25 30 0 0 10 20 25 30 35 155 10 15 5 Length in centimetres Resistance in ohms 40 Graph 1 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK3 Turn over 􀀸 (03) G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (i) Why has the data been shown as a line graph rather than a bar chart? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) The current through a 30 cm length of conducting putty was 0.15 A. Use Graph 1 to find the resistance of a 30 cm length of conducting putty. Resistance = ............................................... ohms (1 mark) (iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) and the equation in the box to calculate the potential difference across a 30 cm length of conducting putty. potential difference = current × resistance Show clearly how you work out your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. Potential difference = ............................................... volts (2 marks) Question 1 continues on the next page LEAVE MARGIN BLANK4 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (04) (c) A second set of data was obtained using thicker pieces of conducting putty. Both sets of results are shown in Graph 2. 20 25 30 0 0 10 20 25 30 35 155 10 15 5Length in centimetres Resistance in ohms Thinner pieces Thicker pieces 40 Graph 2 (i) What is the relationship between the resistance and the thickness of the conducting putty? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) Name one error that may have reduced the accuracy of the results. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (iii) How could the reliability of the data have been improved? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) ____ 105 (05) G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H 2 During car journeys, the driver will often become electrostatically charged. This is more noticeable on dry days than on damp, humid days. (a) Explain what happens to cause the driver to become charged. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks) (b) Scientists were asked to find out if the build up of charge on the driver depends on the type of material the driver’s clothes are made from. The results of the investigation are given in the table. Material Humidity Temperature in ºC Charge on the driver in millicoulombs Nylon 48 % 18 3.0 to 3.2 Wool 48 % 18 2.4 to 2.5 Cotton 48 % 18 1.4 to 1.7 Humidity is a measure of how much water vapour the air can hold. (i) Why was it important that the scientists controlled the humidity? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) Does the data in the table show that the charge on the driver would always be less if they were to wear cotton clothing? Give a reason for your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) ____ 4 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK Turn over 􀀸6 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (06) 3 The picture shows an advert for an electric mobility scooter. Lightweight – only 40 kg Maximum speed 2.5 m/s Powered by two 12 V batteries Maximum range 25 km (a) The batteries are joined in series. (i) What is the potential difference provided by the batteries to the motor? .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) The batteries supply a direct current (d.c.). What is a direct current (d.c.)? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (b) At 2.5 m/s on flat ground, the motor takes a current of 3.0 A from the batteries. (i) Explain why a bigger current is taken from the batteries when the scooter is going uphill at 2.5 m/s. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (2 marks) LEAVE MARGIN BLANK7 (07) G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (ii) What effect does travelling uphill have on the range of the scooter? .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (c) The mass of the scooter driver is 80 kg. Use the equation in the box to calculate the kinetic energy of the scooter and driver when they are travelling at maximum speed. kinetic energy = 12 × mass × speed2 Show clearly how you work out your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Kinetic energy = ............................................... J (2 marks) (d) A battery which has run down is recharged in 8 hours. The average current delivered by the battery charger is 1.5 A. Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum charge stored by both batteries. charge = current × time Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Charge stored = ................................................. (3 marks) ____ 10 Turn over for the next question LEAVE MARGIN BLANK Turn over 􀀸8 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (08) 4 (a) The diagram shows what can happen when the nucleus of a uranium atom absorbs a neutron. Neutron Zr–97 Te–137 U–235 2 neutrons plus energy (i) What name is given to the process shown in the diagram? .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) Explain how this process could lead to a chain reaction. You may wish to add further detail to the diagram to help your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (2 marks) (iii) How does the mass number of an atom change when its nucleus absorbs a neutron? .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) LEAVE MARGIN BLANK9 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK Turn over 􀀸 (09) G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (b) Uranium-235 is used as a fuel in some nuclear reactors. Hot gas out Control rods Fuel rods Cold gas in The reactor contains control rods used to absorb neutrons. Suggest what happens when the control rods are lowered into the reactor. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks) ____ 6 Turn over for the next question10 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H 5 (a) The diagram shows an aircraft and the horizontal forces acting on it as it moves along a runway. The resultant force on the aircraft is zero. (i) What is meant by the term resultant force? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) Describe the movement of the aircraft when the resultant force is zero. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (b) The aircraft has a take-off mass of 320 000 kg. Each of the 4 engines can produce a maximum force of 240 kN. Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum acceleration of the aircraft. resultant force = mass × acceleration Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ Acceleration = ............................................... (3 marks) (10)11 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK Turn over 􀀸 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (c) As the aircraft moves along the runway to take off, its acceleration decreases even though the force from the engines is constant. Explain why. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks) ____ 7 Turn over for the next question (11)12 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H 6 In an experiment at an accident research laboratory, a car driven by remote control was crashed into the back of an identical stationary car. On impact the two cars joined together and moved in a straight line. (a) The graph shows how the velocity of the remote-controlled car changed during the experiment. 4 6 8 0 048 12 1626 10 14 18 2 Time in seconds Velocity in m/s 10 12 3 5 7 1 9 11 13 (i) How is the velocity of a car different from the speed of a car? .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) (ii) Use the graph to calculate the distance travelled by the remote-controlled car before the collision. Show clearly how you work out your answer. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. Distance = ............................................... m (2 marks) (12)13 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK Turn over 􀀸 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (iii) Draw, on the grid below, a graph to show how the velocity of the second car changed during the experiment. 4 6 8 0 048 12 1626 10 14 18 2 Time in seconds Velocity in m/s 10 12 3 5 7 1 9 11 13 (2 marks) (iv) The total momentum of the two cars was not conserved. What does this statement mean? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. (1 mark) Question 6 continues on the next page (13)14 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H (b) The graph line shows how the force from a seat belt on a car driver changes during a collision. Time in seconds Force in newtons Scientists at the accident research laboratory want to develop a seat belt that produces a constant force throughout a collision. Use the idea of momentum to explain why this type of seat belt would be better for a car driver. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks) ____ 8 END OF QUESTIONS (14)15 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H There are no questions printed on this page (15)16 G/K29375/Jan08/PHY2H There are no questions printed on this page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS Question 4 Source: adapted from ENGLAND, Physics Matters, Hodder and Stoughton, 1989. Reproduced by permission of Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. (16) Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.