Programming Concepts - Formalizing Logic

Slide 1 : Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS – FORMALIZING LOGIC Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com

Slide 2 : General Concepts To solve a problem with the help of a computer, we need to write a program. Programming needs the knowledge of A programming language A procedure (i.e. a set of steps) These steps that are to be given to the computer so that it can solve the given problem, constitutes LOGIC. Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 3 : Developing a Program – Steps Develop logic using the Algorithm & Flowchart Write the program using a programming language Key in the program using an editor Debug Test for the correctness of logic Run the program Enter valid input(s) & get the output(s) Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 4 : Formalizing LOGIC - Algorithms Definition : a finite set of systematic steps that define a solution to a given problem. An algorithm is a tool that lets the user pen down his/her logical thoughts about the solution in a natural language These “logical thoughts”, when written in a programming language, builds up a program An algorithm helps the programmer to think & reason about the problem & find a suitable solution An algorithm is the basic idea or an outline of the program Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 5 : Finiteness : an algorithm should be finite. It should terminate after a fixed number of steps Definiteness : every step in the algorithm should be precisely defined. There should be no ambiguity Effectiveness : each step in the algorithm should be basic. E.g. the operations mentioned should be valid & should take finite time Input(s) : inputs, if any, should be defined properly Output(s) : an algorithm should produce at least one result Algorithms - Features Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 6 : Algorithms - Examples Example 1. An algorithm for adding two given numbers. Step 1 : Start. Step 2 : Input two numbers x & y. Step 3 : Add x & y and store the sum in s. Step 4 : Output s. Step 5 : Stop. Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 7 : Algorithms - Examples Example 2. An algorithm for finding the greater of two numbers. Step 1 : Start. Step 2 : Input two numbers x & y. Step 3 : If x > y, output x. Step 4 : If y > x, output y. Step 5 : Stop. Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 8 : Algorithms - Examples Example 3. An algorithm for finding the sum of first 10 natural numbers. Step 1 : Start. Step 2 : Let x1, s0. Step 3 : If x > 10, go to step 7. Step 4 : s  s + x. Step 5 : x  x + 1. Step 6 : Go to step 3. Step 7 : Output s. Step 8 : Stop. Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 9 : Formalizing LOGIC - Flowcharts Definition : A flowchart is a pictorial/graphical representation of an algorithm. In a flowchart certain symbols are used for specific purposes these symbols are connected among themselves to show the flow of information & processing (also called the flow of control) Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 10 : Flowcharts - Symbols Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi start/stop action processing decision connector flow direction input/output

Slide 11 : Flowcharts – Examples Example 1 : Flowchart for adding two numbers Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 12 : Flowcharts – Examples Example 2 : Flowchart for finding the greater of two numbers Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 13 : Flowcharts – Examples Example 3 : Flowchart for finding the sum of first 10 natural numbers Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi

Slide 14 : Thank You Ruchi Sharma ruchisharma1701@gmail.com http://www.wiziq.com/tutor-profile/376074-Ruchi