Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure : Atomic Structure

The structure of the atom : The structure of the atom The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808 that proved this and called these particles ATOMS: Dalton

The Atom : The Atom Nucleus Electron Shell or Orbit

The Atom Hydrogen : The Atom Hydrogen Proton Electron Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons

The Atom Helium : The Atom Helium Electron Proton Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

Mass and atomic number : Mass and atomic number

The Atom Helium : The Atom Helium Electron Proton Neutron Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons

The Atom Lithium : The Atom Lithium Protons Neutrons Electrons

The Atom Beryllium : The Atom Beryllium Protons Neutrons Electrons Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.

The Atom Boron : The Atom Boron Protons Neutrons Electrons Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Carbon : The Atom Carbon Protons Neutrons Electrons Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.

The Atom Nitrogen : The Atom Nitrogen Protons Neutrons Electrons Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.

The Atom Oxygen : The Atom Oxygen Protons Neutrons Electrons Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.

The Atom Fluorine : The Atom Fluorine Protons Neutrons Electrons Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Neon : The Atom Neon Protons Neutrons Electrons Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.

The Atom Sodium : The Atom Sodium Protons Neutrons Electrons Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.

Slide 17 : H 1 1 B 5 11 O 8 16 Na 11 23 Cl 17 35 U 92 238 How many protons, neutrons and electrons?

Periodic table : Periodic table Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

The Periodic Table : The Periodic Table Fact 1: Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this correspond to their group number)

The Periodic Table : The Periodic Table Fact 2: As you move down through the periods an extra electron shell is added:

The Periodic Table : The Periodic Table Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:

The Periodic Table : The Periodic Table Fact 4: (Most important) All of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This is called PERIODICITY.

Group 1 – The alkali metals : Group 1 – The alkali metals

Group 1 – The alkali metals : Group 1 – The alkali metals 1) These metals all have ___ electron in their outer shell Some facts… 2) Reactivity increases as you go _______ the group. This is because the electrons are further away from the _______ every time a _____ is added, so they are given up more easily. 3) They all react with water to form an alkali (hence their name) and __________, e.g: Words – down, one, shell, hydrogen, nucleus

Group 0 – The Noble gases : Group 0 – The Noble gases

Group 0 – The Noble gases : Group 0 – The Noble gases Some facts… 1) All of the noble gases have a full outer shell, so they are very _____________ 2) They all have low melting and boiling points 3) They exist as single atoms rather then diatomic molecules Helium is lighter then air and is used in balloons and airships (as well as for talking in a silly voice) Argon is used in light bulbs (because it is so unreactive) and argon , krypton and neon are used in fancy lights

Group 7 – The halogens : Group 7 – The halogens

Group 7 – The Halogens : Group 7 – The Halogens Some facts… 1) Reactivity DECREASES as you go down the group (This is because the electrons are further away from the nucleus and so any extra electrons aren’t attracted as much). 2) They exist as diatomic molecules (so that they both have a full outer shell): 3) Because of this fluorine and chlorine are liquid at room temperature and bromine is a gas

The halogens – some reactions : The halogens – some reactions 1) Halogen + metal: + 2) Halogen + non-metal: +

How shells fill : How shells fill The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons. The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons. The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.

Electron structure : Electron structure Consider an atom of Potassium: Potassium has 19 electrons. These are arranged in shells… The inner shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons The next shell has __ electrons The next shell has the remaining __ electron Electron structure = 2,8,8,1

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

How the shells fill with electrons : How the shells fill with electrons

The First Twenty Elements : The First Twenty Elements Hydrogen 1,0,0,0 Helium 2,0,0,0 Lithium 2,1,0,0 Beryllium 2,2,0,0 Boron 2,3,0,0 Carbon 2,4,0,0 Nitrogen 2,5,0,0

First 20 Elements continued : First 20 Elements continued Oxygen 2,6,0,0 Fluorine 2,7,0,0 Neon 2,8,0,0 Sodium 2,8,1,0 Magnesium 2,8,2,0 Aluminium 2,8,3,0 Silicon 2,8,4,0

First 20 Elements continued : First 20 Elements continued Phosphorus 2,8,5,0 Sulphur 2,8,6,0 Chlorine 2,8,7,0 Argon 2,8,8,0 Potassium 2,8,8,1 Calcium 2,8,8,2

The Alkali metals : The Alkali metals Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one electron in their outer shell and this is why they are found in group one of the periodic table.

The Nobel gases : The Nobel gases The Nobel gases have full outer shells and they are found in group 0 of the periodic table. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.

The Halogens : The Halogens Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are the Halogens and they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. This is why they are found in group 7 of the periodic table.

Displacement : Displacement Fluorine can displace Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. F Cl Br I

Displacement : Displacement Chlorine can displace Bromine and Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine Cl Br I F

Displacement : Displacement Bromine can displace Iodine but it cannot displace Fluorine or Chlorine Br I F Cl

Displacement : Displacement Iodine cannot displace Iodine Fluorine, Chlorine or Bromine I F Cl Br

Fluorine reacts with sodium chloride. Which equation is correctly shows this reaction? : Fluorine reacts with sodium chloride. Which equation is correctly shows this reaction? F2 + 2Na  2NaF F + Na  NaF 2F + 2Na  2NaF

Which will displace? : Which will displace? 2NaF + Cl2  Yes or No 2NaBr + Cl2  Yes or No 2KI + I2  Yes or No 2LiCl + I2  Yes or No 2NaBr + I2  Yes or No 2NaBr + F2 Yes or No Cl2 + 2NaBr  Yes or No

Four factors affecting Reaction Rate : Four factors affecting Reaction Rate

Catalyst : Catalyst A catalyst speeds up or slows down a reaction but does not get used up by the reaction.

Temperature : Temperature If we increase the temperature of a reaction by 100C the rate will double this means the reaction will be complete in half the time.

Concentration : Concentration If we increase the concentration of a reactant the number of particles increase that in turn increases the chance of a collision and initiates a chemical reaction.

Surface area : Surface area The larger the particle size the smaller the relative area the slower the reaction. The smaller the particle size the greater the relative surface area and the faster the reaction.

Group 1 : Group 1 Lithium, sodium and potassium are all in group 1. They all have one electron in the outer shell. They are all metals. They react with group 7 to form metal halides.

Group 7 : Group 7 Fluorine ,Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine. They all have 7 electrons in their outer shell. They are all coloured. They form metal halides with group 1 metals.

Group 0 : Group 0 These are the noble gases. They have complete electron shells. The electron shells are full. They are unreactive. They are inert. They do not react. They include, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon

Halogens : Halogens

Reactions : Reactions Sodium and Chlorine react to form  Sodium Chloride. Iron and Chlorine react to form  Iron Chloride. 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl. Fe + Cl2  FeCl2.

Uses of the Halogens : Uses of the Halogens Fluorine is put into water supplies to kill harmful bacteria and to help keep teeth healthy. Chlorine is used in swimming pools to bacteria in the water. Bromine is used in pesticides. Silver bromide is used in photography. Iodine is an antiseptic on cuts and grazes.