The decision in which detailed procedures re worked out to deal with the recurrent and repetitive situations is known as
Programmed decision
Non-programmed decision
Structured decision
Objective decision
Non-programmed decisions call for
Ingenuity
Consultations
A degree of risk taking
All of the above
Herbert Simon is widely known for his model of
Natural decision making
Programmed decision making
Rational decision making
None of the above
The factual premises are concerned with the choice of means whereas the value premises are concerned with the choice of
Ends of decision
Ends of action
Course of action
None of the above
According to Simon, the task of decision involves certain steps including
The listing of all the alternative strategies
The determination of all the consequences that follow upon each of the strategies
The comparative evaluation of these sets of consequences
All of the above
Simon in constructing his model conceived administration in terms of
Planning
Coordination
Communication
All of the above
When the decision maker does not have a complete knowledge of the situation and he has to make the choice to the best of his knowledge, it is called
Incomplete rationality
Controlled rationality
Bounded rationality
None of the above
The organization seeks to formally arrange the decisional environment by
Creating standardized rules and procedures
Limiting the span of control
Implementing strict discipline
Both (1) and (2)
Who observed that “The broad and crucial policy decisions are taken at the top of the hierarchy? They are subsequently transmitted to the lower echelons and become the guiding criteria on the basis of which the inferior decision-maker will take decisions of a more detailed and procedural character”?
Simon
N.P. Mouzelis
J.W. Fester
G.T. Allison
Data and information is supplied by the structured communication system of the organization. These constitute the ______ of decisions.
Content
Environment
Raw material
None of the above
Who looks at communication as a process whereby decisional premises are transmitted from one member of an organization to another?
Barnard
Simon
Burns
Peter
The primary task of organizational leadership is
Goal setting
Policy formulation
Distributing rewards
Both (1) and (2)
Behaviourial science research has focused attention on the kind of leadership behaviour that could be related to leadership
Effectiveness
Motivation
Authoritativeness
None of the above
The leaders who encourage improved performance among the subordinates and help them satisfy their needs and desires are called
Transformational leaders
Transactional leaders
Motivational leaders
None of the above
The leaders who require a blend of charisma, individual relationships and intellectual stimulation are called
Motivational leaders
Transactional leaders
Transformational leaders
All of the above
Procedural and substantive types of coordination have been referred to by
Barnard
Simon
Drucker
Appleby
James D. Thompson has conceptualized the type of interdependence in organizations which include
Fooled interdependence
Sequential interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence
All of the above
A situation where the units of an organization are so organized that the output of one unit is the input for the second one is known as
Sequential interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence
Pooled interdependence
None of the above
According to Thompson, the coordinating devices include
Standardization
Coordinating by plan
Coordination by mutual adjustments
All of the above
Who opined that leadership depends upon the individual, the followers and the conditions?
Simon
Barnard
Hudson
Millet