| Organic Chemistry : Organic Chemistry The Chemistry
of Carbon |
| Table of Contents ‘Organic Chemistry’ : Table of Contents ‘Organic Chemistry’ Distilling Crude Oil
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Alkanes
Alcohols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Ethers
Functional Groups
Alkenes & Alkynes
Cycloalkanes
Benzene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Carboxylic Acids
Classes of Organic Compounds
Chirality
Polymers
|
| Distilling Crude Oil : Distilling Crude Oil |
| Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil : Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 429 |
| Energy Sources in United States : Energy Sources in United States Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 648 1850 Percent 9 91 |
| Distilling Crude Oil : Distilling Crude Oil Separate fractions
based on differences in boiling point.
|
| American Petroleum Usage : American Petroleum Usage |
| Methane : Methane |
| Slide9 : molecular
formula structural
formula molecular
shape ball-and-stick
model CH4 tetrahedron |
| Methane is Tetrahedral : Methane is Tetrahedral Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 634 |
| Methane : Methane molecular
formula structural
formula molecular
shape ball-and-stick
model CH4 |
| Methane : Methane Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 365 tetrahedron |
| Ethane : Ethane |
| Lewis structure of Ethane : Lewis structure of Ethane Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 635 |
| Space filling model of Ethane : Space filling model of Ethane Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 635 |
| Ball and Stick model of Ethane : Ball and Stick model of Ethane |
| Propane : Propane |
| Structure of Propane : Structure of Propane Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 635 |
| Butane : Butane |
| Structure of Butane : Structure of Butane Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 635 |
| Ball and Stick Models : Ball and Stick Models Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 366 |
| Hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons |
| First Ten Hydrocarbons : First Ten Hydrocarbons Name Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22 CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Number of
Carbon Atoms Molecular
Formula Condensed Structural
Formula |
| Hydrocarbons (alkanes) : Hydrocarbons (alkanes) |
| First Ten Hydrocarbons : First Ten Hydrocarbons Name Methane
Ethane
n-Propane
n-Butane
n-Pentane
n-Hexane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22 Number of
Carbon Atoms Molecular
Formula Melting
Point, oC # of
Isomers Boiling
Point, oC -182.5
-183.2
-187.7
-138.3
-129.7
95.3
90.6
56.8
53.6
29.7 -161.5
-88.6
-42.1
-0.5
36.1
68.7
98.4
125.7
150.8
174.0 0
0
0
2
3
5
9
18
35
75 |
| Hydrocarbons : Hydrocarbons 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Number of
Carbon Atoms Alkanes
CnH2n + 2 Alkynes
CnH2n-2 Alkenes
CnH2n _______
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene
Heptene
Octene
Nonene
Decene ____
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H18
C9H18
C10H20 |
| Slide27 : Methane
CH4 Butane
C4H10 Butyl
-C4H9 Methyl
-CH3 |
| Naming Alkanes : Naming Alkanes 1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule Start numbering the chain at the carbon nearer the first branching point
(the substituents should have the lowest numbers possible) 3. Name and number the substituents If there are two substituents attached to the same carbon,
assign both of them the same number 4. Write out the name of the molecule List the substitutents names in alphabetical order
if there are two identical substituents on the molecule, use the prefix di;
if there are three identical substituents, use the prefix tri-;
if there are four identical substituents, use the prefix tetra-
(alphabetize the substituents by the main name of the substituent,
not by any prefixes the substituents may have)
Separate the substituents names with hypens
Tag the name of the parent chain onto the end of the substituent names
|
| A Few Extra Rules to Follow : A Few Extra Rules to Follow Use commas to separate numbers Use hypens to separate numbers from the substituent names Never name alkanes after drinking Don’t allow children to name alkanes unattended |
| Butane : Butane Butane Gas
lighters Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 107 Butane: C4H10 |
| Structural Isomers of C4H10 : Structural Isomers of C4H10 |
| Isomers of Butane : Isomers of Butane Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 383 C4H10 butane propane or isobutane methyl |
| Pentane : Pentane |
| Isomers of Pentane : Isomers of Pentane C5H12 Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 385 These are called structural isomers. |
| Slide35 : H C C C C H H H H H H H H H Butane
C4H10 Butane
C4H8 1-butene but(1)ene n-butene 2-butene 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Butene
C4H8 |
| Slide36 : H C C C C H H H H H C C H H H H H hexane 3, 3 dimethyl or hexane 4, 4 dimethyl |
| Slide37 : C7H16 Heptane 2, 4-dimethyl pentane condensed
structural
formula shorthand molecular formula |