| The Next Linear Collider and the Origin of Electroweak Physics : The Next Linear Collider and the Origin of Electroweak Physics Jim Brau
UC Riverside
October 31, 2002 |
| The Next Linear Collider and the Origin of Electroweak Physics : The Next Linear Collider and the Origin of Electroweak Physics What is the Next Linear Collider?
Electroweak Physics
Development
unification of E&M with beta decay (weak interaction)
Predictions
eg. MW, MZ, asymmetries....
Missing components
origin of symmetry breaking (Higgs Mechanism)
The Hunt for the Higgs Boson
Limits from LEP2 and future accelerators
Other investigations
supersymmetry, extra dimensions |
| The Next Linear Collider : The Next Linear Collider Acceleration of electrons in a circular accelerator is plagued by Nature’s resistance to acceleration
Synchrotron radiation
DE = 4p/3 (e2b3g4 / R) per turn (recall g = E/m, so DE ~ E4/m4)
eg. LEP2 DE = 4 GeV Power ~ 20 MW electrons positrons For this reason, at very high energy it is preferable to accelerate electrons in a linear accelerator, rather than a circular accelerator
|
| Linear Colliders : Linear Colliders Synchrotron radiation
DE ~ (E4 /m4 R) cost Energy Linear Collider Circular
Collider Therefore
Cost (circular) ~ a R + b DE ~ a R + b (E4 /m4 R)
Optimization R ~ E2 Cost ~ c E2 Cost (linear) ~ a L, where L ~ E At high energy,
linear collider is
more cost effective |
| The Linear Collider : The Linear Collider A plan for a high-energy, high-luminosity, electron-positron collider (international project)
Ecm = 500 - 1000 GeV
Length ~25 km ~15 miles
Physics Motivation for the NLC
Elucidate Electroweak Interaction
particular symmetry breaking
This includes
Higgs bosons
supersymmetric particles
extra dimensions
Construction could begin around 2005-6 and operation around 2011-12
not to scale |
| The First Linear Collider : The First Linear Collider This concept was demonstrated at SLAC in a linear collider prototype operating at ~91 GeV (the SLC)
SLC was built in the
80’s within the existing
SLAC linear accelerator
Operated 1989-98
precision Z0 measurements
established LC concepts |
| The Next Linear Collider : The Next Linear Collider DOE/NSF High Energy Physics Advisory Panel
Subpanel on Long Range Planning for U.S. High Energy Physics
A year long study was concluded early in 2002 with the release of the report of recommendations A high-energy, high-luminosity electron-positron linear collider should be the highest priority of the US HEP community, preferably one sited in the US
|
| The “next” Linear Collider : The next Linear Collider proposals include plans to
deliver a few hundred fb-1 of integrated lum. per year TESLA JLC-C NLC/JLC-X *
(DESY-Germany) (Japan) (SLAC/KEK-Japan)
Ldesign (1034) 3.4 5.8 0.43 2.2 3.4
ECM (GeV) 500 800 500 500 1000
Eff. Gradient (MV/m) 23.4 35 34 70
RF freq. (GHz) 1.3 5.7 11.4
Dtbunch (ns) 337 176 2.8 1.4
#bunch/train 2820 4886 72 190
Beamstrahlung (%) 3.2 4.4 4.6 8.8 * US and Japanese X-band R&D cooperation, but machine parameters may differ There will only be one in the world, but the technology choice remains to be made The “next” Linear Collider |
| NLC Engineering : NLC Engineering Power per beam
6.6 MW cw Beam size at interaction
245 nanometers x 3 nanometers
(250 GW during pulse train of 266 nsec) Beam flux at interaction
1012 MW/cm2 cw (3 x 1013 GW/cm2 during pulse train) Current density
6.8 x 1012 A/m2 Induced magnetic field (beam-beam)
>> 10 Tesla Stabilize beam-beam induced bremsstrahlung - “beamstrahlung” (500,000 GW within a bunch of the train) (1.4 x 1015 A/m2 within a bunch) |
| The “next” Linear Collider : Standard Package:
e+ e- Collisions
Initially at 500 GeV
Electron Polarization 80% Options:
Energy upgrades to ~ 1.0 -1.5 TeV
Positron Polarization (~ 40 - 60% ?)
Collisions
e- e- and e- Collisions
Giga-Z (precision measurements) The “next” Linear Collider |
| Special Advantages of Experiments at the Linear Collider : Elementary interactions at known Ecm*
eg. e+e- Z H
Democratic Cross sections
eg. (e+e - ZH) ~ 1/2 (e+e - d d)
Inclusive Trigger
total cross-section
Highly Polarized Electron Beam
~ 80%
Exquisite vertex detection
eg. Rbeampipe ~ 1 cm and hit ~ 3 mm
Calorimetry with Jet Energy Flow
E/E ~ 30-40%/E
* beamstrahlung must be dealt with, but it’s manageable Special Advantages of Experiments at the Linear Collider |
| Linear Collider Detectors : NLC a TESLA Linear Collider Detectors The Linear Collider provides very special experimental
conditions (eg. superb vertexing and jet calorimetry) CCD Vertex Detectors Silicon/Tungsten Calorimetry SLD Lum (1990)
Aleph Lum (1993)
Opal Lum (1993)
Snowmass - 96 Proceedings
NLC Detector - fine gran. Si/W
Now TESLA & NLD
have proposed Si/W
as central elements in
jet flow measurement SLD’s VXD3 NLC TESLA |
| Electroweak Symmetry Breaking : Electroweak Symmetry Breaking A primary goal of the Next Linear Collider is to elucidate the origin of Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
The weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force have been unified into a single description SU(2) x U(1)Y
Why is this symmetry hidden?
The answer to this appears to promise deep understanding of fundamental physics
the origin of mass
supersymmetry and possibly the origin of dark matter
additional unification (strong force, gravity) and possibly hidden space-time dimensions
|
| Electromagnetism and Radioactivity : Electromagnetism and Radioactivity Maxwell unified Electricity and Magnetism with his famous equations (1873) Matter spontaneously emits penetrating radiation
Becquerel uranium emissions in 1896 Could this new interaction (the weak force) be related to E&M? The Curies find radium emissions by 1898 |
| Advancing understanding of Beta Decay : Fermi develops a theory of beta decay (1934)
n p e- ne Advancing understanding of Beta Decay Pauli realizes there must be a neutral invisible particle accompanying the beta particle:
the neutrino neutrino beta
energy 1956 - Neutrino discovered by Reines and Cowan - Savannah River Reactor, SC |
| Status of EM and Weak Theory in 1960 : Fermi’s 1934 pointlike, four-fermion interaction theory
V-A Status of EM and Weak Theory in 1960 Weak Interaction Theory Theory fails at higher energy, since rate increases with energy, and therefore will violate the “unitarity limit”
Speculation on heavy mediating bosons but no theoretical guidance on what to expect |
| Status of EM and Weak Theory in 1960 : Dirac introduced theory of electron - 1926 current values of electron (g-2)/2
theory: 0.5 (a/p) - 0.32848 (a/p)2 + 1.19 (a/p)3 +.. = (115965230 10) x 10-11
experiment = (115965218.7 0.4) x 10-11 Status of EM and Weak Theory in 1960 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Through the pioneering theoretical work of Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonga, and others, a theory of electrons and photons was worked out with precise predictive power
example: magnetic dipole of the electron [(g-2)/2] m = g (eh/2mc) S |
| The New Symmetry Emerges : The New Symmetry Emerges |
| Enter Electroweak Unification : Enter Electroweak Unification Weinberg realized that the vector field responsible for the EM force
(the photon)
and the vector fields responsible for the Weak force
(yet undiscovered W+ and W-)
could be unified if another vector field, mediated by a heavy neutral boson (Z), were to exist
This same notion occurred to Salam tan qW = g’/g
sin2qW=g’2/(g’2+g2) e = g sin qW = g’ cos qW e Jm(em) Am |
| Electroweak Unification : Electroweak Unification There remained a phenomenological problem:
where were the effects of the Z0
These do not appear so clearly in Nature
they are small effects in the atomic electron energy level One has to look for them in high energy experiments |
| Neutral Currents Discovered! : Neutral Currents Discovered! 1973 - giant bubble chamber Gargamelle at CERN
12 cubic meters
of heavy liquid
Muon neutrino beam
Electron recoil
Nothing else
Neutral Current
Discovered
that is, the effect of the Z0 |
| Confirmation of Neutral Currents : polarized
e Weinberg-Salam Model predicts there should be some parity violation in polarized electron scattering
The dominant exchange is the photon (L/R symmetric) polarized
e Confirmation of Neutral Currents sin2qW = 0.22 0.02 g + Z Z exchange violates parity
gR gL
An asymmetry of 10-4 d d This was observed by Prescott et al. at SLAC in 1978, confirming the theory, and providing the first accurate measurement of the weak mixing angle
A small addition of the weak neutral current exchange leads to an expected asymmetry of ~ 10-4 between the scattering of left and right-handed electrons
|
| The W and Z Masses : The W and Z Masses Knowing sin2qW allows one to predict the W and Z boson masses in the Weinberg-Salam Model ~ 80 GeV/c2 ~ 90 GeV/c2 |
| Discovery of the W and Z : Discovery of the W and Z Motivated by these predictions, experiments at CERN were mounted to find the W and Z b- decay b+ decay q anti-q annihilation to W |
| Discovery of the W and Z : Discovery of the W and Z 1981 - antiprotons were stored in the CERN SPS ring and brought into collision with protons |
| Discovery of the W and Z : Discovery of the W and Z 1981 UA1 |
| Discovery of the W and Z : Discovery of the W and Z u
d W e- ne p=uud p=uud W e- ne PT miss PT |
| Discovery of the W and Z : Discovery of the W and Z That was 20 years ago
Since then:
precision studies at Z0 Factories
LEP and SLC
precision W measurements at colliders
LEP2 and TeVatron
These precise measurements (along with other precision measurements) test the Standard Model with keen sensitivity
eg. are all observables consistent with the same value of sin2qW MZ = 91187.5 2.1 MeV MW = 80451 33 MeV/c2 |
| Electroweak Symmetry Breaking : Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Confirmation of the
completeness of the
Standard Model (LEP2)
e+e- W+W- e+e- W+W- |
| The Higgs Boson : The Higgs Boson Why is the underlying SU(2)xU(1) symmetry
broken
Theoretical conjecture is the Higgs Mechanism:
a non-zero vacuum expectation value of a scalar field, gives mass to W and Z and leaves photon massless |
| Standard Model Fit : Standard Model Fit MH = 88 GeV/c2 +53
-35 |
| The Higgs Boson : The Higgs Boson This field, like any field, has quanta, the Higgs Boson or Bosons
Minimal model - one complex doublet 4 fields
3 “eaten” by W+, W-, Z to give mass
1 left as physical Higgs
This spontaneously broken local gauge
theory is renormalizable - t’Hooft (1971)
The Higgs boson properties
Mass < ~ 800 GeV/c2 (unitarity arguments)
Strength of Higgs coupling increases with mass
fermions: gffh = mf / v v = 246 GeV
gauge boson: gwwh = 2 mZ2/v |
| Particle Physics History of Anticipated Particles : Particle Physics History of Anticipated Particles Positron Dirac theory of the electron
Neutrino missing energy in beta decay
Pi meson Yukawa’s theory of strong interaction
Quark patterns of observed particles
Charmed quark absence of flavor changing neutral currents
Bottom quark Kobayashi-Maskawa theory of CP violation
W boson Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory
Z boson “ “
Top quark Mass predicted by precision Z0 measurements
Higgs boson Electroweak theory and experiments |
| The Search for the Higgs Boson : The Search for the Higgs Boson LEP II (1996-2000) MH > 114 GeV/c2 (95% conf.) |
| The Search for the Higgs Boson : The Search for the Higgs Boson Tevatron at Fermilab
Proton/anti-proton collisions at Ecm=2000 GeV
Now
LHC at CERN
Proton/proton collisions at Ecm=14,000 GeV
Begins operation ~2007 |
| Indications for a Light Standard Model-like Higgs : (SM) Mhiggs < 195 GeV at 95% CL.
LEP2 limit Mhiggs > 114.1 GeV.
Tevatron can discover up to 180 GeV W mass ( 33 MeV)
and top mass ( 5 GeV)
agree with precision measures and indicate low SM Higgs mass LEP Higgs search – Maximum Likelihood for Higgs signal at
mH = 115.6 GeV with overall significance (4 experiments) ~ 2s Indications for a Light Standard Model-like Higgs |
| Establishing Standard Model Higgs : precision studies of the Higgs boson will be required
to understand Electroweak Symmetry Breaking;
just finding the Higgs is of limited value
We expect the Higgs to be discovered at LHC
(or Tevatron) and the measurement of its
properties will begin at the LHC
We need to measure the full nature of the Higgs
to understand EWSB
The 500 GeV (and beyond) Linear Collider is the tool
needed to complete these precision studies
References:
TESLA Technical Design Report
Linear Collider Physics Resource Book for Snowmass 2001
(contain references to many studies) Establishing Standard Model Higgs |
| Candidate Models for Electroweak Symmetry Breaking : Candidate Models for Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Standard Model Higgs
excellent agreement with EW precision measurements
implies MH < 200 GeV (but theoretically ugly - h’archy prob.)
MSSM Higgs
expect Mh< ~135 GeV
light Higgs boson (h) may be very “SM Higgs-like”
(de-coupling limit)
Non-exotic extended Higgs sector
eg. 2HDM
Strong Coupling Models
New strong interaction
The NLC will provide critical data for all of these possibilities
|
| The Higgs Physics Program of the Next Linear Collider : Electroweak precision measurements suggest
there should be a relatively light Higgs boson:
Mass Measurement
Total width
Particle couplings
vector bosons
fermions (including top)
Spin-parity-charge conjugation
Self-coupling When we find it, we will want to study its nature.
The LC is essential to this program. The Higgs Physics Program of the Next Linear Collider H H H ? H ? The Linear Collider could measure all this with great precision |
| Example of Precision of Higgs Measurements at the Next Linear Collider : For MH = 140 GeV, 500 fb-1 @ 500 GeV
Mass Measurement MH 60 MeV 5 x 10-4 MH
Total width H / H 3 %
Particle couplings
tt (needs higher s for 140 GeV,
except through H gg)
bb gHbb / gHbb 2 %
cc gHcc / gHcc 22.5 %
+- gH / gH 5 %
WW* gHww/ gHww 2 %
ZZ gHZZ/ gHZZ 6 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 12.5 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 10 %
Spin-parity-charge conjugation
establish JPC = 0++
Self-coupling
HHH / HHH 32 %
(statistics limited)
If Higgs is lighter, precision is often better Example of Precision of Higgs Measurements at the Next Linear Collider |
| Higgs Production Cross-section at the Next Linear Collider : Recall, pt = 87 nb / (Ecm)2 ~ 350 fb @ 500 GeV Higgs-strahlung WW fusion Higgs Production Cross-section at the Next Linear Collider NLC ~ 500 events / fb Higgs-strahlung |
| Higgs Studies - the Power of Simple Reactions : The LC can produce the Higgs recoiling from a Z, with known CM energy, which provides a powerful channel for unbiassed tagging of Higgs events, allowing measurement of even invisible decays ( - some beamstrahlung) Tag Zl+ l
Select Mrecoil = MHiggs 500 fb-1 @ 500 GeV, TESLA TDR, Fig 2.1.4 Invisible decays are included Higgs Studies - the Power of Simple Reactions |
| Higgs Couplings - the Branching Ratios : Higgs Couplings - the Branching Ratios Measurement of BR’s is powerful indicator of new physics
e.g. in MSSM, these differ from the SM in a characteristic way.
Higgs BR must agree with MSSM parameters from many other measurements. bb gHbb / gHbb 2 %
cc gHcc / gHcc 22.5 %
+- gH / gH 5 %
WW* gHww/ gHww 2 %
ZZ gHZZ/ gHZZ 6 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 12.5 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 10 % |
| Higgs Spin Parity and Charge Conjugation (JPC) : H or H rules out J=1 and indicates C=+1
Threshold cross section ( e+ e- Z H) for J=0
s ~ b , while for J > 0, generally higher
power of b (assuming n = (-1)J P)
Production angle (q) and Z decay angle in Higgs-strahlung
reveals JP (e+ e- Z H ffH)
JP = 0+ JP = 0-
ds/dcosq sin2q (1 - sin2q )
ds/dcosf sin2f (1 +/- cosf )2 f is angle of the fermion,
relative to the Z direction
of flight, in Z rest frame LC Physics Resource Book,
Fig 3.23(a) TESLA TDR, Fig 2.2.8 Higgs Spin Parity and Charge Conjugation (JPC) Also e+e- e+e-Z
Han, Jiang |
| Is This the Standard Model Higgs? : Is This the Standard Model Higgs? 1.) Does the hZZ coupling saturate the Z coupling sum rule?
ghZZ = MZ2 gew2 / 4 cos2 W
eg. ghZZ = gZMZ sin(-)
gHZZ = gZMZ cos(-) gZ = gew/2 cos W
2.) Are the measured BRs consistent with the SM?
eg. ghbb = ghbb(-sin / cos ) - ghbb(sin(-) - cos(-) tan )
gh = gh(-sin / cos ) - gh (sin(-) - cos(-) tan )
ghtt = ghtt(-cos / sin ) ghtt (sin(-) + cos(-) / tan )
(in MSSM only for smaller values of MA will there be sensitivity,
since sin(-) 1 as MA grows -decoupling)
3.) Is the width consistent with SM?
4.) Have other Higgs bosons or super-partners been discovered?
5.) etc. MSSM MSSM MSSM |
| Is This the Standard Model Higgs? : TESLA TDR, Fig 2.2.6 Is This the Standard Model Higgs? Arrows at:
MA = 200-400
MA = 400-600
MA = 600-800
MA = 800-1000
HFITTER output
conclusion:
for MA < 600,
likely distinguish Z vs. W b vs. tau b vs. W b vs. c |
| Other scenarios : Other scenarios Supersymmetry
all particles matched by super-partners
super-partners of fermions are bosons
super-partners of bosons are fermions
inspired by string theory
high energy cancellation of divergences
could play role in dark matter problem
many new particles (detailed properties only at NLC)
Extra Dimensions
string theory predicts
solves hierarchy (Mplanck > MEW) problem if extra dimensions are large (or why gravity is so weak)
large extra dimensions would be observable at NLC (see Physics Today, February 2002) |
| Large Extra Dimensions : Large Extra Dimensions In addition to the three infinite spatial dimensions we know about, it is assumed there are n new spatial dimensions of finite extent R
Some of the extra dimensions could be quite large
The experimental limits on the size of extra dimensions are not very restrictive
to what distance has the 1/r2 force law been measured?
extra dimensions could be as large as 0.1 mm, for example
experimental work is underway now to look for such large extra dimensions |
| Large Extra Dimensions : Large Extra Dimensions Particles and the Electroweak and Strong interactions are confined to 3 space dimensions
Gravity is different:
Gravitons propagate in the full (3 + n)-dimensional space (see Large Extra Dimensions: A New Arena for Particle Physics, Nima Arkani-Hamed,
Savas Dimopoulos, and Georgi Dvali, Physics Today, February, 2002) If there were only one large extra dimension, its size R would have to be of order 1010 km to account for the weakness of gravity.
But two extra dimensions would be on the order of a millimeter in size.
As the number of the new dimensions increases, their required size gets smaller.
For six equal extra dimensions, the size is only about 10-12 cm Explaining the weakness of gravity |
| Cosmic connections : Cosmic connections Big Bang Theory
GUT motivated inflation
dark matter
accelerating universe
dark energy
|
| The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) : The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) The LHC at CERN, colliding proton beams, will begin operation around 2007
This “hadron-collider” is a discovery machine, as the history of discoveries show
discovery facility of facility of
discovery detailed study
charm BNL + SPEAR SPEAR at SLAC
tau SPEAR SPEAR at SLAC
bottom Fermilab Cornell
Z0 SPPS LEP and SLC
The “electron-collider” (the NLC) will be needed to sort out the LHC discoveries |
| Adding Value to LHC measurements : Adding Value to LHC measurements The Linear Collider will enhance the LHC
measurements (“enabling technology”)
How this happens depends on the Physics:
Add precision to the discoveries of LHC
eg. light higgs measurements
Measure superpartner masses
Susy parameters may fall in the tan /MA wedge.
Directly observed strong WW/ZZ resonances at LHC
are understood from asymmetries at Linear Collider
Analyze extra neutral gauge bosons
Giga-Z constraints |
| Complementarity with LHC : TESLA TDR, Table 2.5.1 Complementarity with LHC The SM-like Higgs Boson These precision
measurements will be
crucial in understanding
the Higgs Boson |
| Conclusion : The Linear Collider will be a powerful tool for studying the Higgs Mechanism and Electroweak Symmetry Breaking.
This physics follows a century of unraveling the theory of the electroweak interaction
We can expect these studies to further our knowledge of fundamental physics in unanticipated ways
Current status of Electroweak Precision measurements strongly suggests that the physics at the LC will be rich
Conclusion |
| Higgs Studies - the Mass Measurement : (m=120 GeV @ 500 GeV ) dM/M ~ 1.2x10-3 from recoil alone (decay mode indep.), but reconstruction of Higgs decay products and fit does even better…… 500 fb-1, LC Physics Resource Book, Fig. 3.17 Higgs Studies - the Mass Measurement |
| Is This the Standard Model Higgs? : For MH = 140 GeV, 500 fb-1 @ 500 GeV
Mass Measurement MH 60 MeV 5 x 10-4 MH
Total width H / H 3 %
Particle couplings
tt (needs higher s for 140 GeV,
except through H gg)
bb gHbb / gHbb 2 %
cc gHcc / gHcc 22.5 %
+- gH / gH 5 %
WW gHww/ gHww 2 %
ZZ gHZZ/ gHZZ 6 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 12.5 %
gg gHgg / gHgg 10 %
Spin-parity-charge conjugation
establish JPC = 0++
Self-coupling
HHH / HHH 32 %
(statistics limited) Is This the Standard Model Higgs? |
| Is This the Standard Model Higgs? : Is This the Standard Model Higgs? Are the measured BRs
consistent with the SM?
(only for smaller values of
MA will there be sensitivity
-decoupling)
M. Carena, H.E. Haber, H.E. Logan,
and S. Mrenna, FERMILAB-Pub-00/334-T
If MA is large, decoupling sets in |